The development and formation of French

1. French originates from Latin. Gaul seems to have been a Celtic-speaking area until the Roman conquest and the introduction of Latin. The Gallic language family has also become the third branch of the Celtic language family, together with the Goydili language family (Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx) and the Brisoni language family (Welsh, Cornish, Brittan). Nepalese) parallel.

2. The Latin brought to Gaul by the Romans was slightly different from the classical Latin used by the great Roman writers at that time. The former is a fairly common, somewhat slangy Latin for which only a few written records remain today. French and all other Romance languages ??originated from this Vulgar Latin used by armies and peddlers. This Vulgar Latin had already been influenced by non-Latin languages ??before the conquest of Gaul. Christianity spread from the east to the west of the empire, adding more foreign elements, especially the Greek language used to write the New Testament.

3. At the same time, Vulgar Latin, which has been popularized in the West, has undergone changes in phonology and word formation, among which there is mainly a stress rule. The stressed vowels were lengthened, and the unstressed vowels and some consonants were shortened and weakened. This change eventually led to a complete restructuring of the Latin phonetic system. The changes within the language itself were probably intensified by the Germanic invasions in the fifth century AD, which brought Germanic-speaking Goths and Franks into the Western Roman Empire, and it is these strong accents that Characteristics of language.

Although the invading Germans almost universally adopted the Vulgar Latin used by the empire, they also heavily injected lexicon and even brought about syntactic readjustments. Some of these Germanic influences became regional features of individual Romance languages, while others were adopted universally. The commonly used compass symbols are nord (north), sud (south), est (east), and ouest (west).

4. From about the 13th century to the entire 14th century, French had a major word-formation change, which was the transformation of the double-declension case system into the current case system of French adjectives and nouns. By the fifteenth century, French was largely what it is today in terms of word formation and syntax.

However, external influences are still visible. The gradual concentration of power in the royal family meant that the court dialect based on the French dialect began to crowd out other dialects from the official and literary languages. What's more, language is fixed under the influence of politicians, scholars, writers, etc. who insist on standardizing and freezing language. In the sixteenth century, French replaced Latin as the language used for official documents.

5. In 1582, the earliest modern language academy was founded in Italy with the purpose of standardizing good usage. In 1635, France followed suit. Since then, French has had to comply with more standards than other major European languages. This, coupled with the improvement of French's military, political and economic status, has led to French becoming the internationally dominant language in the civilized world. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, French It first reached its most glorious period and still retains a considerable degree of advantages.