473 Recruit immigrants

Category: culture/art >> Historical topics

Problem description:

I only know that it was a way of opening canals during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

But I don't know exactly what happened, so I'm sorry.

Physical education class, thank you.

Analysis:

Well canal method is also called karez.

Karez is a unique water conservancy facility in Xinjiang, China, which uses groundwater to irrigate farmland through underground channels. It is called the third largest project in China. (After Wan Li Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal)

Kanerjing originated from the "well canal" in Han Dynasty, and it is recorded in the historical books of Hequ Shu and Hanshu Gouzhi. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Longshou Canal was dug in Dali, Shaanxi Province, to divert Luoshui to irrigate the fields. Because the bank of the canal is easy to collapse, the hydraulic design shaft is sunk underground to pass water. Drilling technology and sinking methods were spread to Xinjiang through the Han army. According to the natural conditions of drought, hot summer and melting snow in high mountains, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have developed karez, which is mainly popular in Turpan and Hami.

The water source of Karez is the undercurrent or diving of alpine snow water infiltrating into gravel layer through the foothills. Karez is mainly composed of three parts: the first part is culvert, that is, underground water conveyance channel; The second part is a vertical shaft, which passes through the ground every 20-30 meters as an outlet and vent for culvert excavation; The third part is the open channel through which irrigation is introduced when it flows through the grange.

Karez has many advantages, such as reducing water evaporation, avoiding sediment erosion, using deep underground diving, gravity irrigation, digging everywhere to form an independent irrigation area, simple construction and long service life. Reducing the evaporation of groundwater also protects the local environment.

Known as one of the three major ancient projects in China, Karez is a unique underground water conservancy project in Turpan Basin, which was created by the working people of all ethnic groups in ancient Turpan through long-term production practice. Karez in Xinjiang is 5400 kilometers long and is the largest underground irrigation system in the world.

A stone unearthed more than 2000 years ago is engraved with a map of Turpan Karez, indicating that Karez has a history of at least 2000 years.

Karez consists of four parts: shaft, culvert and waterlogging dam. Shaft is mainly used to dig culverts and keep people in and out of the earth. Culvert is the main body of Karez, and open channel is the passage between culvert and farmland. The waterlogged dam is the outlet of the culvert. Build a reservoir, store a certain amount of water, and then irrigate the farmland.

Karez, Wan Li Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are also called the three major ancient projects in China. There are nearly a thousand karez wells in Turpan, with a total length of about 500 kilometers. The structure of Karez is generally composed of four parts: shaft, underground passage, ground passage and "waterlogging dam" (small reservoir). Bogda Mountain in the north of Turpan Basin and Karawu Mountain in the west are both mountains. In spring and summer, a lot of rain and snow flow down the valley and dive under the Gobi Desert. People use the slope of the mountain to skillfully create karez, which leads underground undercurrent to irrigate farmland. Kaner won't evaporate a lot of water because of high temperature and strong wind, so the flow is stable and self-flow irrigation is guaranteed.

Karez, as early as in historical records, was called "well canal". Most of the existing Karez wells in Turpan were built in the Qing Dynasty. Today, a large area of oasis fertile land is still being watered. There are karez in Wulin and karez in Wuxing township in the suburbs of Turpan, which can be visited.

Karez, Wan Li Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are also known as the three major ancient projects in China, which were called "wells and canals" in ancient times. Karez is an ancient working people of all ethnic groups in Turpan, which was created through long-term production practice according to the geographical conditions of the basin, the characteristics of solar radiation and atmospheric circulation. It is a unique underground water conservancy project in Turpan basin to extract groundwater by using ground slope.

The reasons for the large-scale construction of Karez in Turpan Basin are closely related to the local natural and geographical conditions. There are Bogda Mountain in the north of Turpan Basin and Kalau Mountain in the west. Whenever a large amount of snowmelt and rainwater flows to the basin in summer, it seeps into the Gobi and merges into an undercurrent, which provides a rich underground water source for Karez. The soil in Turpan is cemented by gravel and clay, and its texture is solid, and the shaft wall and culvert are not easy to collapse, which provides good geological conditions for a large number of excavation of Karez. Turpan is hot and dry, with a large amount of water evaporation. In windy season, the wind blows all over the sky, and the wind often stops when it blows through the sand. A large number of farmland and canals were submerged by yellow sand. Karez, on the other hand, transports water through underground culverts, which is not affected by seasons and sandstorms. Small evaporation, stable flow and self-flow irrigation all year round.

Karez wells first appeared at the end of 18, mainly distributed in Turpan Basin, Hami and He Lei, especially in Turpan, with more than 1,000 wells. If connected, it is 5000 kilometers long, so some people call it an "underground canal". "Kaner", or well hole, was created by local people by absorbing the "well canal method" of the mainland. It introduces the rich groundwater in the basin into the surface irrigation by artificially digging underground channels.

In the undercurrent of mountain snow, find its water source, drill a shaft with different depths at regular intervals, and then build a culvert at the bottom of the well according to the terrain, which is connected with the well to draw the water down. The outlet of the underground channel is connected with the surface channel to lead the groundwater to the surface irrigation mulberry field.

Karez began to develop slowly. In the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), when Lin Zexu "added wells and canals" in Hilaike, there were "more than 30 old places in Turpan" (Biography of Clear Draft). After popularization, the karez in Turpan has developed to 100 places. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), after Zuo led the troops to quell the rebellion in Agubai, he "urged the people to dig Karez wells" and "except the drainage workers in Turpan, a total of Karez wells were dug 185" (Complete Works of Zuo Wenxiang, Volume 56). Since then, Turpan Karez has continued to develop. According to the statistics in 1950s, there are more than 300 karez/kloc-0 in Turpan. Due to the drop of water level and other reasons, by 1990, there were only 700 karez wells in Turpan with a flow of 294 million cubic meters.

According to the geographical conditions and characteristics of water evaporation in Turpan Basin, Kare well uses the slope of the ground to introduce groundwater to irrigate farmland. It consists of four parts: shaft, culvert, open channel and waterlogging dam. The shaft is mainly used to dig underground canals for people to enter and leave during maintenance. The wellhead is 1m long and 0.7m wide. Culvert is the main part of Karez well, with a height of about 1.6m and a width of about 0.7m Open channel is the passage between culvert outlet and farmland. The waterlogged dam is the outlet of the culvert. Build a reservoir, store a certain amount of water, and then irrigate the farmland.

The length of each karez varies from 20 kilometers long to about 100 meters short. The oldest karez is Erzi, Torkan, located in Zhuangzi Village, Chatkale Township, Turpan City, with a total length of 3.5 kilometers and a daily storage capacity of 20 mu. It has been used for more than 470 years. The most famous Karez is Miyimu Aji Karez, with a total length of 5 kilometers, the deepest part of 80 meters and a daily water volume of 70 mu, which has a history of 200 years. It was excavated by Miyimu Aji, a * * *, so it was named after it.

Karez is an underground irrigation project created by ancient Xinjiang people. As early as more than 2,000 years ago, it began to take shape in the Han Dynasty and later spread to Central Asia and Persia. There are more than 1 100 karez in Turpan area, with an annual runoff of 294 million cubic meters, which is the source of oasis life. The Kanerjing Folk Garden in the western suburbs is a good place to visit this underground project left over from ancient times.

karez

Author: Stone reposted from: Xinjiang Daily hits: 1

The origin of karez

In summer, when you enter the Turpan Basin, on the vast Gobi Desert, you can see rows of neatly arranged conical mounds that look like graves. In winter, one

Thick hot air spewed out slowly from the ground, which was the wellhead of Karez.

Karez is a great creation of the people of all ethnic groups in ancient Turpan. There are different opinions about the origin of Karez, and there are three main viewpoints. one

Karez originated from Guanzhong well canal, and along with silk came Guanzhong well canal theory.

This road extends westward to Central Asia. Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, The Story of Western Regions.

According to Qu Kao, Xinjiang Karejing disappeared as early as the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago.

Appear, it comes from wells and canals in the Central Plains. Second, Central Asia theory; think

Karez was first born in Central Asia, and then gradually spread eastward to Turpan. three

It is said that Karez originated in Turpan, that is, ancient Turpan.

According to the climatic conditions and pots with high temperature, little rain and large evaporation, people of all ethnic groups

The characteristics of terrain are created in the long-term production practice.

In recent years, more and more people hold the view of "on the basis". [Place Name] (Xinjiang, China) Turpan City

People created karez, which is a great contribution.

The origin of Karez's name

Karez is called Karez in Iran and Karez in Iraq.

Both Madacha and Turpan are called Karez, and their pronunciations are obviously different.

Same.

In China, the word Karez first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Period. In Zhuangzi Autumn Water, there was once a frog who didn't know her husband's Kan Jing.

"This sentence. There is a record of "Huma Jingqu" in the documents of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty. bright

In the third year of Wanli (A.D. 1575), Shi wrote "Come from afar to give thanks and ask for tribute".

There is a record of "Yakan" in Shi. During the Qianlong period of the Qing dynasty

Sometimes it is called stuck drilling.

Therefore, the name Karez comes from China. Its evolutionary process

It can also be summarized as (Zhou) → Kanjing (Warring States to Han Dynasty) → Jingqu (Tang and Yuan Dynasties).

→ stuck well (clear) → karez (modern).

Kanerjing No.1 —— The Source of Life in Oasis

Turpan is a famous stove in China. High temperature and lack of rain make water expensive.

Oil, but the Turpan oasis is expanding year by year, and the urban and rural economy is becoming more and more complicated.

Rong. Karez should be the first to set an example in rewarding merit.

There are more than 1 100 karez in Turpan area. Among them, Tulu

There are 538 roads in Fan Shi, 4 18 roads in Shanshan and 180 roads in Toksun. These obstacles

Erjing, with an annual runoff of 294 million cubic meters, accounts for the total irrigation in Turpan.

Over 30% of the area.

Karez is the source of oasis life. You can't do it without Karez.

Turpan has so many oases.

Kanerjing large-scale underground water conservancy project

Karez, known as one of the three major projects in ancient China, is closely related to.

The Great Wall of Wan Li is as famous as the Grand Canal which runs through the north and south.

The great creation of ethnic minorities.

The length of each karez varies with the actual utilization of geographical environment.

But it's different. The length can be less than 20 kilometers, and the short one is only 100 meter.

That's right. Calculated by 4 kilometers each, the total length will exceed 4,400 kilometers.

Longer than the cradle river and the Yellow River.

The essence of karez

The oldest karez is Torkan Nelz. Tuer，* * * er

Language, the meaning of beacon tower. Located in Zhuangzi Village, Chatkale Township, Turpan City.

The total length is 3.5 kilometers, and the daily water volume can irrigate 20 mu of land, which will be dug up in 1520.

He is 473 years old now.

The longest karez is the red clay karez in Shanshan County. karez

It is located at the east 1.5km of Shanshan Grape Development Company, with a total length of 25km.

Irrigate 58 mu of land every day.

The shortest karez comes from Aqike Village, Aidinghu Township, Turpan City.

The total length of karez in Ashan Kniaz is only 1 50m, and the daily irrigation amount is1.

Mu.

The deepest pit in the shaft is Subeixikan Village, Tuyugou Township, Shanshan.

Kanerjing, director of Nurmaiti in the east, is 20.7 kilometers long and 20.7 kilometers deep.

98 meters, 25 mu of daily irrigated land, dug in 1900.

The karez with the largest water volume is Wulituo, Aiding Lake Township, Turpan City.

In Erkan village, Otulakanerzi irrigates 70 mu of land every day!

The karez with the smallest amount of water is Ili Mucun, Yaer Township, Turpan City.

Keqierkanerzi in the west is 300 meters long, irrigating the land, and the daily water consumption is 0.6.

Mu.

Naming method of karez

Karez in Turpan has its own name. Its naming

There are various ways, not stick to one pattern.

Named after the well digger. Such as Yang Xicheng Kan's Son,

"He Yuankan's son" and "Etibakkan's son", Etibakkan is Wei.

I

The names of Ur people.

Named after animals and plants. Such as "Yule Gunkanerz", Yule

Volume, upright, meaning red willow; "Tikai Kanerzi", Tikai, Uighur,

Gongshan

The meaning of sheep.

Named after place names and geographical locations. For example, "Turkanerzi", Ture,

Uyghur, beacon tower, is named after the beacon tower beside the well. "West Kang Er.

"Zi", border west, Uighur, place name.

Named after the taste of water. Such as "Skallikalz", Skalli

Gram, dimension and sweetness; "Aqike Kanerzi", Aqike, Uighur, bitter

Taste.

Named after the job occupation. Such as "Li Ji's head, Kan's son" and "wood"

Craftsman Karez, Vinegar House Karez, Maurana Karez, Heavy Hair.

Latin, Uygur, a title of * * * religion.

Name it in other ways. Such as "Bostam Kanerzi", Bos

Tan, * * * Er language, means oasis. Khorguri Kanerzi, Khorguri.

Force, Uighur, "means to do things incompletely." Azati Kanerqi,

Azati, Uygur language, means liberation.

The structure of karez

The structure of karez

Karez consists of four parts: open channel, culvert, shaft and flood prevention dam.

Culvert is the main body of Karez well, that is, underground canal, which is generally about 1.7 high.

Meters, about 1.2 meters wide, and the dredging project is very arduous. The shaft is a conveying well.

Channels for sediment and gravel are also ventilation outlets. Well depth depends on topography and

The groundwater level varies from deep to shallow. Generally speaking, the closer to the water source,

The deeper the shaft, the deepest well can reach more than 90 meters. Axis and axis

The distance between them varies with the length of karez, which is generally

20 ~ 70 meters, there is a shaft. The more above the water source, the greater the spacing.

Short, on the contrary, the longer the spacing. There are only ten shafts in a karez.

One, hundreds or more. The shaft wellhead is rectangular, about 65438 0 meters long and 65438 0 meters wide.

0.7 meters. The outlet of the culvert is called "Longkou", which is connected with the open channel on the ground.

Answer the phone. Karez well water is injected into the waterlogged dam and then introduced into the channel to irrigate farmland.

Kanerjing research institute yaerxiang development industry company

Kaerjing Institute Yaer Township Development Industrial Company, located in Tulu.

7.5km northwest of fancheng district, 1993 was officially completed on May 16.

Stand up.

The company has jurisdiction over Turpan Karez Research Center and Karez Development.

Company, Karez Life Service Company, Karez Paradise, Karez Sand.

Five units in the hospital.

The company covers an area of 100 mu, with fixed assets of 2 million yuan and employees.

Kanerjing amusement park

Kanerjing amusement park

1993 may 16, a building provided food for Chinese and foreign tourists.

Yi Tu, a designated tourist unit providing one-stop services of accommodation, tourism, entertainment and shopping.

Lupan Karez Paradise is officially open to domestic and foreign tourists.

Karez Paradise is located 2 kilometers south of 3 12 National Road, covering an area.

Covers an area of 7 acres. Here, the water is gurgling, the trees are towering and the scenery is charming. leisurely

Long grape corridor, carpeted lawn and unique karez.

The research center exhibition hall, ethnic restaurants and guest rooms are all available, making

It is refreshing and pleasing to the eye, better than Xanadu.

The second floor of Karez Exhibition Hall with * * * architectural style, Chen.

With rich and vivid paintings, pictures, models and objects, Wang.

Zhen, Sapidin, Eziz, Yu Enmao, Sima Yi, Ahmed,.

Photographs of Comrade Dawamat visiting Karez,

The inscription is particularly striking.

The world-famous Miyimu Aji Karez is here.

Miyimu Ajikaner well

Among thousands of karez wells in Turpan, the most famous one is Miyi Well.

Muaji Karez. All Chinese and foreign tourists coming to Turpan come here.

Get a glimpse of it.

Miyimu Ajikaner well is 5 kilometers long and 80 meters deep.

Rice, 70 mu of land can be irrigated with water every day, which has a history of 200 years. Zaitulu

Fankarez is very representative.

Miyimu Aji Kaner Well is located in Yaer Village, Yaer Township, which is Tulu.

The main components of Fankanerjing Paradise are rice and clothes for people.

Aji was first unearthed, hence its name.

The fence has been trimmed and processed to make it more elegant. on the bow

Sub-shaped Karez Pavilion, leaning against the column and looking, Miyimu Aji Karez landscape.

Overlooking the panoramic view under the winding cloister, or sipping a cup of candy in the canal.

Children's well water, or enter the underground reception room to taste famous tea brewed with karez water.

It feels good to be in the air.

Lin Zexu and Karez Lin Zexu were not inventors of Karez, but they made great contributions to the popularization of Karez. Karez existed long before Gong Lin entered Xinjiang. In the 25th year of Daoguang (AD 1845), on the 19th day of the first month, Lin Zexu went to Turpan for the first time. He wrote clearly in his diary: "I saw many pits along the way and asked for names. It was incredible ... water flowed through holes in the soil." "Xinjiang Tuzhi" contains: "Lin Wenzhong went to Yili and advocated Turpan Karez. Its land is Huozhou, and there has been no rain since ancient times. Wenzhong was ordered to dig wells on the plateau and turn them into ditches, leading wells to irrigate fields, thus turning bare land into fertile soil. " From 1845 to 1877, under the impetus of Lin Zexu, more than 300 karez wells were newly dug in Turpan, Shanshan and Toksun. "Shanshan Local Records" said: "Lin Zexu was the ancestor of Kanjing water irrigation, and later Huang Lanpo." . So far, the well scale has benefited a lot. There are more than 60 karez wells in Qiketai Township, Shanshan. According to textual research, most of them were newly excavated after Lin Zexu came to Turpan. In order to commemorate Lin Zexu's contribution in popularizing Karez, the local people called Karez Lin Gongjing to show reverence and admiration. Lin Zexu and Turpan Lin Zexu, nicknamed Xiao Mu, are outstanding politicians and national heroes in Chinese history. 1785 On August 30th, Lin Zexu was born in a family of lower-class intellectuals. 19 years old. At the age of 26, he took the fourth place in palace examination Dimethyl, and chose Jishi Shu from the Hanlin Academy. Since then, he has served as the examiner and deputy examiner in Jiangxi and Yunnan, the provincial judges in Jiangsu and Shaanxi, and the ministers in Hubei and Hunan. During his tenure, he was called "Lin Qingtian" because of his fair law enforcement, honesty and integrity. 1840, Lin zexu was appointed as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and went down in history by recruiting Shui Yong, supervising the construction of warships, organizing soldiers to practice bravely, banning opium and fighting against the British army. After the defeat of the Opium War, Lin Zexu was sent to Yili. In the meantime, he built water conservancy projects, reclaimed land and cultivated land in the north and south of Xinjiang, showing outstanding administrative ability and practical spirit. 1845,65438+In February, Lin Zexu was released in Hami and returned to Beijing with four or five products. The following year, 65438+ 10, he left Xinjiang and entered the customs, ending his three-year garrison life. Died in 1850. Ji Cheng with Songs is a true record of Lin Zexu's trip to Xinjiang. Lin Zexu has been to Turpan four times since he was stationed in Xinjiang. 1On February 25th, 845, under the order of Daoguang, Lin Zexu, Huang Nanpo and the second son went to Turpan from Genteketai (pit pit pit). Hai Qiufan, the group leader, was familiar with each other, and Zheng Xiang, the land inspector, went out to meet him in the suburbs. The ceremony was very respectful. This time in Turpan, Lin Zexu stayed for 6 days. In addition to meeting local officials, I also wrote home letters, and wrote 17 letters at one go! On August 1845, 1, after surveying the land in southern Xinjiang, Lin Zexu left for Hami to wait for orders and passed by Ye Lufan. This is the second time. 1From September 23rd, 845 to mid-October 10, Lin Zexu visited Turpan twice after surveying 1 10000 mu of land in Hilary, Toksun. After Lin Zexu and Toksun stayed in Turpan for six days, Lin Zexu went to Toksun for a nap and devoted himself to "writing for friends to make an appointment." "Lin Zexu is good at calligraphy." The official book is Ouyang, and the poem is Bai Fu. "This is a must, and it is also valued by people at that time. In Yili, "people seeking poetry are overwhelmed" and "people from far and near compete for treasures". "Ili is a metropolis beyond the Great Wall, which sold out in a few months, and official pens are all over Xue Hai. "In Urumqi, there are not a few people who want to talk to Gong Lin. In order to fulfill his promise to others, he spent two days writing more than 50 banners. Bu Yantai, the general of Yili, specially asked him to write the Monument to the Shenque and the seven-character couplet written for Huang Mian, Cisse talks about the old rain and Dongshan stops suddenly, both of which were completed in Toksun. This is a stinging day. Lin Zexu took back Hilary Ke, Hilary Ke, which is today's Ira Lake Township in Toksun County. It is located in the western edge of Turpan Basin, which is "flat and wide". The Yihe River in Arazza (now Aragou) flows eastward from Tianshan Mountain and disappears in the Gobi Desert. 1845 In the spring, Lin Zexu, who was over 60 years old, braved the wind and sand and went to Hilaike in the scorching sun to supervise land reclamation and build water conservancy projects. In less than half a year, he cultivated 1 1 dry mu. In Kaman, Hillary and Lin Zexu used semicolons on the east and west sides of the newly opened wasteland to divide the Han and Uygur reclamation areas into sections, one head, one deputy head and four townships for immigrants to undertake farming. Today, it is one of the richest agricultural areas in Toksun. The remains of Gong Linxing's irrigation and water conservancy are still faintly visible. Lin Gongfang's great achievements in reclaiming wasteland will be passed down from generation to generation.