How to answer the subjective questions of historical characteristics

About the problem-solving method of the question and answer

I. Types of the question and answer

According to the nature and requirements of the question, It can be divided into narrative, synthesis, analysis, comparison, comment, material question and answer, etc. < P > 1. Narrative question: The reason (or background), process, meaning (or nature, influence, function and evaluation) of historical events, historical phenomena or historical figures' activities are directly described in a certain order. < P > 2. Comprehensive question: It will be scattered in different chapters. It is difficult to express and draw appropriate conclusions through integration.

3. Analysis topic: decompose complex historical events, phenomena or contents into several aspects: background, causes, nature, characteristics, results, significance, functions, experiences and lessons, etc., reveal their essence and draw conclusions. What is explained? What's the revelation?

4. Comparison topic: Summarize two or more historical events or historical figures, find out their similarities and compare them, seek common ground and analyze differences, so as to deepen the understanding of the nature of historical events. This is a common method to recognize and analyze historical issues.

5. Comment topic: First, comprehensively summarize historical events, historical phenomena and activities of historical figures, and then describe them according to the time. Give an evaluation of historical materialism. When evaluating historical figures, we should pay attention to the background of the times and comment realistically. We can narrate first and then comment, and discuss between narratives. < P > 6. Material-based question and answer questions: that is, the integration of material analysis questions (including charts and pictures) and question and answer questions. Formally, it consists of two parts: one is material; The second is to ask questions. In recent years, almost all the subjective questions in the college entrance examination have adopted this form. < P > In addition, the classification of the types of questions and answers varies according to different standards; However, it can be divided into three categories.

(1) Essay questions

Essay questions require candidates to discuss or comment on phenomena, events, figures and viewpoints by using historical materialism. They can be divided into two categories: longitudinal examination-oriented questions (in time order) and horizontal examination-oriented questions (in space order), which generally have the characteristics of "long span and high generalization". The answer is generally stated by (the following) You can talk about it first, then comment on it, and comment on it while talking about it.

For example, Mozi said, "If you want to be rich in the world, you will hate its poverty, and if you want to govern the world, you will hate its chaos. When you love each other, you will benefit each other." He also said, "(War) in spring, you will waste the people to cultivate crops and trees, and in autumn, you will waste the people to collect them ... The people are hungry, cold and hungry, and the dead are countless." And analyze its positive significance.

(2) Argumentation questions

Argumentation questions require the analysis and argumentation of some viewpoints based on historical facts, so as to test candidates' argumentation ability. They can be divided into two types: argument questions and material argument questions (reflecting opinions with historical materials). The answers require correct viewpoints, a combination of history and theory, reasonable arguments and strong arguments.

Example: palmerston, a British politician, said. There are no eternal enemies, only eternal interests. "This sentence summarizes Britain's long-standing diplomatic thinking. Connecting with the changes in the relationship between Britain and France from the establishment of the First Empire of France to the 192s and their reasons, it explains how Britain's policy toward France embodies this idea.

(3) Comparison topic

Comparison is the thinking process and method to determine the relationship between things with differences. Comparing the similarities and differences between historical events and historical phenomena, It requires candidates to summarize, sort out, identify and analyze questions, aiming at examining the ability of comparing and discriminating things. It can be divided into analogy questions (comparison of events of the same or similar nature) and comparison questions (comparison of events of different or opposite nature). From another angle, it can be divided into two categories: vertical comparison and horizontal comparison. When answering, we should pay attention to choosing the appropriate comparison angle, classifying and comparing, and summarizing the words.

Example: What was the basic content of China's thought of reform and reform at the end of the 19th century? Compared with the 18th century French Enlightenment, what is the difference between them in promoting social change? Why?

Second, the structure and function of the question and answer

1. The structure of the question and answer. Any question with clear meaning and complete expression has four basic components, namely: prompt item, limited item, central item and answer item.

2. The function of the question and answer structure.

(1) Prompt item: the way to limit the answer. Including the way of thinking and expression of candidates' answers.

(2) Limited items: specifying the known conditions of answers, such as time, space, historical facts, opinions, quotations, etc.

(3) Central items: specifying the contents on which answers are based. Central items are ever-changing, all of which are the same. They involve politics, economy, institutions, people, international relations, etc. The other three items are subordinate to the central item.

(4) Answer item: specify the "unknown" item to be answered. Common answer words include reason, process, result, nature, characteristics, meaning, influence, similarities and differences, etc. There are also "what", "how", "why". The positions are changeable, but they are interdependent, reasonable and unified, and * * * both play the role of examination ability.

3. Reading, examining and answering questions

1. Reading questions: read all the questions, read them carefully and read more, and understand the meaning of the materials.

2. Examining questions is a crucial step in answering questions. In the college entrance examination, It's very important that you don't understand the meaning of the question and grasp the train of thought, and the answers are confused and even irrelevant. Even if you have sufficient knowledge, it won't work. How to review the questions well should pay attention to the following points: Candidates' temporary examination is a comprehensive and flexible use of scientific knowledge and thinking ability in a short time. Can candidates quickly understand what to ask, what to answer, and whether they can explore the questions in depth? In fact, it is also a kind of information processing ability. We should pay attention to the following points when examining the questions:

First, the requirements for examination. First, we should make clear the specific requirements of the questions, and learn to analyze the structural components of the questions. In general, a complete and clear historical question consists of four components: prompt, qualifier, trunk (also called central item) and answer. By analyzing the structural components of the questions, we can grasp the questions completely and accurately. Dig deep into the meaning of the question and break through the key and difficult points.

Third, the type of examination. When examining the question, you should also determine what kind of question the question belongs to. As mentioned above, the historical question can be roughly divided into five types: narrative question, comprehensive question, analysis question, comparison question, comment question and material question. Different types of questions have different special requirements, and the answer forms and methods are different. Therefore, the question types are determined. If there are several questions in a test question, we should pay attention to whether these questions belong to the same type. Because it is not uncommon for a test question with several questions to have different questions.

Fourth, try to answer the key points. Different questions are asked in different ways and angles, so the key points of the answer will be different. Determining the key points of the answer will help to get detailed local organization materials and scientifically allocate the answer time.

3. "Theory" refers to the basic concepts or viewpoints of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. The combination of history and theory is to use the basic viewpoints of historical materialism to analyze historical facts, draw a correct evaluation or conclusion, and unify materials (historical facts) and viewpoints. Narrating historical facts is the basis of answering questions, just like "painting dragons"; Brief analysis and comments are the soul of answering questions (that is, candidates' positions and political directions), just like "clearing up". Answering questions should not only oppose the accumulation of materials lacking analysis, but also oppose the general theory lacking historical facts.

Second, the narrative is orderly and the argument is powerful: although various types of historical questions have their own characteristics and the focus of ability test, they can't be answered without historical narrative and analysis, comments and historical issues. Or in chronological order, or in spatial order, or in logical order, don't be disorganized and upset. Analyze historical facts, evaluate historical events and historical figures, and demonstrate whether a certain viewpoint is correct or not. We must grasp the main points, get to the point, make a reasonable argument, and make a strong argument.

Third, be specific and comprehensive: we should write more detailed answers to the key points required by the test questions, and explain all the points and elements. For non-key parts, it is necessary to write less and answer briefly, to seek simplicity from the complex and to get the best from the miscellaneous. This is to "focus" the answer. When the test questions involve a lot, each key point of the answer should be concise and to the point; The test questions require less content, and the answers should be relatively detailed and specific.

Fourth, the words are accurate and clear: some candidates use "multiple-answer tactics", regardless of the meaning of the questions, and let the marking teacher "pick out the junk". This is not desirable. Good answers should strive to be accurate and concise in expression, which requires learning to refine and summarize. In addition, in the form of writing answers, Each point in each paragraph must be preceded by a numerical serial number, so as to be "paragraph-oriented, gist-oriented, organized and serial-oriented", so as to make the level clear and make people clear at a glance.

Fifth, check carefully and correct in time: check the questions and answers carefully and strictly to see whether the questions are biased, whether the meaning of the questions is accurate, whether the points are complete and whether the answers are complete. After checking, correct them in time.