What is the end of mankind? Can we escape the curse of extinction?

Many people will distinguish human beings from other creatures. This is because human beings are conscious, anxious and have a lot of in-depth philosophical thinking, which is essentially different from other creatures. In ancient Greece, philosophers were thinking about the essential laws after the origin of all things. At the same time, in the land of China, pre-Qin philosophers also had similar thoughts.

Now people begin to care about global warming and other issues, in fact, they are concerned about the future of mankind. Then the question is, where will the future of mankind eventually go?

Although human beings will distinguish themselves from other creatures, they are still a creature in essence. In classification, human beings belong to the animal kingdom-Chordata-Mammals-Utteras-Primates-Anthropocene. From the evolutionary point of view, mice and bats are distant relatives of human beings, and their numbers are far more than human beings. Orangutans are close relatives and parted ways only 800 years ago. In the genus Homo, there used to be many other races, such as Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo erectus and Heidelberg, but they have all disappeared.

According to the submarine hot springs hypothesis and RNA world hypothesis about the origin of life, life on earth probably originated near the submarine hot springs 4 billion years ago. At that time, life took the directional movement of hydrogen ions near the submarine hot spring mouth as its energy source and RNA as its genetic material.

In the long 4 billion years, the speed of biological evolution was very slow, and it was not until about 500 million years ago that the earth gradually became full of vitality. In the whole evolutionary history of life, the Cambrian explosion of life is the most important milestone, and many kinds of creatures have appeared on the earth in just a few million years.

Since the Cambrian biological explosion, the overlords of various biological circles, such as shrimps and trilobites, have finally disappeared in the long river of biological evolution, stronger than dinosaurs, and gradually withdrew from the historical stage in the disaster of an asteroid hitting the earth 65 million years ago, and almost no creatures can survive forever. Therefore, no creature can finally escape the fate of extinction, and human beings are no exception. Even if the scientific and technological level of mankind advances by leaps and bounds in the future, it will be doomed to extinction. Even after the extinction, the end of the earth and the end of the solar system, we can't escape the end of the universe. So what kind of doomsday will mankind face in the future?

To understand this problem, we must first know that the energy of the earth mainly comes from solar radiation, and the reason why the sun can continuously radiate energy is because the core of the sun is undergoing nuclear fusion reaction. This nuclear fusion reaction has two paths, namely proton-proton reaction chain and carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle. Among them, the stars with solar mass mainly rely on proton-proton reaction chain.

The essence of this reaction process is that four hydrogen nuclei react to form a helium -4 nucleus, which loses mass before and after the reaction and is finally released in the form of energy. The nuclear fusion reaction will produce an outward pressure, which is in dynamic balance with the sun's own gravity. The existence of gravity will restrain the intensity of nuclear fusion reaction, so that the nuclear fusion reaction will not be particularly intense.

Because the nuclear fusion reaction will lose its mass, the gravity of the sun itself will also weaken. Therefore, the ability of gravity to bind the nuclear fusion reaction will be weakened, and the intensity of the nuclear fusion reaction will actually increase with the passage of time, which means that the intensity of solar radiation will also increase. In other words, the earth will receive more solar radiation, which will increase the temperature of the earth.

Scientists have found through calculation that in about 500 million years, the temperature of the earth will rise to the point where plants can't survive. At this time, the ecosystem with plants as the food chain will collapse, and human beings, as top predators, will be affected and probably become extinct.

If it is possible for humans to leave the earth and migrate to Mars through interstellar migration, then humans can still live on Mars for a long time, about10 ~1500 million years. After that, Mars will no longer be suitable for survival. Planets other than Mars are all gaseous planets, and because they are too far away from the sun, they receive too little solar radiation to feed human beings. Therefore, in order to survive at this time, human beings can only go to other star systems.

If humans can survive through interstellar migration, then humans can't escape the end of the universe. At present, the probability of tearing the universe is very high, and there will be thermal silence in some places. So at that time, human beings are likely to freeze to death and eventually form their own particles and be shredded.

The above assumptions are actually based on the fact that human beings will not die, but can survive smoothly. However, today, human beings still face nuclear threats and serious environmental and climatic problems, or large asteroids collide with the earth, which may trigger a global disaster and may lead to human extinction.