Introduction to Homolovi

Homolov or Homolovi State Park (formerly known as Homolovi Site State Park) is a group of archaeological sites, including 8 former Anasazi and Hopi sites in Colombia, in addition to about 300 other sites and rock paintings. Homolovi is located on the floodplain 2 kilometers (4 miles) northeast of Winslow, Arizona, USA, and can see the Little Colorado River. Archaeologists believe that the ancestors of Pueblo and Hopi tribes once occupied these settlements, and these settlements were distributed along a 32km (19 mile) corridor on the Little Colorado River at different intervals from BC 100. AD 1250- 1425。 In ancient times, two villages-Homalovi I and Homalovi II-each had more than 65,438+0,000 rooms, and 40 ritual tiles were distributed throughout the park. Homolovi site is unique in ancient southwest of China, because it helps archaeologists to better understand the cultural transformation and social changes that took place in this area from 13 to 14. Four sites in Homolovi are listed in the National Register of Historic Sites, and the park is currently managed by the Arizona Park System.

Geography and prehistory

Homo lovi or Homolovi means "hilly land" in Hopi, and the Hopi National Reserve and Hopi Terrace in Arizona are only 84 kilometers (52 miles) away from Homolovi. Homolovi is very close to the Little Colorado River (Hopi: Paayu), located in the desert grassland of great basin, southeast of flug Stafford, Arizona 130 km (80 miles), away from Wupatki Pueblo 1 17 km (73 miles) and west of Gallup, New Mexico. Homolovi has a total area of 1 0,800 hectares (4,500 acres) and is located in the desert at an altitude of 1 0,494 meters (4,900 feet). Homolovi only gets about 178 mm (7 inches) of precipitation every year.

Scientific and archaeological studies show that nomadic and prehistoric peoples have intermittently occupied the areas including Homola since 100 BC. From 4000 BC to 400 AD. The Little Colorado River attracts a series of animals to the area: cotton-tailed rabbits, rabbits, beavers, groundhogs, porcupines, waterfowl, fish, elk, deer and antelope come to the river seasonally. Before ancient times, ethnic minorities and tribes occasionally came to this area during seasonal hunting and migration, but they did not establish settlements in this area until the 10 century BC. 500-600 AD. The reason for this situation may be that the climate in this area is very dry and there is a lack of wood and storable food resources. If possible and the climate is favorable, the early settlers will hunt and gather like their prehistoric ancestors, but they also began to cultivate, planting corn, beans, pumpkins and other small crops. As we all know, they grow cotton for textile production. Yucca and straw have been growing in this area for thousands of years. When the corn harvest failed, the aborigines lived on straw.

Before Pueblo was built by Homolovi in13rd century and14th century, Homolovi had two survival periods: the early period from13rd century. Between 600-900 and 1000- 1225. In the 1 1 and 12 centuries, when favorable climatic conditions existed, indigenous people built small pit houses instead of large buildings made of adobe. These early occupations around Homolovi seem to be short-lived and sporadic, lasting about a year or two. This periodic settlement and abandonment pattern may be caused by the change of local environmental conditions and the small Colorado River. Depending on the year, the river may dry up due to lack of rain, or it may be prone to floods due to heavy snow near the source of the river.

The ancestors of Pueblo and Hopi

It is obvious from archaeological excavations that these periods did not overlap with the period when the ancestors Pueblo lived in Homolovi in pottery making or stratigraphy. Homolovi had no population in the mid 1200' s, while the new immigrants who entered Homolovi in the late 13' s were immigrants from Hopi Mesas, Arizona. These newcomers settled in the flood plain of Homola on the Little Colorado River and made a living by farming. At present, it is not clear why they came to Homolovi to farm and settle down, but it is likely that a large number of people poured into Hopi terrace, which was the result of human migration caused by the collapse of Pueblo settlements such as Upatki and others. Some anthropologists and archaeologists believe that the settlement of the Homolovians is of high strategic value to Pueblo, the ancestor of Hopi Platform, so they later settled and developed.

The remains of HOMOLOVI's ceramics, obsidian and shells show that the ancient Pueblo people once traded with neighboring cultures.

Because Homola Wei is located at the crossroads of cultural exchanges between Pueblo, Mogolong and Huohokan, trade has promoted community development and brought wealth to Homola Wei. Homolovi's ceramic, obsidian and shell remains show that ancient Pueblo people once traded with Sinagua culture, Hohokam culture and other Pueblo ancestors. The indigenous people of Homolovi grow cotton, which enriches the life of Pueblo people, because this crop is mainly planted to trade with the surrounding communities. Let's start with C. In A.D. 1300- 1350, the ancestors Pueblo people began to build Pueblo, and by the end of A.D. 1300, they had already fed about 2,500 people. Today, visitors from Homalovi can visit the first and second phases of Homalovi village. The latter has 1, more than 200 rooms, which is the largest in Homolovi village.

The excavation in Homolovi shows that the ancestors of Pueblo people hunted some animals and may have sacrificed some animals for ritual purposes. Their placement in the ritual space created a powerful archaeological model. Many of these ritual relics include raptors, turkeys and rabbits. Archaeologists believe that with the passage of time, the changes in the use of ritual animals reflect the rise of religion in katsina, which used Cacina (a spiritual creature) around AD 1350. With the rise of katsina religion, Puebloans, the ancestor of Homolovi town, is full of previous ritual spaces, such as kivas and their square square.

Abandon and current save

Although the settlement of Homola Wei took place in the period of considerable turmoil and immigration in the southwest of ancient China, there is no evidence that there is open conflict and social chaos near the site of Homola Wei Wei. The relationship between Pueblo people in Homorovi seems to be peaceful. Unlike other ancestors' Pueblo sites, archaeologists did not find charred remains and desecrated bones, but found open squares and accessible Pueblo people. This led some scholars to speculate that the settlement and subsequent abandonment of Homolovi were more related to climate change, economy and new social habits. It seems that the residents of Homolovi left their Pueblo quietly at some time around C, and he returned to the community of Hopitai in A.D. 1400. Hopi people will never forget their connection with Homolovi. They occasionally make pilgrimages and hold ceremonies near the abandoned Pueblo. It was not until A.D. 1876 that a group of latter-day saints led by Lot Smith tried to reclaim this land, and Homola Wei and its surrounding areas were re-inhabited. Due to the combination of extreme weather conditions such as drought and flood, the adventure failed, and Mormon settlers left the area in A.D. 1888.

Archaeologists began to study and excavate the site of Homolovi State Park in 1970s and 1980s, and these efforts have continued to this day. It is worth noting that the archaeological excavation of Homolovi provides an important basis for the oral stories and history of the Hopi tribe about its customs and migration. Hopi people continue to regard Homalovi as a holy place, and they continue to make pilgrimages to these places to rebuild the connection between Hopi people and their land.

refer to

Adams, Charles and Charlie Hedberg. The use of driftwood in Homolovi and its influence on the interpretation of archaeological records. "Kiva, roll. 67, No.4 (Summer 2002), pp. 363-384.

Adams, e. Charles, etc. Al. "Homalovi: the ancestral Hopi Flach." Southwest Archaeology, vol. 14, No.4, autumn 2000, pp. 1- 13.

Charles Adams, Part III: Pueblo Village in the Middle of Little Colorado Valley, Kiva, roll. No.54 3, 1989, page 2 17-2

Adams, E. Charles Homelovi University of Arizona Press, 2002.

Gilpin Hayes, Quilling. Commercialization in front of capitalists:/kloc-Hopi ceramics production and trade in the 0/4th century. Southwest Magazine, Volume 38, No.4, (1Winter of 996), page 395-4 14.

Green, Stuart m. Rock art Falcon guide, 20 18.

Gummerman, George J. and S. Allen Skinner. "Prehistoric Synthesis of Little Colorado Valley in Central Arizona." Ancient America, Volume. 33, No.2 (1April 968), p. 185- 199.

Holloway III's Obsidian Combination: Social and Economic Impact. "Kiva, roll. 54, No.3, 1989, pp. 285-296.

Homolovi State Park was visited on March 19, 2020.

Jameson, John HJ rebuilt the past. Altamira Publishing House, 2003.

Lawrence, Deborah. Fight for the land without the owner. University of Oklahoma Press, 20 16.

Mesnil, Tish. Exploring Native Americans. In 2008, the book of Hippocrates.

Senior year, Ms. Louise and Linda J. Pierce. "Domestication of Turkey and Southwest China: Enlightenment from Homola III." Kiva, roll. 54, No.3, 1989, pp. 245-259.