Senior two history knowledge points

1. Reasons and effects of opening new routes in western European countries

(1) Reason: ① The economic root is the development of European commodity economy and the germination of capitalism, and the demand for money is increasing. (2) The social root is "Kyle? The spread of Polo's travels stimulated Europeans to go to the East to realize their golden dream. (3) Ottoman Turkey controlled the trade routes between East and West, which led to a commercial crisis. (2) Impact: (1) caused a "business revolution": the economic, cultural and trade exchanges in various regions of the world expanded, and the trade route shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. (2) It caused a "price revolution": the emerging bourgeoisie gained huge profits and the feudal lords declined, which accelerated the decline of feudal system and the development of capitalism in Western Europe. (3) Western European colonialists plundered Asia, Africa and the United States, transported a large amount of wealth to Europe and turned it into capital, which caused the poverty and backwardness of the colonial people. ④ The correctness of the theory of earth circle is proved.

2. Analysis of the reasons why Portugal and Spain are leading in opening new routes.

(1) Both countries are on the Atlantic coast, which is conducive to their overseas development. (2) Both countries have mastered navigation technology, especially Portugal, which is more advanced. (3) Both countries are centralized feudal countries, and both have the strength to support and supply the equipment needed for voyage. (4) The opening of the new air route is also related to the religious sentiment of the Portuguese and the Spanish, who also took spreading Christianity as their spiritual motivation when expanding overseas. 3.15 ~1the basic characteristics and influence of colonial activities in the 6th century.

(1) The most important colonial countries: Spain and Portugal. 2) Colonial areas: The key areas are America, especially South America, and Spain and Portugal have basically completed the colonial division of this area. Followed by Southeast Asia and Pacific islands and coastal areas of India. Portugal established some colonial strongholds in India, controlled Malacca, established commercial stations in parts of Southeast Asia, and stole them from China and Macau. Spain occupied the Philippines. Third, Portugal occupied some areas along the coast of Africa. In short, wherever the new air route is opened, the colonial expansion activities will extend. (3) Contents and characteristics of colonial activities: First, enslavement and slaughter of colonial residents. Second, plunder colonial wealth. Third, the slave trade. On the one hand, the slave trade met the colonists' demand for labor; On the other hand, the slave trade itself brought huge profits to the colonists. Fourth, due to Portugal's small size and backward economy, the targets of aggression are mostly densely populated countries. Therefore, it mainly adopts the methods of occupying military strongholds, monopolizing trade routes, establishing trade posts and conducting fraudulent trade to seize a lot of wealth. In addition to plundering gold and silver and carrying out slave trade, Spain also developed large plantations and produced a single crop, which became the three major financial resources of Spain in the16th century. (4) Impact: First, the early colonial plunder brought only poverty and disaster to the colonies, not advanced modes of production. Second, the wealth plundered by Spanish and Portuguese colonists was used to buy goods from Italy, France, the Netherlands and Britain. As a result, Spain and Portugal declined and became the capital of countries that developed capitalist relations of production, such as the Netherlands, Britain and France. At the same time, the struggle between business and hegemony in colonial countries has also become fierce.

4. "Primitive accumulation of capital"

(1) Meaning: The primitive accumulation of capital refers to the process that small producers separated from the means of production and accumulated money through violence before the establishment of the capitalist mode of production.

This contains two meanings, one is to form a huge contingent of hired workers, and the other is to accumulate wealth. It is the starting point of capitalist mode of production. (2) Ways: mainly through plundering farmers' land (such as the enclosure movement in Britain), plundering colonies, slave trade and issuing state bonds. In this way, a large number of means of production and money are concentrated in the hands of capitalists and transformed into capital, creating a large number of hired workers and accelerating the formation and development of capitalism. Although the process in primitive accumulation of capital is full of blood and violence, it is a progressive phenomenon in line with the development trend of world history.

(3) primitive accumulation of capital is divided into two stages: 14 and15th century Europe. Due to the disintegration of natural economy and the differentiation of small commodity producers, capitalism sprouted in cities such as Venice. From the opening of Xinhai Road at the end of 15 to the beginning of 19, the new bourgeoisie accelerated this primitive accumulation process by violent means, which not only made handicraft workshops widely established in Western Europe, but also prepared the conditions for the first industrial revolution.

7. Analyze the inevitability of British bourgeois revolution and briefly describe the establishment of British capitalist system.

(1) inevitability:

After the opening of the new route, Britain became the center of Atlantic shipping. Overseas trade, colonial plunder and enclosure movement have accumulated capital for the development of British capitalism, and Britain has the economic foundation of bourgeois revolution.

With the development of capitalism, financiers, bankers, big businessmen and workshop owners have formed a new bourgeoisie. Farmers who hire people to run pastures or farms in rural areas, some of whom are engaged in industry and commerce, are called upstarts. The upstarts have the same interests as other members of the bourgeoisie. The formation of the bourgeoisie and new noble gave the leadership of the British revolution.

(3)/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Stuart dynasty began to rule Britain. King James I and Charles I practiced autocracy and often violated the interests of the bourgeoisie; He also practiced religious autocracy, especially persecuting Puritans, which caused political tension. In this way, the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution became a historical necessity.

(2) the established situation:

① From 1640 to 1688, the British bourgeoisie and new noble completed the bourgeois revolution after nearly half a century of struggle.

(2) 1688 After the "Glorious Revolution", the bourgeoisie and new noble used their power in parliament to restrict the kingship through a series of bills. 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights, which restricted the power of the king with clear terms, and a "constitutional monarchy" appeared in Britain.

(3) Since then, the British constitutional monarchy has gradually formed and developed. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, the cabinet system in Britain began to take shape.

8. Analyze the specific mission of the British bourgeois revolution in combination with the knowledge learned.

You can master it from the following directions:

(1) Politically, the autocratic rule of the Stuart dynasty was overthrown, and the country was governed by the Congress representing the bourgeoisie and new noble.

(2) Economically, abolish all kinds of feudal privileges, especially the commodity monopoly system, and create conditions for the development of capitalism.

(3) Religion: To oppose religious autocracy, we should not only oppose the Catholic remnants of the original Anglican Church, but also oppose the Stuart Dynasty's policy of restoring Catholicism.

The process of the British revolution revolves around these contradictions, and the achievements of the British revolution are essentially the completion of these missions.

9. The autocratic rule of Tudor dynasty and Stuart dynasty and the development of British capitalist economy.

Tudor period was an era when British capitalism began to appear and feudal system collapsed. The emerging bourgeoisie needs to develop itself with the support of a strong monarchy. Facing the feudal separatist forces, Tudor dynasty should weaken the local separatist forces and strengthen the autocratic monarchy. Facing the powerful feudal separatist forces, the king could only rely on the support of the emerging bourgeoisie, and the contradiction between kingship and feudal separatist forces became the main contradiction at that time. The monarchy formed an alliance with the bourgeoisie. While strengthening centralized rule, Tudor dynasty implemented a mercantilist policy, encouraged industry and commerce and overseas plunder, so as to strengthen national strength and meet the requirements of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, the autocratic rule of Tudor dynasty is objectively beneficial to the development of capitalist economy.

During the reign of Stuart dynasty, the contradiction between kingship and local separatist forces has been basically solved, and the contradiction between the emerging bourgeoisie and feudal autocracy has become the main contradiction in society. Therefore, the Stuart dynasty imposed various restrictions on the bourgeoisie, which seriously hindered the development of capitalist economy.

10. Puritanism was used as an ideological weapon in the anti-feudal struggle in the British bourgeois revolution.

The reason why the British bourgeois revolution was carried out in the cloak of religion was determined by the social and historical conditions at that time:

(1) In medieval Europe, politics and religion were integrated, and ideology mainly relied on "religious theology". /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, the religious feelings of the British people were still very strong. Not only the bourgeoisie and new noble believed in Puritanism, but also craftsmen, peasants and civilians believed in Puritanism. The bourgeoisie and new noble used Puritanism to call, mobilize and organize the masses.

(2) The strength of the emerging bourgeoisie is still relatively weak. They are not mature enough politically. Theoretically, they can't put forward a secular political program in clear language. Organizationally, they have not formed their own political party to mobilize and organize the masses, so they still need to adopt the form of religious heresy.

(3) Calvinism preaches that commercial activities are a "sacred" mission, abolishes the gorgeous ceremony of "idolatry" and abhorrent church blackmail, and advocates the establishment of a democratic church, all of which are in line with the interests of the bourgeoisie and reflect the interests of the broad masses of the people to a certain extent. Therefore, believing in and spreading Puritanism has become a very extensive social and ideological movement in Britain.

1 1. Explain the characteristics of early colonial expansion with historical facts.

(1) The early colonial expansion formed the colonial climax of commercial capitalism. From the16th century, Britain, France, the Netherlands and other countries actively seized overseas colonies in order to expand overseas trade.

(2) The means of colonial expansion are barbaric, savage and primitive. Wherever European colonists went, they slaughtered, robbed and plundered. They engaged in the evil slave trade and committed heinous crimes in the colonies.

(3) The positive result of the early colonial expansion was to cast a capitalist net, bringing undeveloped areas of America and nation-states lacking centralized self-protection into the capitalist world system across the ocean.

12. Historical lessons from the rise and fall of colonial empires

(1) The strength of the domestic capitalist economic base determines the outcome of the colonial war. The main reason for Portugal's decline is that it has no solid industrial base, so it has no military strength to defend its colonial interests. The failure of Spain's foreign war was mainly due to the decline of domestic industry and commerce. The reason why the Netherlands lost to Britain was that it was a commercial country with no industrial base, and Britain experienced considerable development of industrial and agricultural capitalism through the bourgeois revolution. Victory belongs to a country with strong economic strength.

(2) Capitalism is stronger than feudalism, and bourgeois rule is stronger than feudal autocracy. Portugal and Spain withdrew from the historical stage, and France's failure in the Seven-Year War and Britain's hegemony just showed the victory of the advanced system.

(3) The progress of domestic culture and thought and the liberation of thought are also the factors that determine the victory of the colonial war. After the English Reformation, the Puritans began to emigrate overseas. Their individual spirit of struggle and optimism will surely win the colonial war.

13. Which country did the Enlightenment originate from, and what are its main representatives and viewpoints? Compare the similarities and differences of their views.

Origin: Hobbes, England: the masterpiece Leviathan: The Theory of Social Contract, which does not oppose the monarchy and is atheistic but advocates maintaining social order with the help of religion. Locke's point of view: the theory of social contract is similar to the theory of separation of powers: both advocate the difference of social contract: Hobbes does not oppose the monarchy; Locke advocated constitutional monarchy.

14. What is the background of the climax of the Enlightenment? List the main representatives and their main viewpoints, and point out the similarities and differences of their thoughts.

(1) background:18th century, French capitalism developed to a higher degree and the strength of the bourgeoisie increased. But at the same time, France is the fortress of feudal forces in continental Europe, where absolutism and hierarchy prevail. As the third class, the bourgeoisie has no political rights. The bourgeoisie strongly demands political democracy, equal rights and individual freedom. Many representatives of the bourgeoisie began to lash out at the old system in the ideological and cultural fields, thus further perfecting the enlightenment thought.

(2) Main representatives and their views

Voltaire: Attacking the Catholic Church, opposing absolute monarchy and advocating constitutional monarchy in Britain.

Montesquieu: attacking the disadvantages of feudal autocracy; Clearly put forward the similarities of the theory of separation of powers: opposing feudal autocracy and advocating constitutional monarchy (both representing the interests of the French big bourgeoisie)

(3) Rousseau: "On the Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality and Social Contract" Political views: Social Contract Theory and People's Sovereignty Theory.

(4) Diderot: the editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia, whose content embodies the characteristics of enlightenment thought: advocating scientific rationality and opposing superstitious autocracy. Encyclopedia school formed the climax of the French Enlightenment.

(3)*** Similarities: oppose the dark reality with rationalism, concentrate on criticizing absolutism and political power, call for the elimination of autocratic sovereignty, aristocratic privilege and hierarchy, and pursue political democracy, equal rights and personal freedom.

Extension? develop

15. The comparison of Rousseau's thoughts with Voltaire's and Montesquieu's and its reasons.

Rousseau: Born in poverty, he represents the interests of the French petty bourgeoisie. They have no political rights, and their economic activities conflict with the feudal system. Therefore, they strongly demand the overthrow of the feudal system and the implementation of democratic politics. Therefore, Rousseau advocates "people's sovereignty" and democracy and system in which people directly have national sovereignty and legislative power. Voltaire and Montesquieu: Born in wealthy families, they lived in the upper class of France and represented the interests of the big bourgeoisie. Under the French hierarchy, the big bourgeoisie has strong economic strength, but it has no political rights, and its economic activities are inextricably linked with feudal forces. Therefore, they oppose absolute monarchy, but they don't necessarily want to overthrow the monarchy. Their political ideas are: social contract and constitutional monarchy.

16. Why did the Enlightenment first originate in Britain? Why did France become the center of the Enlightenment?

The reason why (1) originated in Britain:17th century, British capitalism was the most developed, and on this economic basis, the Enlightenment first appeared in Britain; /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain, and the enlightenment thought representing the interests of the emerging bourgeoisie and new noble came into being.

(2) The reason why France became the center:/kloc-In the 8th century, French capitalism developed more, feudal autocracy became more decadent, feudal rule fell into a comprehensive crisis, and social contradictions became more acute. Many bourgeois representatives began to attack the old system in the ideological and cultural fields, and many enlightenment thinkers pushed the enlightenment in Europe to a climax, so France became the center of the enlightenment in Europe.

Compare the differences between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.

The background of the times is different: the Renaissance is the product of the germination of capitalism, and the Enlightenment is the product of the further development of capitalism in the17 ~18th century. The basic idea is different: the Renaissance mainly pointed the finger at the Catholic Church, aiming at the Catholic Church's idea of taking God as the center, and advocated taking people as the center and doing everything for people's interests. Emphasizing "humanity" mainly means opposing Catholic theological thought, praising the value of life, advocating human dignity and pursuing secular happiness centered on "humanity"; The Enlightenment pointed the finger at the Catholic Church and the feudal system, emphasizing "rationality". The core of the proposition is the anti-feudal system. The purpose of the struggle is not only to eliminate the autocratic monarchy and the secular rights of Catholicism, but also to establish a new system to ensure their political democracy, equality of rights and personal freedom.

18. Why is the Enlightenment the second ideological emancipation movement in Europe after the Renaissance?

(1) From the historical background, the Renaissance took place in14 ~16th century. In the embryonic period of capitalism, with the development of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie first launched an anti-feudal struggle in the ideological field to safeguard its political and economic interests. At that time, the bourgeoisie did not have a mature theory, so they borrowed classical culture to express their outlook on life and world. From the Enlightenment to 17 ~ 18 century, capitalism developed further and was hindered by feudal autocracy. Therefore, the bourgeoisie put forward a complete ideological system against feudalism.

(2) From the basic ideal, the Renaissance mainly pointed the finger at the church and emphasized human nature. The core propositions of the Enlightenment are anti-feudal absolutism and religious doctrine. Enlightenment is the inheritance and development of Renaissance, and its ideas are more systematic and comprehensive.

(3) From the perspective of influence, both of them were two major ideological emancipation movements in modern times, and both made ideological preparations for the emerging bourgeoisie to gain political and economic dominance. The Renaissance had a direct impact on the later Enlightenment, which not only opposed feudal autocracy, but also outlined the blueprint for establishing a new system, which greatly promoted the development of bourgeois revolution and reform thoughts.

19. How did the various factions transform France during the French Revolution?

(1) The rule of constitutional monarchy: the initial transformation of French politics: abolishing the feudal system, including abolishing the feudal privileges of the church and the secular. Economically: confiscate the property of the church and the fugitive aristocrats, cancel the checkpoints, and stipulate that all citizens and property should pay taxes; Some farmers' feudal obligations have been abolished, but the feudal land rent has not been abolished, and the land problem of farmers has not been solved. Legally: Promulgate the Declaration of Human Rights (1789) and the Constitution 179 1.

(2) gironde's rule: to further transform France militarily: the battle of Valmy-to stop the invasion of foreign enemies politically: to announce the implementation of "universal suffrage" and convene a national assembly elected by universal suffrage; The establishment of the first French Republic; The economic execution of Louis XVI: the promulgation of a new land law to further transform the feudal land system.

(3) jacobins rule: Revolutionary radical measures promulgated decrees to destroy the feudal system. Implement a terrorist policy (political terror, economic terror), issue a general mobilization order and declare a state of emergency.

20. The French Revolution and its major achievements in consolidation.

(1) The main achievements of the French Revolution are as follows: ① Under the leadership of the constitutional monarchy, the Constituent Assembly made a preliminary transformation of France through legislative means: by abolishing the feudal system, the feudal land ownership was transformed; Issue the Declaration of Human Rights and reform the feudal hierarchy; Promulgate 179 1 constitutional reform system. (2) During the reign of gironde, the monarchy was abolished, the French Republic was established, and the king was executed. (3) jacobins promulgated decrees during the dictatorship, which destroyed the feudal system and solved the land problem of farmers; The implementation of the terrorist policy saved the revolution and the Republic.

(2) Consolidate the achievements: (1) During the enthusiastic period of party member, the harmonious system of * * * was maintained and the revolutionary achievements were protected. (2) Financial reform in the Napoleonic period; Promulgating the Napoleonic Code and other laws; The war with the anti-French allies consolidated the achievements of the Great Revolution to some extent.

2 1. How did Napoleon rule France?

(1) Domestic policy background: As a result of guiding the government's rule, the result of the French Revolution is in jeopardy. Contents: ① Politically, a centralized political system has been established; ② Economically and financially, the Bank of France was established to encourage industrial and commercial development; ③ Legally, we should pay attention to the construction of legal system and rule of law. Promulgate the civil code, commercial code and criminal code, and establish the legislative norms of capitalist society. Fourth, in terms of culture and education, we should attach importance to the development of scientific research and culture and education, and establish public middle schools and French universities.

(2) Foreign policy: foreign wars continued, early wars: many late wars between Napoleon's empire and the anti-French alliance: Napoleon tried to establish the continental European system, expand the war and attack Spain, Russia and other countries.

22. What was the transformation of feudal land ownership in the French Revolution? Try to make a brief evaluation, what conclusions can be drawn from it?

(1) Constitutional monarchy: abolishing the privileges of churches and nobles, confiscating church property and canceling checkpoints shook the feudal system to some extent, but the land problem of farmers was not completely solved.

(2) jacobins: It announced that it would sell the land of the fugitive aristocrats in small plots and pay the land price in 10. Rural public land can be distributed according to the local population, and all feudal rights will be abolished unconditionally. It satisfied the peasants' land requirements, mobilized their enthusiasm and consolidated the revolutionary achievements of the bourgeoisie. However, because the land was divided into small plots and sold to farmers, the small-scale peasant economy in France occupied a dominant position for a long time, which led to the backwardness of French agriculture and the poverty of farmers, limited the expansion of the domestic market and seriously affected the process of industrialization in France. Conclusion: The purpose of bourgeois revolution is to establish a capitalist system, and the evaluation standard should be capitalist ownership, not whether it meets the requirements of farmers' obtaining land for free.

23. Compare the differences between the British bourgeois revolution and the French bourgeois revolution.

The historical background is different: France was the most developed capitalist country in the European continent at that time. It not only has huge handicraft workshops, but also the technical level of some workshops has reached the level at the beginning of the industrial revolution. The Enlightenment laid the ideological foundation for the French Revolution. Before the British Revolution, the bourgeois ideology had not yet formed a complete theoretical system. The French Enlightenment not only contained the fighting spirit against feudalism, but also expounded the bourgeois anti-feudal thought and legal thought from a theoretical height. His political theory involves the basic ideas of the capitalist system.

The leadership class is different: the French bourgeoisie led the revolution independently. From the beginning, the bourgeoisie put forward a political program to limit the royal power by formulating a constitution. With the deepening of the revolution, all classes have expressed their will, making the French Revolution more intense than the bourgeois revolution in other countries at the same time, and its influence is immeasurable. The British bourgeois revolution was jointly led by the bourgeoisie and new noble, and finally the bourgeois dictatorship was established through a coup. The French Revolution was interfered by the joint armed forces of many monarchies in Europe. Therefore, the phenomenon of violating capitalist principles and restricting the bourgeoisie appeared in the revolution. When the British Revolution broke out, the European continent was engaged in a 30-year war, and the British Revolution encountered a favorable international environment. In the French Revolution, three popular uprisings pushed the revolution deeper and deeper. Without the support of the people, the bourgeoisie cannot defeat the feudal forces at home and abroad.

24. Evaluate jacobins's ruling policy.

(1) jacobins's land policy turned hundreds of thousands of French peasants into small landlords, completely destroyed the foundation of the French feudal system, and marked the new climax of the French bourgeois revolution. Although this measure did not meet the farmers' demand for free land distribution and could not completely solve the land problem in rural areas, it played an important role in winning farmers' support for jacobins and effectively dealt a blow to the enemies at home and abroad who opposed the French Revolution.

(2) The policy of terrorism is a measure that jacobins is forced to take under the unprecedented situation of internal and external troubles. Positive role: at the expense of temporarily sacrificing part of the interests of the bourgeoisie, it met some demands of the masses: economically, it curbed speculation in hoarding and driving up prices, and overcame economic chaos to some extent; Politically quelled the rebellion, basically drove away foreign interference in the army, stabilized the social order in France, and eased the crisis in the Republic of China. Negative effects: there are negative effects in the economy, and economic problems can only be solved by economic methods, while administrative means can only play an auxiliary role, and a single administrative means can not solve economic problems; The political attack is too wide, which makes everyone feel insecure; After the crisis, jacobins used the terrorist policy to exclude dissidents, maintain power, and finally lost the hearts of the people.

25. Historical background and conditions of the North American War of Independence.

Revolutionary background and conditions: material basis: the development of capitalist economy in North America; National foundation: the formation of American nation; The influence of the Enlightenment; Class foundation: the formation and development of bourgeoisie and planter class; Root: British colonial rule seriously hindered the development of capitalist economy in North America.

26. How to treat the US Constitution 1787 correctly?

(1) From the perspective of capitalist political system, the United States took the lead in establishing federalism, separation of powers and democracy through the 1787 Constitution. Federalism gives the federal government powerful power to consolidate the state power; The separation of powers makes the legislative, administrative and judicial organs contain each other, and plays a positive role in preventing autocracy and ensuring bourgeois democracy.

(2) From the perspective of its influence on the United States, the Constitution has adjusted the contradiction between big States and small States, and the contradiction between the north and the south, which has enabled the United States to achieve long-term and stable political development; The establishment of a series of principles of governing the country has enabled the United States to complete extensive political reforms and establish a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, laying the foundation for the rapid development of the American economy.

(3) From its limitations, the Constitution allows the existence of slavery and does not recognize that blacks and Indians have the same rights as whites. This violates the principle of equality of all people in the Declaration of Human Rights, bears the brand of racial discrimination and exposes the limitations of the bourgeoisie.

27. The nature of the North American War of Independence

The American War of Independence was a national independence movement in early modern times, and it was a war waged by the people of North America to get rid of British colonial rule and seek national independence and liberation. The object of the war is the British colonial ruler, and the purpose of the war is to overthrow the British colonial rule. Therefore, this war has the nature of national liberation.

The American War of Independence was another bourgeois revolution.

First, the industrial bourgeoisie in the north and the plantation class in the south acted as the leading class of the revolution;

Second, the root of this war is the result of the intensification of the contradiction between the economic development of capitalism in the north and British colonial rule;

Third, the end of the war broke the shackles of colonial rule and laid the foundation for the development of capitalism in North America. The particularity of American bourgeois revolution lies in its central task of opposing colonial rule and striving for political independence. This is because the British North American colonies are basically the transplantation of British capitalism, and the social economy is basically a capitalist economy. The biggest obstacle to its development is British colonial rule. Therefore, the most essential feature of the bourgeois revolution is to remove the biggest obstacle to the development of capitalism. Just because the British North American colonies did not experience feudalism does not mean that there were no feudal factors in society. In the process of its development, there are a lot of feudal remnants, and European immigrants inevitably bring all kinds of feudal remnants to the New World.

28. Characteristics of the North American War of Independence

(1) has never experienced feudal system, and the theme of the revolution is to oppose British colonial rule. (2) The bourgeoisie and plantation slave owners are the leading classes of this revolution. (3) The revolution has not experienced major repetitions, which is conducive to economic development, the improvement and consolidation of the bourgeois political system, and the stability of social life. (4) It was the first successful national liberation war in early modern times, and its essence was bourgeois revolution.

29. 1787 both the American constitution and the French declaration of human rights take the bourgeois enlightenment as the basic guiding ideology, but there are obvious differences between the two documents in terms of the rights of the state and the people. Try to analyze the main reasons for this difference.

The U.S. 1787 Constitution stipulates the duties and rights of the President, Congress and Supreme Court of the United States according to the principle of separation and mutual restraint of the legislative, administrative and judicial powers put forward by enlightenment thinkers, but ignores the basic rights of the people. France's "Declaration of Human Rights" elaborated the principles of natural human rights and embodied the idea of destroying the monarchy and hierarchy, but did not propose how to solve the problem of feudal privileges that had not been cleared at that time. The United States is a country that has just gained national independence. It is necessary to establish a strong political power and ensure independence; At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the regime from going to dictatorship and endangering the interests of the bourgeoisie, so the principle of separation of powers is highlighted. The ruling bourgeoisie and planters denied the Indian citizenship for their own interests, and the black slaves were only transformed into 3/5 of the population, which was obviously racist, so the human rights issue was not really solved. France is a very powerful feudal country, emphasizing human rights is conducive to destroying the monarchy and hierarchy and safeguarding the interests of the bourgeoisie. In order to safeguard their own vital interests, the ruling bourgeoisie of the two countries chose the most favorable part of the enlightenment thought when formulating laws.

30. The characteristics of the early bourgeois revolution

The early bourgeois revolution refers to the bourgeois revolution that took place in the period of capitalist workshops and handicrafts. /kloc-the British bourgeois revolution in the 0/7th century, the American War of Independence in the 0/8th century and the French Revolution all belong to this category. The task of the early bourgeois revolution was to overthrow feudal rule and clear the way for the development of capitalism. The early bourgeois revolution has the following characteristics:

(1) The early bourgeois revolution was an anti-feudal revolution in a complete sense, and it did not undertake any other tasks.

(2) The process of the early bourgeois revolution was tortuous and complicated, with both forward and even forward, backward and even excessively backward, leading to new struggles.

(3) The general feature of class relations in the early stage of bourgeois revolution is that under the leadership of the bourgeoisie, all anti-feudal classes and strata formed alliances.

3 1. Compare the differences and similarities between the North American War of Independence and the Latin American War of Independence

(1) Similarities between the North American War of Independence and the Latin American War of Independence: ① Background: The people of North and South America were invaded and exploited by western colonialists; Economic development has prompted the people of North and South America to demand breaking the shackles of sovereign countries; With the spread of the Enlightenment, the national democratic consciousness of the people in North and South America has become increasingly strong. The war between European powers created conditions for the people's war of independence in North and South America. Objective: Everyone wants to get rid of colonial rule and strive for national independence. America lies in overthrowing British colonial rule and developing capitalism; Latin American people hope to get rid of the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal and win national independence. Results: The colonial rule was overthrown, the national independence was won, the European powers were attacked, and the bourgeois revolution in Europe was promoted and coordinated. After independence, most American countries established bourgeois countries; Slavery has not been abolished since independence. ④ Nature: bourgeois revolution in the form of independent war.

(2) The difference between the North American War of Independence and the Latin American War of Independence.

① Background: The capitalist economy in North America 13 states is more developed than that in Latin America, so the main task of North America is to overthrow British colonial rule. Open the way for the development of capitalism; However, Latin America's economy is underdeveloped, and the main task of the revolution is to overthrow the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal and win national independence. 13 states in North America have formed a unified nation, while Latin America has not.

2 Leaders: During the North American War of Independence, the bourgeoisie and plantation slave owners formed an alliance and played a leading role; In Latin America, however, the bourgeoisie is weak and only takes part in the revolution as a force, and the leadership of the movement is in the hands of indigenous white landlords.

Results: After the independence of North America, the Constitution of 1787 was formulated, and a relatively stable democratic capitalist system was established, which promoted the economic development of the United States. After the independence of Latin America, the feudal main manor economy still existed, and it was under dictatorship politically, which largely only completed the task of national independence.