How to transform Mars into a livable planet?

Mars is a cold world, an extremely desolate planet, which is not suitable for human habitation at all and lacks atmosphere and air. No matter how you transform it, it's another world, and life is hard to survive. As we all know, without the minimum living conditions such as air temperature and humidity, no living thing can be better than human beings. Personal views are for reference only.

How to transform Mars? Simply put, we have standards. We will transform Mars into what it looks like in the earth's environment. Because we can only live on Mars if its environment is not much different from that of the Earth, right?

Mars is a neighbor of the earth, and its distance from the earth is between 55.7 million kilometers and 400 million kilometers. But the environment on Mars is very different from that on Earth. Mars has a cold and dry climate, thin air and no oxygen for human beings to breathe. Without transformation, human beings cannot survive on Mars.

Therefore, human beings want to transform Mars into a livable planet mainly around three points: warming up, releasing the atmosphere and making oxygen.

Mars gets hot. The climate on Mars is much colder than that on Earth, with an average temperature of about -55℃. The average temperature of the earth is about 15, and the average temperature of Mars is 70% lower than that of the earth. Mars is colder in winter, reaching-133. It can be warmer in summer, and it can rise to 27 in some places. It is difficult for human beings to survive on Mars at such a low temperature.

Therefore, the first task of human beings to transform Mars is to make it warm. Scientists have come up with many ways to warm Mars.

One way is to build a large mirror with a diameter over 120km, and put it in an orbit over 2 1km to reflect sunlight and heat Mars. Another method is to find an asteroid composed of frozen ammonia in space and hit Mars to increase the content of greenhouse gas ammonia in the atmosphere of Mars. The third way is to build a chemical plant on Mars to continuously produce carbon tetrafluoride. This is also a kind of greenhouse gas. Scientists have calculated that if 1000 tons of carbon tetrafluoride is discharged into the atmosphere of Mars every hour, the average temperature of Mars will rise by 27.8 after 30 years.

Which of these three ways to warm up Mars is more reliable?

Release the Martian atmosphere. The atmosphere on Mars is very thin, and its density is only 1% of that of the earth. Although 95% of Mars' thin atmosphere is greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, it is too thin to produce obvious greenhouse effect. Under the low pressure of Mars, water cannot exist in the form of liquid. Although liquid water has been found under Mars, it can't stay on the surface of Mars.

In fact, when Mars heats up, carbon dioxide stored in Martian soil will be released, and the air pressure will gradually increase; The ice in the soil will also melt into water, and the water will evaporate to form water vapor, which will start to produce rain and snow. When the atmospheric pressure on Mars increases to 20% of the earth's, humans can move on the surface of Mars with only oxygen bags without wearing spacesuits. Then we can move towards the third step of transforming Mars.

Make oxygen. When the atmospheric pressure of Mars reaches more than 20% of the earth's, the temperature in the warmest equatorial region on Mars can be kept above zero all the year round. Rivers and lakes have appeared on the ground, and we can grow plants to make oxygen. The atmosphere of Mars is rich in carbon dioxide, which can provide plants with enough raw materials for photosynthesis to produce oxygen. Perhaps at that time, humans have cultivated super plants that can produce a lot of oxygen.

In addition, there are iron oxide minerals everywhere on Mars, and humans can also reduce a lot of oxygen through these minerals.

In the future, Mars will be warmer here, the Martian atmosphere will be thicker, the Martian oxygen will be enough for us to breathe, and there will be food provided by plants; At that time, we can go to Mars to see the Mariner's Grand Canyon and climb Mount Olympus, the highest peak in the solar system.

Scientists believe that the whole process will take 20,000 years or even 654.38 million+years. This requires generations of Martian pioneers to reclaim land on Mars. However, we haven't landed on Mars yet. While thinking about emigrating to Mars, go back and protect the earth's environment!

Thank you for your invitation. Happy New Year!

How to transform Mars into a livable planet?

My friend, before answering your question, let me talk about the situation of the earth and Mars.

The earth has water, air (mainly oxygen), warm sunshine, a temperature suitable for the survival and development of human beings, animals and plants, and an atmosphere with a thickness of 1000 km, which protects the strong sunlight from volatilizing into space. The life span of the earth is about 4.6 billion years, and the generations of humans, animals and plants have exceeded 654.38 billion years. After 4.6 billion years of revolution around the sun, the distance from the sun has exceeded 50,000 kilometers (1.5 cm per year).

Mars >; Bare, no water, no air, no atmospheric protection, no animals and plants. Only high temperature and dry soil. But like the earth, it keeps moving away from the sun.

It can be seen from the existing reality of the earth and Mars above that it is impossible to transform Mars into a planet suitable for human habitation. If we must transform Mars for human habitation, I think only human scientists, with the support of science and technology, can establish a research base for observing outer space. If humans really have the technology to transform Mars, where will their financial and material resources come from? Can people on earth do it? External factors can only work through internal factors, and there is no internal condition that can transform human beings into livable ones. How to call transformation?

If we want to transform Mars, we might as well transform the Earth itself. There are big deserts in Africa, big deserts in northwest China, big cold regions in Siberia, and big frozen regions around the North Pole. According to the existing technology and financial resources of human beings on earth, they are capable of doing it. As long as the people of the earth unite and work together, the goal of realizing the comprehensive transformation of the earth will certainly be realized.

Maybe you will ask, what will happen if the earth is overcrowded in the future? Please don't worry, my friend. At present, the population of developed countries is declining, and the number of children in China is also declining. When all countries in the world are developed (about 1 by 2000), the world population will definitely decline, and it will begin to decline when it does not exceed 20 billion at most. In addition, with the rapid development of science and technology, artificial intelligence replaces production tools and a large number of artificial productivity. I am afraid that by that time, people will be more worried that human beings will forget themselves. If countries handle relations well, if artificial robots and computers create viruses and massacre mankind, the consequences will be really chilling and frightening.

I think that the transformation of Mars (or the moon) by human beings is nothing more than a base for human beings to explore outer space. There is really no need and no ability to transform them. In another 4.6 billion years, the distance between the earth and the sun will be only 65.438+0 million kilometers, and the heat loss of the sun itself will be only 0.6%. The earth is still the most suitable planet for human habitation, and there is no second place. Please don't worry too much.

Make holes!

Mars is about half the diameter of the earth, its volume is 15% of the earth, and its mass is only 1 1% of the earth. To make the mass of Mars equal to that of the Earth, it needs to be increased by 89%. Mars has two satellites, both of which are very small. Phobos is bigger, like a potato, about 27km long, 2 1 km wide and 81km high. Phobos is smaller, about 12km in diameter. These two small satellites can only fill a small crater when they hit Mars. Comets are also very small in mass and rarely pass by. So, where did so much matter come from to make Mars as big as the earth?

If Mars is really made into the same diameter and mass as the Earth, the surface of Mars is now more than 3,000 kilometers underground, and the original Mars will be half mantle and half core. The rotation, revolution and orbit of Mars will change greatly. Such a figure, Mars is not beyond recognition, or Mars? So the idea of the subject can only be whimsical.

Mars has four seasons all year round, with an autobiographical week (1 day) of 24.62 hours and 687 days per year. It has a thin atmosphere (equivalent to 1% of the earth's atmosphere, mainly composed of carbon dioxide), and more importantly, it has solid water, which can cover the whole world if it is completely melted. Therefore, Mars is the planet closest to the earth's environment in the solar system, and human beings are full of yearning for it. Some space powers in the world are eager to try, including China, and have made plans to explore and develop Mars.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States has formulated a Mars transformation plan, which envisages a variety of schemes to transform Mars, the most important of which is to transform the atmosphere of Mars. The main way to make Mars generate atmosphere is to imagine building several nuclear power plants on Mars to supply power to fluorocarbon chemical plants all over Mars. These chemical plants discharge fluorocarbon gas into the atmosphere of Mars day and night. This greenhouse gas heats Mars, melts solid water in polar regions and deep soil, evaporates to form an ideal atmosphere, and then creates heavy rain and forms oceans.

With the formation of the atmosphere and ocean, plants on the earth spread all over Mars, and life began to multiply. After 1000 years or even longer, a virtuous circle of Mars ecology was formed, and such an immigrant planet suitable for human habitation was built. The earth really has a sister planet. When the earth is no longer suitable for human survival, humans can immigrate to Mars.

Another plan is to use the impact of asteroids and comets, but this is not to increase the size of Mars, but to heat Mars by impact and melt solid water, similar to the role of fluorocarbon chemical plants.

NASA has announced that around 2033, it will launch a manned spacecraft to land on Mars, taking the first step in the preliminary investigation of the Mars transformation plan. Let's wait and see.

Mars is farther away from the sun than the earth in the orbit of the solar system in space. On the one hand, it is the magnetic positioning function of the spaced magnetic coil tracks of the solar magnetic field; On the other hand, the ultra-high temperature combustion process of the sun will make the solar system space form a natural phenomenon of thermal energy temperature difference in the temperature response of space objects, and form a natural phenomenon of thermal energy temperature difference in the solar system with the sun as the center and gradually cooling from the inside out.

For these reasons, the natural environment on Mars will of course be colder than the average temperature on Earth. According to scientific exploration, the natural average temperature on Mars is about MINUS 55 degrees Celsius, while the natural average temperature on Earth is about MINUS 20 degrees Celsius. Therefore, the natural environment on Mars is a thin atmosphere with extremely low temperature, and the daily temperature difference varies greatly. Moreover, the water contained in the Martian material can only form a stable natural phenomenon of solid water, and without the natural formation of a stable liquid water body (ocean), it is a planet completely unsuitable for life and livability.

If people imagine the dream of transforming the Martian environment and making it a livable planet, this is beyond people's ability. At best, they can only transform the limitations of effective space technology, such as building a livable station on Mars. Besides, it can't survive for a long time in a livable station on Mars. First, the survival limit of the narrow space of Mars livable station; Second, the limitation of oxygen carrying capacity; Third, the limitation of food supply sources; The fourth is the restriction of liquid water inventory. Especially in terms of oxygen supply and food supply, it is necessary to return to the earth for replenishment. It is impossible to transform the limitations of Mars in this way. Even if human beings can build artificial livable stations on Mars in the future, what is the so-called practical significance for expanding human living space? ! It is not a scientific attitude to do definite things, which deserves our deep thinking!

Among the eight planets in the solar system, except the earth, Mars may be the favorite planet of mankind. Mars is an Earth-like planet, with a diameter of about 53% of that of the Earth and a mass of 1 1% of that of the Earth. The surface area of Mars is equivalent to that of the Earth. The surface of this desert planet is covered with sand dunes and gravel, and there is no stable liquid water. The following is the real landform of Mars photographed by the rover:

The focus of transforming Mars is clear: atmosphere and liquid water. With regard to the transformation of Mars, I have to mention the famous "Mars Society" in the United States, which is a non-profit scientific research organization with nearly 5,000 members. There is only one goal of this association, and that is to strive for the realization of human migration to Mars.

Look at their "Millennium Mars Transformation Plan". Image source network intrusion. This is a scientific black hole. Welcome your attention and comments. The idea of transforming Mars has a long history, and there are many related documentaries. As far as human technology is concerned, this is an impossible task. Even if it is possible, the amount of work required is amazing. If only we could send people to Mars in this century and establish a permanent stronghold.

If you want to transform Mars, you must first understand the relevant data of Mars. Mars is the fourth planet among the eight planets in the solar system, belonging to the Earth-like planet. The radius of Mars is about half that of the Earth, and its mass is only 1 1% of that of the Earth, which means that Mars is much smaller than the Earth. Mars has two satellites. The gravity on the surface of Mars is only 40% of that of the Earth. Mars has a magnetic field, but it is very weak. The average temperature on the surface of Mars is 55 degrees below zero. There are four seasons on Mars, and the rotation period is similar to that of the Earth. There are about 687 Earth Days in period of revolution. The atmosphere of Mars is very thin, only 1% of the density of the earth's atmosphere, mainly composed of 95% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. The poles of Mars are covered with water ice and dry ice. The surface of Mars is basically Gobi desert, and most of the water on Mars exists in the form of ice.

It is best to use local materials to transform Mars. If you transport resources from the earth, after all, the cost is too high and the resources on the earth are limited. At first, we may need to build a base on Mars, or we may need to build a space station on Mars. The key to the transformation of Mars is energy. Solar energy is certainly unreliable, and it still depends on nuclear energy.

The first step in transforming Mars is to transform its atmosphere. The primary purpose of reforming the Martian atmosphere is not to provide people with breathing, but to create a greenhouse effect to heat Mars, thus melting the solid water on Mars and the solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) at the poles of Mars. Although 95% of the Martian atmosphere is carbon dioxide, it is too thin, and the resulting greenhouse effect only increases the surface temperature of Mars by 5.

I think nuclear weapons can be used to melt dry ice and water at the poles of Mars, and large-area array lasers can also be used, which can increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Mars and improve the greenhouse effect of Mars. Although it is possible to artificially produce greenhouse gases with higher efficiency than carbon dioxide, it is very inconvenient to obtain materials. It is better to use carbon dioxide directly on Mars. In the future, we will also create an ozone layer for Mars to resist the harm of ultraviolet rays.

When all the water on Mars melts, it can form an ocean. If it has the ability in the future, it may be able to guide comets to hit Mars and bring water resources to Mars. As for letting Mars satellites or other asteroids hit Mars, it is a bit unreliable to increase the mass and volume of Mars. There is little oxygen on Mars. In the future, we can get oxygen by electrolyzing water on Mars.

With the ocean, we will transform the Martian soil in the next step. The most feasible method is to use microorganisms and plants for transformation. It is not feasible to bring life on earth directly to Mars. We can transform a group of plants and microorganisms that adapt to the Martian soil and environment through genetic technology, and then transform the Martian atmosphere and soil, and of course help us produce food and oxygen.

In a word, transforming Mars is a big project, which is estimated to take at least several hundred years. We need to systematically transform Mars from many aspects, so that human beings can move freely on the surface of Mars without wearing spacesuits, have enough oxygen to breathe, have enough water resources and food, and do not have to worry about cosmic radiation. There are no toxic and harmful gases in the atmosphere, and there are suitable air pressure and temperature. We can also transform ourselves and adapt human beings to Mars.

Text/Liusha Cool

Mars is also a famous flower in the solar system. In the early years, Mars also had liquid water. At that time, the Martian atmosphere was still relatively thick and suitable for life. Later, the Martian climate deteriorated because of the solar wind, and gradually the Martian atmosphere became so thin today.

Of all the planets in the solar system, Mars is the least easy to migrate. Humans have sent probes and rovers to Mars, and have a good grasp of the basic situation of Mars. The surface area of Mars is similar to the land area on the earth. According to the photos sent back by the rover, the scene on Mars looks like a remote area of uninhabited earth.

At present, human beings have discovered the existence of liquid water under the surface of Mars, and there are huge amounts of water ice and dry ice in the north and south poles of Mars. If humans melt all the ice sheets on Mars, the surface of Mars can be refilled with liquid water.

Mars is like this because its atmosphere was stripped by the solar wind. Because the magnetic field of Mars has gradually weakened, it cannot resist the high-energy charged particles in the solar wind. Therefore, the atmosphere of Mars is "blown" thinner and thinner, and the water on the surface of Mars has evaporated.

The first step in transforming Mars is to make it have a dense atmosphere again. Scientists plan to use asteroids to hit the Martian ice sheet. Every impact will produce a lot of gas to heat Mars. The second step is to melt the carbon dioxide on the surface of Mars, further aggravating the greenhouse effect of Mars. Then, a large number of plants will be planted on Mars to absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into oxygen for human breathing and utilization.

Requirements for a livable planet In order to make Mars suitable for human survival, we must first know these points.

According to the living environment of the earth, scientists put forward a livable model of the planet, which means that when a planet has these conditions, it may be suitable for human survival.

These conditions are:

The first three conditions are similar to those of Earth and Mars, so I won't discuss them here. We will focus on the last four factors.

There is a satellite that is not much smaller than itself. The reason why the earth evolved advanced life is actually related to the existence of the moon. Scientists have found that without the existence of the moon, the earth's rotation will be very unstable, and the temperature of the earth will also become very unstable, sometimes extremely cold and sometimes extremely hot. The capricious temperature is very unfavorable to the evolution of life.

At present, Mars has relatively stable seasons and days and nights. From this point of view, humans and other advanced life can survive on Mars satellites without modification.

The magnetic field The magnetic field of the earth is a global magnetic field, and the north and south poles of the magnetic field are just opposite to the earth. Physically, the south pole of the earth is the north pole of the magnetic field, and the south pole of the earth is the north pole of the geomagnetic field. Compass refers to the north pole of the earth's magnetic field and the south pole of the earth. This paragraph is a bit circuitous, so it doesn't matter if you don't understand it.

We know that there are many rays in the universe, some of which are harmful to the human body, such as the solar wind, also called "charged particle flow", which is very destructive. If the human body is directly irradiated, it will lead to the destruction of human DNA and easily lead to biological death.

Fortunately, the earth has a global magnetic field. The magnetic lines of the earth's magnetic field start from the north pole of the magnetic field and reach the south pole of the magnetic field, that is, from the south pole of the geographical earth to the north pole of the geographical earth, and guide these solar winds to the north and south poles of the earth, thus protecting the life of the earth.

This is also the reason why the aurora will appear in the north and south poles of the earth.

It can be said that if there were no magnetic field, there would be no advanced life on earth; On Mars, according to scientists' research, there is no global magnetic field, only a local magnetic field, which means that the compass will fail on Mars.

The lack of global magnetic field also means that Mars is not suitable for human habitation, communication and electromagnetic equipment will fail, and it is difficult for human beings to complete high-precision work on Mars.

If human beings want to transform the Martian environment, they need to arrange an artificial global magnetic field for Mars, but at present, human technology can not reach it.

The study of liquid water found that there are underground lakes and liquid water on Mars. Not only that, but also a lot of water is locked in the crystal lattice of minerals. Although there is no evidence that the water on Mars can be drunk, people can now purify drinking water with liquid water, so don't worry.

The only concern is whether the liquid water on Mars is enough for human consumption and large-scale industrial production.

The atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of the earth, and its main components are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor, but the difference is the ratio of these two components.

Another difference between the Martian atmosphere and the Earth's atmosphere is that the density of the Martian atmosphere is less than1100 of the Earth's atmosphere, which means that the air on Mars is too thin for human use.

Some people may say, "Artificial air can be discharged into the atmosphere of Mars." In fact, the reason why the air on Mars is thin is not that Mars itself cannot produce air, but that Mars has no global magnetic field. Once the solar wind blows, it can take away a lot of Martian air.

This means that even if humans try to make air, it is not enough to make up for the air taken away by the solar wind.

In addition to the above three points, it is necessary to build a healthy and rich food chain on Mars.

Food Chain We know that if human beings want to survive on a planet for a long time, they need to build a rich food chain on this planet. The richer the species diversity of this food chain, the greater the probability of human survival.

Let's look at the food chain on earth first.

There are many food chain systems on the earth, such as the food chain with tigers as top consumers and the food chain with sharks and whales as top consumers. And the food chain with polar bears as the top consumers.

Different regions will evolve completely different food chain systems according to their own geographical environment and temperature. It is not realistic to completely copy these ecosystems, and human beings can only choose a few ecosystems that are vital to human beings.

The easiest way is to introduce the chicken ecosystem. As we know, chicken is an important source of protein for human beings, and its food chain is simple. Grains, plants or insects can be used as food for chickens.

Compared with raising cattle, raising chickens has lower environmental requirements, so it is easier to successfully transform this ecosystem on Mars.

To sum up, if we want to transform the environment of Mars for human use, we must first establish the geomagnetic field of Mars, but at present, the scientific and technological level of human beings can not reach.

When the Martian geomagnetic field is established, we will transform the atmospheric composition and liquid water, and then introduce the chicken ecosystem after success. If all goes well, then humans may be able to survive on Mars.