Where do the Hakkas in Ganzhou come from?

First, Ganzhou and "the original origin of Hakka".

When and which generation did Hakkas originate? Hakka researchers have different opinions, but there are three main types:

First, Qin and Han dynasties said. Xie Mei wrote in "On Guangzhou Humanities": "There is a general stone stationed in Jieyang, and some of them stay in Meixian. This is the original origin of Hakka. " Song Li 'an said in "A Preliminary Study on Several Hakka Movements to the South": "During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Huawei of the Central Plains moved to Guangdong ... and became the distant ancestor of the Hakka who arrived in Guangdong in the early days." In fact, long before Meixian, the Han people in the Central Plains of the Qin Dynasty had entered Ganzhou to live: the first batch were "wooden guests". According to "Taiping Universe" in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Ganzhou is on Luoshan, and there are many wooden guests". "Ganzhou Fuzhi" also contains: "There are wooden guests in Shangluo Mountain. Since the Qin Yun era, they have built Epang Palace to collect wood and hide it here. " The second batch is Qin Jun's "fortress" (now Dayu Meiguan). In 2 14 BC, Tu Youyou was ordered to lead a 500,000-strong army south, with heavy troops stationed in the "fortress". In order to reassure the defenders, Longchuan ordered Zhao Tuo to enlist 30,000 unmarried women, "thinking that soldiers would mend their clothes", and most of them settled in Ganzhou ... As for the Han people in the Central Plains who moved south to Ganzhou in the Han Dynasty, there were countless more. It can be seen that the Han people in the Central Plains lived in the south, and Ganzhou was earlier than Guangdong, which is well-founded.

Second, the Eastern Jin said. The "Hakka Temple" in Shibi Village, Ninghua, Fujian, draws a schematic diagram of five large-scale southward migrations of Han people in the Central Plains since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so as to show that Ninghua Shibi Village is the "Hakka ancestral land". There are many researchers who hold this view. For example, Luo Xianglin defined the first group of Hakkas as the Han people who moved south after the "five wild flowers" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but the Han people who moved south in the early Qin and Han Dynasties were not included in the Hakka family. "Green Journey" said in the article "The Second Hometown of Hakka, the Stone Wall of Ninghua": "The origin of Hakka began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but it was formed in the Hakka clan after the Five Dynasties. After the Five Dynasties, they were called authentic Hakkas. These authentic Hakkas ... lived in Shibi, and after several generations or even hundreds of years, they moved to western Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Hong Kong, Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia. " In this article, Mr. Lu also described five great migrations of Hakkas: "The first time: since the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17), influenced by' five wild flowers', a large number of Han people in the Central Plains migrated to the south of Hubei and Henan, the north bank of the Yangtze River in Anhui and Jiangxi, and even the upper and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River." "The second time: from the end of the Tang Dynasty (AD 880), influenced by the Huang Chao Uprising, I moved from my former residences in Anhui, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi to the southeast of Jiangxi, the west of Fujian and the northeast border of Guangdong. Most of them first arrived in Ninghua through Ningdu and Du Yu at the junction of Jiangxi and Fujian, and then moved from Ninghua to Tingjiang River Basin until the junction of Fujian and Guangdong ... "The above quotation can explain. Only in the second migration did Hakka people arrive in western Fujian from southeast Jiangxi. Therefore, the history of Hakka in Ganzhou is earlier than that in western Fujian.

The third is the theory of Ming and Qing Dynasties. The formation of Hakka includes the Five Dynasties, the Tang and Song Dynasties and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, Chen Yundong of Taiwan Province Province said in Hakka dialect, "The formation period began after the Five Dynasties and lasted until the early Song Dynasty ..." In the book "Correcting the Names of Hakkas", Wan Fangzhen and Liu Lunxin pointed out: "Hakkas are neither the result of the names of overseas Chinese in the Jin Dynasty, nor the tenants, vagrants and guests in the Tang Dynasty. Hakka people migrated from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, mainly from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty. At first, it only refers to immigrants who moved to mainland Guangdong from their birthplace. Later, people referred to the residents who moved from their birthplace to other provinces, overseas, and even stayed in their birthplace as' Hakkas'. It is not difficult to see that the definition of Hakkas in academic circles is still under discussion, and whether the Han people who moved south before Qin and Han Dynasties are Hakkas is still inconclusive. However, most Hakka researchers believe that Hakka was a Han Chinese in the Central Plains who moved south because of war and famine before the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The above three statements have their own basis and are not unreasonable. But in any case, Ganzhou's "Hakka original place" was well-deserved before Fujian and Guangdong. Mr. Yao, an overseas Chinese businessman from Nanyang who enthusiastically supported Hakka studies all his life, led a delegation to visit Ganzhou in the last ten days of1999165438+10, fulfilling his long-cherished wish, and said with deep feelings in the discussion: "If Ninghua and Meizhou are the fathers of Hakka, then this time I found the ancestors of Hakka in Ganzhou. On the spot, he decided to donate money to build a "Hakka moving south monument" in Ganzhou.

Ganzhou is a transit point for Hakkas to go south to Fujian and Guangdong.

Ganzhou, located in the south of Jiangxi, on the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, has "hundreds of mountains in the south and three rivers in the north". According to the important meeting of Wuling and the crossroads of Guangdong and Fujian, its geographical position is very important. The Ganjiang River, which originated in Ganzhou, is a golden waterway connecting the inside and outside, the north and the south. Since ancient times, it has been the only place for the Central Plains to go south to Fujian and Guangdong. Ganzhou hilly, sparsely populated, fertile land, suitable for a large number of immigrants to recuperate. This makes Ganzhou the preferred "treasure land" for Central Plains immigrants to move south. According to documents, since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains moved to Ganzhou. Their family moved south, first staying in southern Hubei and Henan, and then moving to the banks of the Yangtze River in Anhui and Jiangxi. Most of them settled down, settled down, and rarely entered Fujian and Guangdong in the south. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 7 16), Zhang Jiuling successfully dug Meiguan, and the entire ancient post road was built, which made this north-south main road busier since Qin and Han Dynasties, with people and logistics swarming from south to north. The once remote ancient city of Ganzhou and Dayu began to become famous states in the south of the Yangtze River with "merchants like clouds and goods like rain". Ganzhou, a land of nearly 40 thousand square kilometers, has attracted a large number of people to expand the eight wastes. According to historical records, the population of the five counties under the jurisdiction of Nankang County in the Western Jin Dynasty was only 1.400, which increased to 461.654,38+0.6 in the first year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (AD 806). Ganzhou and other places began to see the scene of "everything, no cold soil in winter". In the fifth year of Emperor Xizong of Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao captured Hongzhou (Nanchang). After Jizhou and Ganzhou, a large number of Hakka ancestors who lived in Ganzhou and other places for generations began to enter Fujian and Guangdong to escape the war. According to the genealogy of Liao family in Xingning, "In the Tang Dynasty, my ancestors moved from Jiangxi to Du Yu and moved to Shibizhai in Ninghua, Tingzhou to avoid the chaos in Huang Chao." For example, the genealogy of surnames in Jiaying, Guangdong Province, has been recorded for many years as "avoiding the chaos in Huang Chao and moving south to Fujian and Guangdong". Since then, both the Central Plains people who moved south after the Jingkang Rebellion in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Han people who went north and south because of the war in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties have mostly entered Ganzhou along this ancient "Water Silk Road", or settled or continued to move south. According to relevant statistics, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, there were 86 surnames who moved into Shibi, Ninghua, including 3 surnames from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Qi Dynasty, 2 surnames from the Tang Dynasty (before Ganfu), 3 1 surname at the end of the Tang Dynasty, 32 surnames from the Song Dynasty and 8 surnames from the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Among these people, there are "old customers" who moved to Ganzhou, and there are also Han people in the Central Plains who went south after a short break in Ganzhou. According to the records of Ninghua County, which was usurped by Shixiong Li during the Kangxi period, "Hakka ancestors generally moved from the Central Plains to Jiangxi, then from Jiangxi to Fujian, and then from Fujian to Guangdong." It can be seen that Ganzhou was indeed the earliest inhabited area of Hakkas in ancient times, and it was also the distribution center and transit point for going south to Fujian and Guangdong before the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Ganzhou is the reliable rear of Hakka people in Fujian and Guangdong.

According to historical records and field visits by researchers, 30% of Hakka people in Ganzhou are "old customers" and 70% are "new customers" who have returned from Fujian and Guangdong. Most of these Hakka descendants from Fujian and Guangdong moved to Ganzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Luo Yong said in the article "On the Backward Movement of Hakka People from Fujian and Guangdong to Jiangxi in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties": "Xunwu, Anyuan, Quannan, Dingnan, Longnan, Xinfeng, Nankang, Dayu and Shangyou account for about 70%-90%, and Ganxian, Xingguo, Du Yu, Huichang, Ruijin, Ningdu and Shicheng account for about 60%. Some people are forced by life to return to Ganzhou to be tenant farmers. For example, in the County Records of Ningdu, Zhili, it is said that Ningdu "gives enough to people", "the world in the city knows where it belongs, and recruits Fujian and Guangxi to rent farmland" and "cultivates the land of one master for more than ten generations". Tenants from Fujian and Guangxi were also recruited to farm. For example, "Yudu County Records" said: "In Benshan County, there are many fields of hazelnuts. At first, the residents were sparse, and they often gathered in Fujian and Guangxi for farming, and there were many party days. "At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng's old staff got the support of Min Hai and was sent to Xingguo and Ganxian to reclaim land. However, the most important passenger flow to Ganzhou is the number of people who are reclaimed by the government in Jiangxi. Because of the war, the old wasteland in Ganzhou was not reclaimed, and new wasteland rose everywhere. The war gradually subsided in the early Qing Dynasty. In order to restore the economy and recuperate, the government repeatedly praised the reclamation order, and a large number of Fujian and Guangdong tourists flooded into Ganzhou in the early Qing Dynasty. At any time, Ganzhou welcomes countless people from south to north with its broad mind, abundant milk and charitable face. She not only nurtured the earliest Hakka ancestors, but also comforted and cared for these "new guests" who walked back and forth. So Ganzhou is not only the birthplace of Hakkas, but also the rear area they rely on.