I have recently watched a lot of American crime investigation TV series, including CSI and Crime Stoppers. The procedures for crime investigation in each city are very different. Please give me some a

I have recently watched a lot of American crime investigation TV series, including CSI and Crime Stoppers. The procedures for crime investigation in each city are very different. Please give me some answers from experts.

The United States is the country with the most developed economy and the most complex social security in the world today. Correspondingly, it also has the most complex police system in the world.

The police agencies in most countries are unified and coordinated by the state to varying degrees. The police in some countries are also paramilitary in nature. This is not the case in the United States. Not only do the federal and state governments have police agencies, but cities and counties also have their own police agencies. Even some local organizations have their own police teams, such as park police, campus police, private police, etc. Among these police agencies, except for the federal police, which is under the direct jurisdiction of the federal government, other police agencies are under the jurisdiction of local governments. They have no direct affiliation with the federal government, and there is no vertical superior-subordinate relationship with the federal police agencies. Therefore, although they are both police agencies, their functions and authorities are different due to the different laws they implement. Even agencies of the same type may have differences in their scope of responsibilities and enforcement powers. The diversity of police jurisdictions results in the diversity of police functions, which is a characteristic of the modern police system in the United States.

Before independence, the United States was a colony of the United Kingdom. While colonizing North America, the United Kingdom also moved the political system they implemented in the United Kingdom to the United States, which served as the main legal system and national governance machine. The component police and police system will also enter. Therefore, the police system in the United States today is based on the British model. In the UK, the powers and responsibilities of the police and police agencies are expressly stipulated by law. This made the American police system subject to legal restrictions from the very beginning. In addition, because most of the British police departments are under local control, and most of the immigrants from Britain to North America are anti-authoritarian, the United States pays special attention to the decentralization model while establishing the police system, thus forming a Complex police system. Under this system, federal police, state police, city police and county police coexist, and law enforcement powers are highly decentralized.

The earliest American police appeared in the form of county judicial officers and local security officers. At that time, most residents of the North American colonies lived scattered in vast rural areas and small towns. In order to manage this vast land, the colonial governor appointed an official as the county justice and assigned him several semi-professional police officers. This was the basic form of police organization in the British colonies in North America at that time. County judicial officers do not hold high positions, but they do a lot. In addition to maintaining normal law enforcement activities, they are also responsible for collecting taxes and guiding elections. In some areas, they are even responsible for bridge repairs, road maintenance, etc.

Subsequently, in some towns that began to take shape, militia patrols that were very similar to modern police appeared. Patrol teams are usually initiated by residents. They mainly operate at night to combat crime, maintain social order, and prevent fires. For example, in 1634, Boston established a militia patrol, and every male citizen had the obligation to join the patrol. From the 1830s to the 1840s, American capitalism achieved rapid development. In the bloody western development, white people from the east plundered the territory of the indigenous Indians, and large numbers of Indians were expelled from their homes where their ancestors had lived for generations. Continuous foreign expansion has also intensified the contradictions between the north and the south, intensifying social contradictions in the United States. Farmers who lost their land flocked to cities and towns in large numbers in search of new employment opportunities. They bring vitality to the city, but also bring serious security problems. The rulers urgently felt that the original police system could no longer meet the needs of maintaining social order, and it was imperative to establish an efficient police force. In 1838, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution to establish formalized police forces in large cities based on the British model. As soon as the resolution was passed, the city of Boston responded. In the same year, Boston established a brand new agency. Although there were only 9 police officers, it was the first of the modern urban police systems in the United States.

Boston is not the largest city in the United States, but this city has always been pioneering. It was the Boston militia that fired the first shot in the Revolutionary War. However, New York, the largest city in the United States, is timid in establishing a police system. It was not until 1845 that New York established a modern police system. The reason for this is that New York citizens are still frightened by the scenes of rampage by the British colonial police. They worry that the police they built will become a similar institution. Some civil society groups are worried that their freedom will be restricted after the establishment of a police system. It is precisely because of these considerations that New Yorkers have repeatedly delayed the establishment of a police system.

2006-3-26 10:53 Reply

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Rural police organizations emerged later. After the 1830s, people realized that the original security officer system could no longer cope with the increasingly complex security environment. Therefore, new village, town, county, and state-level police agencies were established in the vast rural areas based on local security officers. . These village, county, and state police are all professional, and their officers are elected by local residents or appointed and dismissed by the local government. In this way, by the mid-19th century, new police organizations were springing up all over the United States.

Like any new thing, the newly formed modern police system also has many flaws. First of all, the work efficiency of the police is too low and the quality of service is not high. Due to the limited police force, police patrols are only found in large cities like New York and Boston, and the scope of the patrols is pitifully small. For example, in such a large city as Chicago, only three or four miles are patrolled by police. In most cities, the police do not undertake patrol duties at all and focus their energy on policing taverns and grocery stores. Since there are no police patrols, residents cannot get timely help from the police when they encounter problems. Coupled with the backward communication methods at that time, it was often hours or even days after the incident to report the crime to the police. By this time, the criminal had already escaped.

The quality of the police itself is also a big problem. Because the police are paid relatively high, they are considered by some people to be a channel for getting rich. In 1880, the average annual salary of police officers in the United States was US$900, while the annual salary of ordinary laborers was only US$450. The high income of the police has made it a highly sought-after profession, which has opened the door for many people to seek personal gain. In addition, there is no comprehensive and systematic police training system. After the new police arrive, they are only lectured by the *, and then led by the old police. He is on duty, and in a few days, he will be able to go on duty alone. In this case, the service level of the police will of course be greatly reduced. In addition, the police also have their own corruption problems. As long as they have money, some police officers are willing to do anything. In some places, police positions can even be auctioned publicly. As long as you have money, you can become a police officer. The image of the newly born American police has not yet been established, but its corrupt behavior has aroused people's memories of the British colonial army, and it has become the opposite of the people. Adults openly mocked the police, children threw stones at the police, and many real criminals openly resisted police enforcement. The new American police were almost in dire straits. The establishment of a complete police system has become a historical necessity. The primary goal of the reform is to "remove politics from the police and free the police from politics." The police team was the first to be reformed. Many retired military personnel and business managers have taken up senior positions in police agencies. They have brought advanced management experience and a smart and capable work style. Under their leadership, the police industry has swept away the decadence of the past, and its mental outlook has undergone gratifying changes. change.

The second is to establish a strict recording system for state-level police jurisdictions and police centers. The state police agencies that emerged in the early 19th century played a limited role in American society due to their small scale and few personnel. During the reform movement, Pennsylvania made bold attempts at police construction and management. It ushered in a new era for state police in the United States. Through reforms, state police agencies are more centralized and military-like than city police, village police, and have a stronger combat effectiveness. As a result, state police quickly became one of the pillars of the American police system.

The work efficiency of the police has always been one of the focuses of criticism. In this reform, many reform plans have been proposed around the efficiency of the police. The most important of these is to fundamentally improve the professionalism of police personnel. In this regard, August Vollmer, former chief of the Berkeley Police Department and head of the California State Police, made outstanding contributions. Vollmer particularly emphasized the need for police officers to obtain higher education, so police officers were first selected from college graduates. In 1916, he established a professional police science course at the University of California, thus bringing police work as a serious subject into the halls of American higher education.

The fourth element of the reform is the establishment and development of professional police departments. At that time, the police were simply divided into two parts: patrol police and plainclothes police. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the division of labor of the police had been further refined, and professional police types such as security police, traffic police, and youth management police had emerged. In 1905, the first female police officer in the United States appeared in Portland, Oregon. Her name was Laura Baldwin, who was responsible for youth education and management in the police department.

In this way, the basic pattern of the modern American police system, that is, the four-in-one situation of county police, city police, state police and federal police, was basically formed.

The first level is the county police. It is the largest but smallest police agency in the United States. In the United States, there are tens of thousands of county-level police agencies, most of which are located in vast rural areas. Each agency has no more than 10 police officers. As a local police agency in the United States, county police departments are unique in terms of legal status and functional roles. It was established according to the laws of each state in the United States. The laws of each state have express provisions on the term and selection method of county police chiefs. In the 50 states in the United States, except for Rhode Island, where the police chief is appointed by the governor, and Hawaii, where the chief justice of the Supreme Court appoints, the police chiefs of every other county are elected. Generally speaking, only those with high prestige in the county can be elected as chief. Because he is elected, the police chief has more autonomy than other government officials, so in many places the police chief is seen as a good position.

The second level is the city police. It is the largest and most important component of America's police agencies. In the United States, three out of every four professional police officers are city police. The work of city police is much more complex and arduous than that of county police.

The third level is the state police.

It belongs to an autonomous police force and is not subject to the supervision and restraint of the federal police, but is only responsible to their respective governors. It primarily performs duties in areas that are not covered by county or city local police agencies. Such as patrolling state highways, handling traffic accidents, etc. In the United States, state police activity is limited.

The fourth level is the federal police, which are the various police departments directly under the U.S. federal government. These police agencies are not large in size and do not employ many personnel, but the scope of their activities is unprecedented among American police forces. Their main function is to enforce federal laws and crack down on major national violations. In terms of combating criminal crimes, in addition to detecting cross-state homicides, robberies and rapes, they are also responsible for detecting and combating illegal and criminal activities suspected of smuggling, tax evasion, counterfeiting, and counter-intelligence work.