What is the historical development of the ancient capital Luoyang?

Luoyang is located in the Luo Yi Basin south of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with Hulao Pass in the east, Hanguguan fortress in the west, Mangshan Mountain in the north and Longmen in the south, and rivers such as Yi, Luo, Zhou and Jian meander through it. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the rivers and mountains are crowned with splendor, and the situation is the best in the world", which is a battleground for military strategists and an ideal place to build a capital and establish a country. Since 770 BC, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang and the Later Tang Dynasty have successively established their capitals in Luoyang, so Luoyang has the reputation of "the ancient capital of nine dynasties". From the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Late Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was the political, economic and cultural center of China 1000 years. Many important historical events took place here, and many outstanding historical figures once lived here.

Our ancestors have been working and living in Luoyang since ancient times. In ancient legends, there is a story called "The Book of Hutuluo", which tells that Fu got a picture with eight diagrams from the Yellow River, which can predict bad omen and calculate good or bad luck. When Dayu was managing Luoshui, he got a tortoise shell engraved with words, up to nine. He divided the world into Kyushu. In addition, it is said that Huangdi, Yao and Shun all lived in Luoshui area. These show that in primitive society, there were clan tribes with quite developed culture in Luoshui area of the Yellow River. According to archaeological findings, Luoyang entered the prosperous stage of matriarchal clan about six or seven thousand years ago, and the patriarchal clan commune was formed five thousand years ago. At that time, there were many primitive tribes scattered on both sides of Iraq, Romania, Hu and Jian.

The real rise of Luoyang City began with the construction of Luoyi by the Duke of Zhou, with a history of more than 3,000 years. 1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, established the Zhou Dynasty, and made Haojiang (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history. Zhou Wuwang had planned to move the capital to Luoyang, but it didn't come true because he died soon. After the young Zhou Chengwang ascended the throne, the Duke of Zhou was in charge of the regime. Soon there was an aristocratic rebellion led by Wu Geng in Shang Dynasty. In the third year of the Crusade, the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion in Wu Geng. At this time, he was more aware of Luoyang's important position in politics, military affairs and economy. So he asked Zhou Chengwang to move the capital to Luoyang and got Wang Cheng's consent. He sent people to move Jiuding (a heavy weapon symbolizing kingship) from Yin (now Anyang, Henan Province), the old capital of Shang Dynasty, to Luoyang as a prelude to making its capital. Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong used a large number of slaves, and after hard work, they quickly established Luoyi. Since then, two capitals have appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Haojiang in the west is called Zhou Zong, and Luoyi in the east is called Chengzhou. In fact, there are two cities in Luoyi built by Duke Zhou: the one in the west is called Wangcheng, and Fiona Fang is 30 miles long. The building is orderly, with three doors on all sides, *** 12 doors, and there are nine jingwei roads in the city. The palace is built on the central avenue. On the left is the ancestral temple, which is used to worship ancestors; On the right is the country altar, which is used for the ceremony of the king's accession to the throne and for offering sacrifices to the gods of heaven and earth. In front of it is the palace of the court princes and nobles, and behind it is the commercial market. Visible, as early as 3000 years ago, the urban construction in China had a more reasonable layout. After the national liberation, in order to protect the ancient sites, a Wangcheng Park was opened here. The one in the east is called Chengzhou City, which is slightly smaller than the king's city, and it is also called Xiadu, which is located more than 0/0 km east of the king's city. It is recorded in the history books that "there are nine miles and seventy steps in the south and north of the city and six miles and ten steps in the east and west". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou once fled here to take refuge and expanded it. Later, Chengzhou was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Western Wei and Northern Wei.

In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to Luoyang, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history, and was the first dynasty to formally establish Luoyang as its capital. Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is known as "a famous city in the world". There are many handicraft slaves living here, as well as many palaces and private workshops. Handicraft industry is quite developed. In recent years, workshops such as pottery, stone tools, aggregate and bronze casting have been discovered in Luoyang. As the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang opened the prelude of its urban development history and laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of ancient Central Plains culture.

During the Qin Dynasty, the ruler set up Sanchuan County in Luoyang. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, established Luoyang as the capital in the early Han Dynasty for five months. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Lvlin and Red-eye Rebels successively occupied Luoyang, which was once the capital of the separatist regime. It was not until the Eastern Han Dynasty that Luoyang became the capital of a unified feudal country. In the 25th year of Emperor Guangwu, after the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the establishment of Luoyang as its capital, he first built water conservancy projects, dug the Yang Canal in the capital, and sent people to manage the Bianhe River. In this way, Luoyang's water transport is connected with the chasm water system. The grain in Jianghuai area can be sent directly to Kyoto along the river, which gave the Eastern Han a relatively stable economic foundation. Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty was expanded on the basis of Zhou Dynasty becoming Zhou City. There are 12 gates in this ancient city, and the main buildings in the city are the North and South Palace, which are magnificent. There are 24 vertical and horizontal streets outside the palace, and each street has two pavilions, which are responsible for management. Tang Ming, Bi Yong and Lingtai were three important buildings on the outskirts of Luoyang at that time, which were used to worship ancestors, salute the emperor and observe astronomical phenomena. They are magnificent, solemn and solemn. At that time, Luoyang was the largest industrial and commercial city in China, with three major trading markets: cattle, horses, cars, roads, skillful hands and the whole city. At that time, there were libraries and research institutions in Luoyang, such as Dongguan, Baihuguan, Pingoptimism, Lantai and Shishi, and Taixue, the highest institution in the south of the city, had more than 30,000 students. The lecture hall is very wide, and there are more than 1000 in the student dormitory alone. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the war continued, and Luoyang was burned by Dong Zhuo, and a famous city that had been operating for 150 years since the Eastern Han Dynasty was destroyed.

Both Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty took Luoyang as their capital. Luoyang City in Wei and Jin Dynasties was built on the ruins of the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After many repairs and expansions by the rulers of Wei and Jin Dynasties, Luoyang recovered its former grand occasion. At that time, the main buildings in the city were Miyagi and Jinyong, and the population gradually increased to 1 14400. After the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, the economy developed. Luoyang, Kyoto, is rich in materials and developed in commerce. There are many wealthy businessmen in Dajia, and even some bureaucrats and nobles run enterprises.

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the north fell into a long-term turmoil in five lakes and sixteen countries, and Luoyang was devastated again. In 494, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who unified the north, moved the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang. Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty was rebuilt on the basis of the capital of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its scale was larger than that of Wei and Jin Dynasties. History books call it "twenty miles east and west, fifteen miles north and south". The palaces are concentrated in the middle of the old city, slightly northwest. There are 322 neighborhoods and 220 lanes outside the palace, and there are more than/kloc-0.09 million households in the city. There are three lively markets here, among which Stone Town is an international trade market, where there are more than 10,000 businessmen from Central Asia and the Great Qin State. Buddhism prevailed in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and there were many Buddhist temples in Luoyang, with more than 1300. Yongning Temple and Baima Temple, which were built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, are the most famous. Yongning Temple has a stupa as high as 60 feet, which can be seen dozens of miles away. Longmen Grottoes, located 25 miles south of Luoyang, were also created by the Northern Wei Dynasty. It took more than 500 years for the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty to be built on a large scale. Longmen Grottoes is one of the three treasures of China Grottoes. However, shortly after the death of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, the Northern Wei Dynasty collapsed, and Luoyang, which had been prosperous for more than 40 years, was trampled again and turned into ruins.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an was the capital of China, but Luoyang also occupied an important position. Emperor Yang Di sent Su Yang and Yuwen Kai to build Luoyang with 2 million people every month, and it was officially completed in less than a year. The capital of Sui Dynasty is the most magnificent page in Luoyang's history. The perimeter of the city wall is more than 50 miles, and it consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Dongcheng, including Jiacheng, Biyuan City and WaiGuo Cheng. There are 103 Li Fang in the city, and there are 10 streets in vertical and horizontal directions. There are three cities, namely Fengdu, Datong and Tong Yuan. "There are more than 400 shops on the four walls of the city" and "Merchants Travel, famous mountains and rare mountains". There is a West Garden in the west of the city, 200 miles from Fiona Fang. Ren Xian Palace is very spectacular. According to records, the population of Luoyang at that time had reached more than one million. In the Sui Dynasty, the east was the hub of the North-South Grand Canal, connecting Zhuo Jun in the north (now Beijing) and Yuhang in the south (now Hangzhou). Grain, silk and various materials can be transported to Ziyang by water from the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin. Luoyang is not only the national economic center, but also a world-famous bustling city.

Luoyang was the imperial palace in the early Tang Dynasty. Since Emperor Taizong, Luoyang has been called Luoyang Palace, Du Dong, Shen Du and Tokyo. The emperor often came to live in Belgium. Six emperors of the Tang Dynasty moved their capital to Luoyang for more than 40 years. Wu Zetian lived in Luoyang for the longest time, and Tang Xuanzong lived 10 years old. It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty paid equal attention to Chang 'an and Luoyang. During the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang built many magnificent buildings on the basis of the capital of the Sui Dynasty, such as Shangyang Palace, Shanglin Garden, Tang Ming, Shutian of Copper and Iron, etc. Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, praised Shangyang Palace like this: "Flowers and trees in Shangyang don't fall, and Luoshui flows all over the palace"; "I've seen the biography of the Queen Mother, and I haven't won in the middle reaches for nine days." Tang Ming, also known as Vientiane Holy Land or Tian Tong Palace, is the place where court officials of Wu Zetian met. Wu Zetian also built Xingtai Palace and Summer Palace in the south and north of the city respectively for pleasure. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang's commercial trade was extremely developed. There are three trade markets in the city: the south, the west and the north, especially the north market. There are many wealthy businessmen at home and abroad, and there are many merchant ships, chariots and horses, which often block roads.

After the destruction of Qiyun Tower in Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty, there was a separatist regime in China, and three short-lived regimes were established in the Central Plains, namely Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Last Friday. Among them, Luoyang was the capital of the first three dynasties, and Luoyang was the capital of the last two dynasties. Luoyang was regarded as Xijing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin repaired the palaces, battlements and canals in Luoyang many times, so Luoyang still had a considerable scale in the Northern Song Dynasty. At this time, although Luoyang's political and economic status is not as important as before, it is the academic and cultural center of the country.

During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Luoyang was severely damaged, and the Guo Cheng Palace since the Sui and Tang Dynasties was hard to find. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang once sent his son yi zhu to Luoyang, known as the King of Iraq in history. At the same time, he built a grand palace in the northeast of the city. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang sealed Hezhu here and moved to seal the king of Iraq in Ruzhou. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng captured Luoyang.

Luoyang Zhong Ling has beautiful scenery and rich humanities, and the masters of Neo-Confucianism, academic schools, scholars and calligraphy elites in the history books shine brilliantly. The emergence and development of China's traditional culture of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are closely related to Luoyang, and the four great inventions of China are closely related to Luoyang. Since ancient times, there have been many poets and poets, and they are known as "the capital of poetry". The Eight Diagrams of Zhouyi originated here, Lao Zi wrote the Tao Te Ching here, Confucius asked questions so far, three classes (Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Ban Zhao) compiled Chinese books here, and Sima Guang compiled books for mutual treatment. In view of this, Zhang Heng invented the armillary sphere and seismograph here. Yu Chu's Zhou Shuo, Chen Shou's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, Ouyang Xiu's Tang Xin Shu and other masterpieces all contribute to this fertile soil. There were more than 30,000 students in Luoyang Imperial College in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was the highest in the world at that time. The reputation of A Jin Zuosi's Sandu Fu once made Luoyang paper expensive. Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Cao Pi, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, seven sons of Jian 'an, seven sages of bamboo forest and twenty-four friends of Jingu, all left Kyushu masterpieces here. Great poets Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Li He, Liu Yuxi, etc. Born here, grew up here, traveled here and died here, leaving many eternal songs.