What are the aspects of the prosperity of Hanwu?

The flourishing period of Hanwu was created by Emperor Wudi after the rule of Wenjing. The brilliant Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty vigorously developed politics, economy, culture and other aspects, which opened the prelude to the prosperity of Chinese civilization and had a far-reaching impact on future generations.

Where is the prosperity of Hanwu reflected?

Political aspects

people of talent coming forth/emerging in large numbers

In BC 14 1 year, Liu Che, the son of Han Jing at the age of 16, ascended the throne of the Han Dynasty. The 54-year reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty led the history of China to a new stage. According to "Hanshu" Ban Gu? According to the statement in Ji Song of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "consulted the mainland, praised his handsome and great achievements, and made contributions to it". In fact, his achievements were created by "domestic" and "handsome" people at that time.

At the beginning of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement various policies of Jingdi, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen centralization. On the political front, Zhu adopted the new proposal and promulgated the "Enzhi" to weaken the enfeoffment system of the vassal States in the early Han Dynasty, strengthen centralization and strengthen the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also changed from ancient times, including major reforms and creations such as the right to be photographed, the establishment of secretariat and the establishment of a systematic and complete political system. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of China's imperial system in the next two thousand years.

Consolidate centralization

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, the influence of the princes with the same surname was greatly reduced after the "Prince Building" in Wenjing Dynasty and the suppression of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion. Under this historical background, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made various efforts to consolidate the unified country and continue to implement autocratic centralization.

In the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's suggestion and implemented the decree of granting favors. Princes are allowed to give part of the land accounts of the kingdom to their children as princes in the form of "private favors", and the names of these princes are decided by the emperor. As a result, many princes sealed their descendants with households, which led to the continuous division of several Hou Yaozong in the kingdom, and all the descendants of kings could become princes at one time. On the other hand, for the dynasty center that has been eager to weaken the influence of local vassal States, the central government does not have to deliberately attack the effect of "not being obsessed with analyzing vassal States", and the vassal States have actually disintegrated on their own.

Weaken relative rights

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to power, he intended to improve the monarch's rights, so he changed the tradition that the prime minister was in a high position. He often changes prime ministers. In fifty-four years of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, thirteen ministers were employed, with an average term of office of a little over four years. Three of them died while in office, three were dismissed, two committed suicide and three were executed in prison. This is the first time in the history of China that many senior government officials have been severely punished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had a plan to set up two prime ministers. In two years, he appointed Liu Qu? Young? Crops? What happened? Reef cloud? The right person in the distance. Later, the idea of separating the prime minister was not put into practice.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also specially selected talents from humble official ranks to serve as middle-rank, regular-rank and service-granting officials who participated in the main decisions of the national political center, so that they could enter and leave the Palace and the Forbidden City, be surrounded by attendants, be handled by consultants, and participate in important political affairs. These officials who became close ministers were equivalent to the guests and aides of the emperor. A senior general personally appointed and directly commanded by the emperor? , also often attend confidential. Wei Qing, the general of the government, and Huo Qubing, the general of the government, are both more powerful than the prime minister. They also hold the position of "serving the middle" and have a special position to participate in the important decision-making of the court. Thus, the "foreign dynasty" composed of the prime minister, the imperial censor and the nine ministers formed the "Chinese dynasty".

"China-Korea", also known as "Inner Korea", consists of ministers close to the emperor's cronies. In important political affairs, "China and North Korea" make their own decisions within the imperial court and then hand them over to the prime ministers of "foreign countries" for implementation.

Shangshu was originally an official in charge of documents around the emperor. After the formation of "China-Korea", the position of Shangshu became increasingly important. As the secretary of the emperor, Shangshu is different from the officials who only participated in the discussion of the DPRK. Because of its official position, official affiliation and specific functions, Shangshu gradually occupies a core position in China.

It is one of the prime ministers' main responsibilities to be in charge of the planning and assessment of counties and countries and to reward and punish officials according to their achievements. However, in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were cases where the emperor personally accepted the "upper plan". In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (before 106), in the spring of March, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty visited Mount Tai in the east, and was congratulated by princes and princes. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), it was "counted in Ganquan". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "calculated" directly, indicating that he had firmly grasped the control rights of counties and countries at that time (before 1 12).

Rubiao haircut

Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was close to and admired Confucianism, in fact, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism rather than used it. The political spirit of the Hanwu era seems to have both literature and morality, but its essence is harsh. The prime minister of the prosperous period of Hanwu is just a decoration, and the real power lies in the ancient scholars. At that time, the candidates of physician, such as Zhao Yu, Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Sang Hongyang, were all representatives of Legalism. In order to crusade against the Huns, it is necessary to make the national strength highly concentrated, so they followed this political principle. Their most important task is: 1. Guard against domestic rebellion. Second, strive to develop profit sources.

Tea bureau system

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultivation of talents. He established an evaluation system, which is the origin of China's talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.

Military aspects

On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate military power and enrich the central military power; Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable, and Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions, which opened up the northwest frontier: the Western Han Dynasty was connected with the western regions and even Central Asia, giving land.

In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the expansion of the territory of the Han Empire was realized under the condition of military success. One of the most important achievements is the change of the military situation in the north. Xiongnu has been threatening northern China since the end of Qin Dynasty, which has seriously affected agricultural production. Even tarquin once invaded the area around Chang 'an. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he was determined to try to solve the problem of Xiongnu's foreign invasion. So he launched a series of wars against the Huns.

economic aspect

In the economic aspect, we should pay more attention to agriculture than commerce, rectify our finances, issue "accounting" and "warning" orders, levy a merchant asset tax, and vigorously crack down on profiteers; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be taken back from the official camp, and counties and States should be prohibited from casting money, and five baht should be cast in a unified way; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land substitution law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economy was to unify the currency at that time.

Emperor Wenjing has continued Huang Lao's quiet thoughts since the early Han Dynasty, and advocated policies such as light tax, commutation and avoiding war. The results of these policies have gradually restored and developed production, and the society has seen a scene of stability and prosperity that has not been seen for many years.

However, in the era of Emperor Wu, due to years of conquest, he spent a lot on military supplies and enjoyed his personal life, so he spent all the savings accumulated by Wenjing rule. In order to solve the economic embarrassment, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reused Sang Hongyang and Kong? Stealing hot music? Poverty? A clumsy ship? Yao Wei? Restrain fatigue? Is the sugar industry resistant to intimidation? It's weird to wake up? The government controls the pulse of finance.

The main contents of economic reform in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty included unifying the currency, managing salt and iron by the government, establishing a system of equal loss and equality, and strengthening the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. At that time, through these key changes, the economic foundation of the Western Han Empire was unprecedentedly strong.

Social aspects

After the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, in view of the lessons of the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty, several early emperors adopted a series of policies to recuperate, reduce taxes, and abolished several harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty, such as relying on calligraphy, libel, rumors, etc., which made the society more stable and the politics more clear at that time and won the love and support of the general public.

However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty explored the Xiongnu in the north for many years, conquered all directions, enjoyed his old age, implemented severe penalties and economic policies, and produced many social problems.

The first question: the people have suffered a lot because of the war. The negative impact of the military conquest by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is also extremely obvious. The biggest problem is that the manpower and material resources needed for the war will eventually be passed on to the people. Coupled with the excessive waste of national strength, it led to the chaos of hungry thieves in the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. At the end of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the population of the whole country decreased by 4 million compared with the early years.

The second aspect: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was not only overjoyed, but also lived a luxurious life, which increased the government's economic expenditure and made people's lives difficult. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty traveled around the country many times, and every time he set out with many officials. Everywhere he went, extravagance and waste brought a heavy burden to local officials and people. In addition, during his tenure, he promoted many large-scale civil construction projects. He expanded the original Ganquan Palace and built Zhangjian Palace and Mingguang Palace. These palaces are very grand and large in scale.

The third aspect: the crisis broke out at the top of the ruling group, after the disaster of witchcraft broke out. In Chang 'an alone, the death toll was as high as tens of thousands, involving many court officials. After the turmoil, half of the official positions in the court were vacant. In the subsequent tracing and handling of cases, tens of thousands of people in various places suffered because of implicating others, which shook the rule of the late Emperor Wu.

Cultural aspect

The cultural construction in the Western Han Dynasty was a major breakthrough in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. For example, after the Zhou Dynasty, "promoting imperial studies, repairing rural sacrifices, correcting the new moon, setting the calendar, adjusting the melody, making poems and having fun, building meditation ceremonies, and respecting the gods" and so on, "How can you describe ordering articles?" Heirs have to follow the red leaves, but there are three generations of winds. "Praise the cultural contribution and creation of the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wars were provoked many times in decades, and the separatist forces in the separatist regions were completely suppressed. Qin Li eventually became the common language of the Western Han Empire, completing the unification of characters. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out the cultural policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting the Six Classics alone", which ended the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend, different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions" since the pre-Qin period, thus "unifying the later studies" and the cultural history of China entered a new historical stage.

We should gather talents with a broad mind, give them a broad stage for cultural development, and induce them to give full play to their cultural talents. Ban Gu in Hanshu? In his eulogy after The Wide Biography of Bo Shi's Children, Gong Sunhong listed many people who were in a low position at that time, were later promoted and finally made contributions. It is pointed out that it is precisely because of the unique cultural vision of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that these talents are not buried, so they are ready to be admired by many literati and come out differently, forming a remarkable cultural grand occasion in history.

Diplomatic aspect

Warring

On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to conquer the Xiongnu, relieve the Xiongnu threat, recover the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, expand the territory of the Western Region, put the Xiongnu in a passive position and ensure the economic and cultural development of the North.

To the western region

While waging war against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened its ties with the Western Regions and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Expand territory

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national prestige of the country spread far and wide. North Korea occupied four counties of Han Dynasty in the east, Wan Li was destroyed by Baiyue in the south, Wuyuan County and Shuofang County in the north were recovered by Xiongnu, and Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang counties in Hexi were captured. The Great Wall was built in Juyansai and Guanglusai, and the border was pushed to the Gobi Desert. The Western Expedition surrendered to the western countries. From then on, it laid the basic scope of the Han Dynasty.

How to evaluate the prosperity of Hanwu

The prosperity of Hanwu made the Western Han Empire become the pride of eastern civilization with its spiritual and material cultural achievements. During this period, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era. Be in a leading position in different cultural systems in the world. However, traditional historians, such as Sima Qian, Ban Gu and Sima Guang, all believe that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty centralized power, expanded its territory, respected Confucianism alone, and established? Although Dr. Wu Jing's policies left indelible contributions in history, after his middle term in power, the national strength, social economy and population of the Western Han Dynasty declined sharply due to the extravagance, indulgence, absurd superstition, cruel suspicion and belligerence of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. At that time, the people suffered from these phenomena and their lives were in dire straits, so they called it the so-called "Hanwu Prosperity", especially in the cultural and administrative fields.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty founded the title of the year, which was also the first emperor in China to use it. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he continued the policy of preserving health and helping the people pursued by his father before his death, further weakening the power of the vassal, and promulgated the decree of feudal lords proposed by Minister Zhu, which promoted the enfeoffment of the vassal by the legal system and forced the vassal's fief to shrink itself.

At the same time, he set up a secretariat to supervise this place. Militarily and economically, centralization has been strengthened, and private businesses such as iron smelting, salt making and wine making are organized and managed by the central government. At the same time, it is forbidden for vassal States to cast money, so that financial power is concentrated in the central government. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", paving the way for Confucianism to become a feudal orthodox position. But in fact, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was never a lack of the concept of the rule of law. At the same time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also used laws and regulations to consolidate the authority of the government and show the status of imperial power. Therefore, sinologists believe that this should be a system with law as the mainstay and Confucianism as the supplement, introducing Confucianism to ordinary people to show the leniency of the government, and at the same time imposing severe criminal laws on ministers within the government. However, advocating Confucianism does not mean abandoning the law, which was still the ultimate ruling method in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Ji An and Zhufuyan, which were actively used at that time, are famous examples.

The Spring Festival began at the beginning of the calendar change and was corrected by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu three times on a large scale, and there was no Wang Ting in the south of the desert. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road. Since then, the western regions have become the meeting place of several major civilizations, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has been called the "crown of hundreds of kings".