The Party System in German Political System

The Basic Law recognizes that in parliamentary democracy, political parties are an indispensable "intermediary" between the state and the people, so as to form the political will of the state and openly recognize the basic functions and functions of political parties, thus making them constitutional and legal for the first time.

1967 In July, the first law in the Federal Republic of Germany that tried to solve the political problems of political parties, the Political Parties Law, was finally passed by federal parliamentarians. This is the world's first law on political parties, which aims to implement the spirit of Article 2 1 of the Basic Law, stipulate the legal status, organizational structure, mission and obligations of political parties in party member, and is the code of conduct for all political parties. Social Democratic Party. Major political parties. The Social Democratic Party is one of the largest political parties in Germany. Its predecessor was the All-German Workers' Federation established by 1863 and the German Social Democratic Labour Party established by 1869. At first, it was a purely working-class party, and later it gradually developed into a national party representing the interests of workers. The Social Democratic Party advocates political stability and social justice by safeguarding workers' interests, thus promoting economic development.

The Union Party is composed of Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and its sister party Christian Social Union (CSU), which is only active in Bavaria. The party was founded in 1950, and party member is dominated by business owners, farmers, workers and intellectuals. The Alliance Party is a conservative political party in the traditional sense in western countries, which tends to safeguard the interests of business owners economically and advocates promoting economic development by encouraging business owners to continuously expand investment. The Alliance Party has been in power for several times since its establishment.

Alliance 90/ Green Party (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), referred to as the Green Party (Die Grünen). 65438+ 1993 was formed by the merger of 90/ Green Party in East Germany and Green Party in West Germany in May. The Green Party was founded in 1980. 1993, the Green Party merged with the East German civil rights movement group 90(Buendnis 90) to form the Alliance 90/ Green Party, which is still referred to as the Green Party after the merger. Protecting the environment, opposing the construction of nuclear power plants and opposing war are the basic political propositions of the party. The Green Party was in power jointly with the Social Democratic Party from 1998 to 2005.

Liberal Democratic Party, referred to as Liberal Democratic Party. The Liberal Democratic Party was founded in 1949, and most of party member are business owners, high-paid people and senior intellectuals. The Liberal Democratic Party clearly advocates economic liberalism and believes that the state should reduce its intervention in the market. The core goal of its political platform is to create more employment opportunities by improving the investment environment. Historically, the Liberal Democratic Party has been in power jointly with the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party.

Democratic Kline, referred to as Kline. It was formed in July 2005 by the merger of the left-wing party (formerly known as the Democratic Socialist Party) and the Labor and Social Justice Party split from the left-wing Social Democratic Party. Left-wing parties advocate redistributing social wealth through various means, including increasing taxes on large enterprises, stopping privatization policies, and adopting a minimum wage system. As a new political party, the Left Party has no federal ruling experience and has always been an opposition party. However, since the establishment of the Left Party, the support rate has steadily increased, and the scope of activities has also expanded from the traditional east to the west.

The German Kommunistische Partei was founded in 1968, and its predecessor was 1956.

* * * Die Republikaner was founded in 1983. Self-proclaimed "social patriotic party", politically right-wing radical, mainly fighting for workers and peasants voters and opposing immigration. 1992 and 1996 entered the Fu Ba state legislature.

Germany's choice was established on April 4, 20 13. The party's core goal is to abandon the euro and advocate the orderly disintegration of the euro zone. The leader is Bernd Luke, an economist in Hamburg. Germany implements a three-level electoral system, namely, local elections, state parliamentary elections and federal parliamentary elections. According to Article 39 of the Basic Law, the Bundestag is elected every four years. Generally speaking, new elections are held in the autumn after the term of the Bundestag ends, 46 months at the earliest and 48 months at the latest. When the Bundestag is dissolved, new elections should be held within 60 days after dissolution. After the election of the new Bundestag, the meeting shall be held within 30 days after the election.

However, the basic law only stipulates the electoral system in principle, while the implementation rules such as electoral principles, electoral procedures and electoral institutions are specifically stipulated by the federal electoral law. Germany's specific rules and order for electing state representative organs or public officials include the following nine aspects:

(a), the division of constituencies. The regional units that hold elections are generally divided by region or population. The electoral district is divided into several voting districts for the convenience of voters. In principle, the number of voters in each electoral district does not exceed 2,500.

(2) Voter qualification. Refers to the conditions prescribed by law to participate in elections.

(3) Voter registration. Refers to the procedures for electoral institutions to handle citizens' participation in elections according to law.

(4) candidates. In Germany, political parties usually put forward candidates for parliament, federal chancellor and federal president.

(5) elections. The campaign activities of German political parties include the following steps: formulating campaign platforms, recommending candidates, determining political issues and campaign slogans, and mobilizing and winning over voters.

(6) The electoral system refers to the rules and methods for electing deputies or members.

(7), ballot papers. It is a legal election document used by voters or electors to express their approval or opposition to candidates.

(8) Election counting system. After World War II, Germany began to adopt the mixed representative system, that is, the majority representative system and proportional representative system were used to count votes in the election, requiring voters to vote twice.

(9) Forecast the election results.