The development course of the nine countries in the rise of great powers

15 and 16 centuries were the heyday of Portugal, which had a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and the United States and was a maritime power. During this period, Portugal far surpassed other European countries in economy, politics and culture.

The Portuguese colonial empire was established on June 5438+0465438+August 2 1 day, 2005. The navigator Henry led the Portuguese fleet to conquer Ceuta, an Islamic trade center in North Africa. Then Portuguese navigators and explorers discovered uninhabited islands such as Azores, Cape Verde, Bioko, Sao Tome, principe island and Annoben.

147 1 year, the northern Moroccan city of Tangia, which had long competed with Spain, was finally occupied by the Portuguese.

1in the spring of 488, the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias first explored Morsel Bay in the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost tip of Africa, which laid a solid foundation for another Portuguese navigator, vasco da gama, to open up a new Indian route. 1498 On May 20th, Da Gama finally reached the beach not far from the Indian town of Coetzee Cote.

/kloc-in 0/500, the Portuguese navigator pedro cabral first saw the Brazilian coast. 150 1 year, Cabral discovered Madagascar in the Indian Ocean and arrived in Mauritius on 1507. 15 10, Albuquerque conquered Goa, India and Malacca, Malaysia (15 1 1).

After 15 14, Portuguese navigators arrived in China and Japan in the Far East. 15 17, Portuguese businessman and official Fernao Pires de Andrade arrived in Guangzhou, and his negotiations with the Ming court were called the beginning of modern China's contact with Europe.

1542 The Portuguese discovered Japan by accident, and later many European businessmen and missionaries were attracted to Japan (see South Manchuria Trade). /kloc-in 0/557, the Portuguese rented Macao and began to trade with China.

1522, the Spanish fleet led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world for the first time.

From 65438 to 0553, the Portuguese began to live in Macao. 1 887 65438+February1day, Portugal and the Qing government signed the Draft Convention of the Sino-Portuguese Conference and the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade, and formally leased Macao through diplomatic formalities, becoming the first territory of European countries in East Asia (counting from 1553).

1On April 25th, 974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the policy of decolonization was implemented, which recognized that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal and returned Macao to China for the first time. Due to the lack of proper handover conditions at that time, Zhou Enlai, then Prime Minister, proposed to temporarily maintain the status quo in Macao.

However, with other European countries gaining maritime hegemony, Portugal's strength has declined. 1580 was occupied by Spain because of the inheritance of the royal in-laws, and it was not until 1640 that it got rid of Spanish rule. The Portuguese colony was attacked by the Dutch and the British.

/kloc-during the 0/7th century, a large number of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil until 1709. In order to prevent population loss, John V banned Portuguese immigrants.

1 755165438+1October1Sunday morning, an earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in Lisbon. The losses caused by the earthquake, together with the ensuing tsunami and fire, razed the whole Lisbon to the ground. This disaster was an unbearable impact on the Portuguese economy at that time.

But at this time, the Portuguese empire was still strong. With the rise of the British Empire and the French Empire, the Portuguese Empire gradually declined. 1999 After Portugal handed over Macao to China, the 500-year history of the Portuguese Empire came to an end.

2. Spain

1492 65438+ 10 On 2 October, Granada, the capital of the Moors, fell, Spain's recovery movement was declared complete, and Spain finally achieved reunification.

1492, Columbus led a fleet from Gaddis, Spain. 10, 12 years, he discovered the new American continent, landed on the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, and then returned to Spain with several aborigines and some things.

After Columbus discovered the West Indies, Spain gradually became a maritime power. Since then, Spanish colonists began to conquer and occupy Latin America, and extended their territory to the other side of the Atlantic and the Philippines.

15 16, the son of Juana and Philip I, Charles I, as the grandson of the family of Trastamala, inherited the throne of Castilla, Leon, Aragon and Navarra, and established the earliest confederate country in Europe for Carlos I. /kloc-was a maritime power in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, and then gradually declined.

15 19, Hernando Cortes and others arrived in Mexico from Cuba and conquered tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec tribe.

1530, Francisco Pizarro led his men to set out from Panama and arrived in the Inca Empire a few months later to conquer Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire. Many tribes were wiped out and Indian civilization was destroyed.

1588, Philip II crusaded against Britain, but the Spanish navy was backward in equipment, and with the attack of storms, Spain's "Armada" was defeated by the British navy led by the pirate Drake, so Spain lost its position as a maritime power and began to decline.

3. Netherlands

After gaining independence from Spain, the Netherlands developed into a maritime and trade power in the 7th century. The number of merchant ships in the Netherlands exceeds the total number of merchant ships in all European countries and is called "sea coachman". The Netherlands has established colonies and trade strongholds all over the world. This period is called the "golden age" of Holland.

1602, under the leadership of * * * and National Assembly Speaker Oden Barnvelt, the Dutch and East India Company was established.

Spain officially recognized the independence of the Netherlands in 1648, and the Netherlands reached the peak of commercial prosperity. In17th century, it became a maritime colonial power and the largest colonial country in the world after Spain.

1656, the Dutch delegation arrived in Beijing.

By the middle of17th century, the global commercial hegemony of Holland, Holland and China had been firmly established. At this time, the Dutch East India Company has 65,438+05,000 branches, accounting for half of the total world trade.

More than 65,438+00,000 merchant ships flying the Dutch tricolor flag cruised on the five oceans of the world: at that time, there were 20,000 ships in the world and 654,380+0.5 million in the Netherlands. More than Britain, France and Germany combined.

1In September, 688, a huge fleet set sail from Amsterdam Port. These ships carried William III, the supreme consul of the Netherlands, and 20,000 Dutch soldiers. The British Parliament invited William III to protect the "religious freedom and property" of British nationals.

/kloc-In the late 7th century, the Netherlands went to war with Britain and France, lost to Britain at sea (the Anglo-Dutch War) and lost to France on land (the Franco-Dutch War), and went into decline.

4. Britain, Britain

British colonies expanded violently in the19th century. Ireland merged in 180 1, and the official name of Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The aggression against Asia continues to expand.

The British Empire refers to a great empire composed of the British mainland, its dominions, colonies, dependencies, trusts and protectorates. It is the largest country in history and the largest colonial empire in the world.

The empire reached its peak in the early19th century, with a population of about 400 million to 500 million, accounting for a quarter of the world population at that time. The territory is about 33.67 million square kilometers, accounting for a quarter of the world's total land area. After the Kingdom of Spain in16th century, the empire was called "the empire that never sets".

/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Britain launched two Opium Wars to invade China, occupied Hongkong and participated in suppressing the Taiping Revolution in China. Suppress the Indian national uprising from 1857 to 1859 and strengthen India's rule.

1876, the conservative cabinet b disraeli crowned queen Victoria, making her the queen of India. Since then, Britain has been called the British Empire or the British Empire (1947, when India became independent, the British monarch lost the title of emperor).

In addition, it also expanded its aggression in Iran, Myanmar, South Africa, Egypt, East Africa, New Zealand and Australia, and gradually penetrated into South America, becoming the largest investor there. 1867, Canada became a dominion of Britain.

5. France

1848 the revolution made all classes of the bourgeoisie participate in the political power. At the same time, the workers also put forward their own demands, which aroused the fear of the bourgeoisie.

1June, 848, Paris workers staged an uprising and were brutally suppressed. In February 18 of the same year, louis bonaparte was elected president by taking advantage of farmers' superstition about Napoleon I. 185 1 65438+February 2, louis bonaparte staged a coup and proclaimed himself emperor the following year, establishing the second French Empire for Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte.

During the period of 18 under the rule of the second empire, the industrial revolution made great progress. Since the 1960s, the * * * peace movement, the democratic movement and the workers' movement have been on the rise. 1870 In early September, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's rout in the Franco-Prussian War triggered the 94 Revolution, and the Parisian people overthrew the monarchy and declared * * * peace. The Third Republic of France was founded.

From 187 1, the people of Paris called for the establishment of communes to continue the war of resistance. The leftist leaders of the Paris branch of the First International United with the workers to form the Central Committee of the National Guard.

The Central Committee of the National Guard seized power with the support of the people. /kloc-From March to May 28th, 0/8, the working class in Paris overthrew the bourgeois rule for the first time in human history and established its own political power, the Paris Commune. The Paris Commune was suppressed when the class power disparity was too great.

After 1870, the French economy developed. From 1900 to 19 13, monopoly organizations appeared one after another, and the concentration of bank capital was particularly prominent, making it the capital exporter after Britain.

6. Germany

Prussia rose at the beginning of18th century. According to 18 15 Vienna Conference, the German Confederation was founded. 1848, revolutions broke out in various parts of Germany, and Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck led arduous internal, military and diplomatic struggles.

Prussia defeated Denmark with Austria in 1864 and recovered the land occupied by Denmark in the north; 1866, Austria was defeated in the "Seven Weeks War" and the North German Confederation was established the following year.

1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and many southern German states broke away from French rule. 187 1 year, Germany was unified and the German Empire was established.

7. Japan

After the ancient imperial edict and Chen Wu War, the imperial government of Meiji Japan was established by supporting imperial governors. The old vassals had a hard life under the New Deal, which turned into a southwest war, and then gradually restored order. ?

The new government actively introduced European and American systems, abolished vassals and set up counties. These reforms were called the Meiji Restoration. On the one hand, the new government established the state system, such as the establishment of the imperial parliament and the constitution of the Great Japanese Empire.

On the one hand, it has rapidly developed into a modern country under the impetus of the national policy of cultivating industry and strengthening military strength (making Qiang Bing a rich country). In addition, 1879 got its hands on Ryukyu, a tributary country of the Qing Dynasty, and changed it to Okinawa Prefecture.

Japan also won the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, occupied Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands (including Diaoyu Island) through unequal treaties such as the treaty of shimonoseki, and seized the southeast. 19 10 annexed South Korea.

Culturally, Japan introduced new knowledge and art from Europe and America; With the individualistic novels that never appeared in Japan, literature began to appear, and a culture different from that before the Edo era began to appear.

8. Russia

As early as the17th century, Russia had actively expanded to the Far East, and it clashed with China in the Qing Dynasty. China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the Treaty of Blenski and the Treaty of Chaktu in 1689 and 1727 respectively to establish the border, but this did not stop Russia's ambition.

1858 In May, the British and French allied forces invaded China, and Russia threatened the Qing government to sign the Aihui Treaty by force, with Heilongjiang as the border. In the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty signed in 1860, tsarist Russia annexed the whole outer Manchuria (including Sakhalin Island) and acquired the ice-free port Vladivostok, which expanded its influence in the western Pacific.

On the other hand, Russia is also trying to get its hands on Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands to compete with Japan. 1On May 7, 875, Japan and Russia signed the Treaty of Exchange between Huatai and the Northern Kuril Islands, and Russia gave the Kuril Islands to Japan in exchange for the Japanese occupation of the southern part of Sakhalin Island.

From 1858 to 19 1 1, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, divided the Pamir region of China twice, incorporated large areas of northeast and northwest into its territory, and instigated Outer Mongolia to leave China.

And occupied 64 villages in Jiangdong, Tang Nuo and Liang Hai (1944 formally incorporated into Russia) and other areas, resulting in the loss of more than 3.3 million square kilometers of territory in China.

9. America

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the United States began to industrialize and entered a mature stage after the civil war. In less than 50 years from the Civil War to the First World War, the United States changed from an agricultural country to an urbanized country. From 1890 to 19 17, this nearly 30 years is called the progressive period.

19 14, the first world war broke out; 19 17, the United States was involved in the whirlpool of war and tried to play a new role in the world.

From 65438 to 0929, the Great Depression of capitalism occurred, which affected not only the United States, but also all countries in the world. The economic panic caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, a large number of farmers were forced to give up their farmland, factories and shops closed, banks closed down and there was a depression.

1932, franklin roosevelt (1882 ~ 1945) was elected president, and fully implemented the "Roosevelt New Deal" with government intervention in the market as the main means.

He advocated that the government should take action to end the economic panic, and then launched a series of policies to temporarily solve many difficulties, but the American economy did not wake up until after World War II.

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Rise of Great Powers