A comprehensive introduction to India?

India's economy has developed greatly since independence. Agriculture has achieved basic self-sufficiency from the severe food shortage. Industry has formed a relatively complete system with strong self-sufficiency. 199 1 In July, the Indian government began to carry out comprehensive economic reforms and relaxed its control over industry, foreign trade and finance. From 200 1 to 2006, the average annual economic growth rate was 7.76%. In 2006, India issued the Eleventh? 6? The fifth plan 1 sets the economic growth rate from 2007 to 20 12 as 9% per year.

In recent years, the Indian government has continuously deepened the second-stage economic reform, accelerated the privatization of state-owned enterprises, liberalized the sales of some necessities including agricultural products, improved the investment environment, streamlined government institutions and reduced the fiscal deficit. In 2006/2007, the Indian economy achieved a high growth rate of 9.6%. In 2007/2008, in response to inflation, the Indian government tightened monetary policy and substantially raised interest rates, and economic growth slowed slightly to 8.7%.

Gross domestic product (2007/2008): 365,438+065,438+040 billion rupees.

GDP growth rate (2007/2008): 8.7%

Currency name: Indian Rupee.

Exchange rate (average in 2004/2005): 1 USD =40.4 1 Rs.

Inflation rate: 5.5% in 2007-2008.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

Rich in resources, the coal reserves rank fourth in the world and the output ranks third in the world. Iron ore production ranks fourth in the world, and bauxite production ranks sixth in the world. By the end of 2007, the recoverable reserves of India's main resources were estimated to be 46.389 billion tons of coal (excluding coking coal), 65.438+0.346 billion tons of iron ore, 2.46 billion tons of bauxite, 97 million tons of chromite, 65.438+67 million tons of manganese ore, 9.7 million tons of zinc, 5.3 million tons of copper, 2.38 million tons of lead and 75.6 billion tons of limestone. In addition, there are mica, gypsum, diamonds and minerals such as titanium, thorium and uranium. The forest area is 67.83 million hectares, with a coverage rate of 20.6%.

In 2007, the growth of industrial printing industry accounted for 26.4% of GDP. In recent years, India's textile, food, precision instruments, automobiles, software manufacturing, aerospace and other emerging industries have developed rapidly.

The output of major industrial products is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons):

2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007

Coal 4 1290 28242 295 15

Crude oil 3400 32 10 3480

Cement133601478016130

Steel 3930 4650 5080

(ten thousand tons)

Fertilizer1540.515571609

(ten thousand tons)

Cloth 453.8 495.8 533.9

(100 million square meters)

Power generation 6086 6 175 6624

(1 100 million degrees)

Automobile 156.5 170.2 206.5

(ten thousand cars)

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

Agriculture and rural population account for about 67% of the country. The cultivated land area in China is about 65.438+0.4 billion hectares, with a per capita of 0.654.38+0.3 hectares. In 2007/2008, the growth rate of agriculture and related industries was 2.6%, accounting for 18.5% of GDP. The output of major agricultural and sideline products in recent years is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons):

2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007

The total grain output is 204612086021610.

Rice 853 1 9 180 9270

Wheat 7200 6940 7490

Milk 9070 97 10 10090

Petroleum 26 10 2800 2380

Sugarcane 23232 28 120 34530

Tea (1-65438+ February) 82.0 90 90

Lint (ten thousand bales) * 1700 1850 2270

Jute (10,000 bales) * *104910001030

Note * Each foreskin cotton 170 kg.

* * Each package of jute is180kg.

(Source: Economic Survey of Indian Government in 2007/2008)

military affairs

The Indian army used to be mercenaries of British colonialists. 1947 After the partition of India, three independent armed forces were established. 1978 establishing an independent coast guard. The president is the nominal commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the Indian military parade, and the cabinet is the highest military decision-making body. The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for the command, management and coordination of troops. The service headquarters is responsible for formulating and implementing operational plans and directing operational actions. General S.Padmanabhan, Chief of Staff of the Army, S.Krishnaswamy, Chief of Staff of the Air Force and M. Singh, Chief of Staff of the Navy. Implement a recruitment system. The total strength of the army, navy and air force is 6.5438+0.27 million, ranking fourth in the world. Among them, the army is 6.5438+0.035 million, which is divided into five military regions: East, South, West, North and Central. It has medium-range missiles and nuclear capabilities. The navy is 70,000, divided into two fleets, east and west, and the southern Cochin training base; Mumbai and Visakhapatnam are the largest naval bases, and they are the headquarters of the western and eastern fleets respectively. 1999 The Far East Military Region was newly established, with its headquarters in port blair. Air Force 1.7 million, divided into five military regions: west, southwest, east, south and central, with advanced combat aircraft such as MIG -29 and Mirage 2000. The Coast Guard is divided into three groups: the West Coast, the East Coast, Andaman and Nicobar, and the command part is located in Mumbai, Madras and port blair. There are more than 500,000 reserves and 6,543,800 paramilitary troops.

1In May 1998, the coalition government headed by the Bharatiya Janata Party conducted a nuclear test and insisted on establishing a minimum effective nuclear deterrent. 1August 1999 17, India's National Security Advisory Council put forward a draft nuclear concept, proposing that India should establish a trinity of land-based, space-based and sea-based strategic nuclear forces, emphasizing that India will pursue a credible minimum nuclear deterrence theory, saying that the fundamental purpose of India's possession of nuclear weapons is to prevent any country or entity from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against India and its army, and promising not to be the first to use nuclear weapons. Non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States On June 5438+ 10, 2003, India formally promulgated a comprehensive nuclear policy framework and established a nuclear command organization and its directly affiliated strategic forces command. The nuclear command organization is controlled by a political committee, which is composed of the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defence, the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Finance, and the chiefs of staff of various services.

In 20001/2002, the national defense budget expenditure was 620 billion rupees (about13.2 billion US dollars), an increase of 13.8% over the previous year.

[Edit this paragraph] Culture and education

culture

The known history of India can be traced back to 2000 BC, beginning with the wave of immigrants who settled in northern India for the first time by Aryans. There is likely to be a fierce conflict between immigrants and local residents. But it is obvious that the assimilation spirit and endurance spirit of Great India have won, and this spirit has continued to this day. In the next thousand years, Aryans spread all over India, creating most early classical Sanskrit documents, such as Sanskrit, Vedas, Upanishads and two epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata.

India has countless historical sites. Some ancient pagodas, Ashoka stone pillars engraved with decrees, copper plaques and stone tablets that preserve Buddha's ashes are scattered all over the subcontinent. Maharashtra and other places have beautifully carved Ajanta Grottoes, Ailuola Grottoes and Ailefentan Grottoes, well-preserved grand temples with different architectural styles in the southeast and northwest, castles and manors in Rajasthan, magnificent red castles in Delhi, historical sites, spectacular Fatpur Sikh Palace, magnificent and beautiful Taj Mahal and countless places of interest. Once tourists are attracted by the deified India, they can never get enough of it.

Modern India is a vibrant country. In terms of transparency and democracy, it is the largest country in the world, which is something to be proud of. Few independent third world countries can protect their democracy as faithfully as India after World War II. There is no denying that there are poor people in towns and slums in India. However, with the development of science and industrial technology in India, people's living standard will be improved, and it will definitely reach the middle living standard by 2 1 century. India's emerging information technology engineers and information enterprises have won the respect of the world. Its GDP growth rate is second only to that of China. The Indian people are determined to rise in the modern world, and the pulse of India is beating with the youth and vitality of the people.

Indian languages are equally diverse. There are about 2000 species in India, 55 of which have their own writing and literature. 19 a well-developed language, with its own huge literary treasure house, is recognized as the official language of India. Every religion in India has followers in the subcontinent. Most people in India believe in Hinduism, accounting for 85%, followed by Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jews, Zoroastrianism and Jainism. All different religions live in harmony. There are countless beautiful temples, magnificent churches, magnificent mosques, Buddhist temples, synagogues and Zoroastrian temples on the Indian subcontinent. Mumbai, a commercial metropolis in western India, can be said to be a microcosm of India's religious, ethnic and linguistic diversity. In addition to the above-mentioned religious temples and churches, there are also famous Armenian churches, Shinto temples and Datong temples.

education

Implement 12 consistent primary and secondary education. Higher education lasts for 8 years, including 3-year bachelor program, 2-year master program and 3-year doctor program. In addition, there are various vocational and technical education, adult education and other informal education. In 20001/2002, the Indian government's education expenditure accounted for 3.99% of the gross national product, and the adult literacy rate was 65.38%. In 2000/0 1 year, the enrollment rate of primary and secondary schools was 8 1.6%, but the dropout rate of primary schools was 40.7% and that of junior high schools was 53.7%. There are 254 comprehensive universities in China, including Delhi University, Nehru University and Kolkata University. As of 2000/0 1 year, the situation of schools, students and teachers at all levels is as follows:

Number of students in school (ten thousand schools) (ten thousand people)

Colleges and universities 1.04 606*

Senior high school 12.6 2880

Junior high school 20.6 4280

Primary school 63.87 1 1380