Analyze the reasons why Zheng Chenggong was able to regain Taiwan from three aspects: time, location, and people.

First, Zheng Chenggong regained Taiwan, which was in the interests of the people of Taiwan and the mainland. Taiwan was oppressed by the Dutch colonists. Not only did it have to bear heavy taxes every year, but many people were sold overseas by the Dutch as pawns. Slaves, under national oppression, the people of Taiwan are very eager for Zheng Chenggong to regain Taiwan. Many Fujian people have relatives in Taiwan. Whether it is from national justice or personal affection, the Fujian people are also eager to regain Taiwan, and Fujian belongs to Zheng Chenggong. In the base area, most of his troops are Fujianese, so Zheng Chenggong can get strong support from the rear, and the morale of his soldiers is also very high. At the same time, he also gets various forms of support from the people on the island. With the support of the people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, To support, Zheng Chenggong first took advantage of Renhe.

Secondly, although the Taiwan Strait was very windy and had many reefs, a Taiwanese who was working as a general (i.e. translator) for the Dutch at that time The map of the Taiwan Strait and the Dutch's defense plan were given to Zheng Chenggong, and he was given a plan to make a surprise attack on Luermen at high tide in the Taiwan Strait, which the Dutch had neglected to guard against, and there were many reefs, so that he could successfully land with few casualties.

Thirdly, the Netherlands is a small country after all. Although there were troops stationed in other Asian colonies at that time, their troops were limited and they had to stay to control the local situation. There were not many reinforcements and they were far away from Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong had already After successfully landing and establishing a stronghold, transporting troops from Fujian was much easier than the Netherlands transporting troops from Indonesia to Taiwan.

Fourthly, the Ming army was also equipped with a large number of firearms at that time. At that time, China's science and technology was still relatively advanced, and the quality of firearms was comparable to that of the Netherlands. The muskets at that time had a short range and a slow rate of fire, which made them difficult to deal with Manchurian cavalry assaults, but at least they would not suffer a loss against the Dutch. After a recent reading of "The Biography of Zheng Chenggong, Manuscript of Qing History", I still read a bit of "surprise" between the lines. Of course, among the authors of the "Manuscript of the History of the Qing Dynasty" there are many Manchu elders, and their words and evaluations cannot be fully trusted. However, they still respect the basic historical facts. For example, Zheng Chenggong refused to obey his father's orders and insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty, and continued to fight for more than ten years. Therefore, whether it is the stance of the Ming Dynasty or the Chinese nation, there is no doubt that Zheng Chenggong is a national hero. However, historical records record that Zheng Chenggong was passive when he sent troops to regain Taiwan. Because, under the heavy suppression of the Qing army, Zheng Chenggong's strategic room for maneuver was getting smaller and smaller, so he had no choice but to send troops to Taiwan in order to survive and build up his ambition to resist the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty.

Zheng Chenggong (1624-1662) was a native of Shijing Town, Nan'an City, Fujian Province. His ancestral home is Dengdamiao Village, Wangpeng Township, Gushi County, Henan Province. "Qing History Manuscript" has a biography record: "Zheng Chenggong's first name was Sen, with the courtesy name Damu, and he was from Nan'an, Fujian. His father Zhilong entered the sea in the Ming Dynasty and became a thief from Yan Siqi. After Siqi died, he led them on his behalf. At the beginning of Chongzhen, the governor Xiong Wencan asked to surrender. , and was awarded the title of guerrilla general; he was used to capture pirates Liu Xiang and Li Kuiqi, and to attack Hongmao, and he was promoted to the general army." Zheng Chenggong’s father, Zheng Zhilong, was originally named Zheng Yiguan. History books say that Zheng Yiguan was "less downtrodden" and had been involved in maritime affairs since he was a child. He also had a "dissolute temperament, did not like reading, had physical strength, and was good at boxing and sticks." It seems that he is a bad boy who has been used to by Xiao Ye. From today's perspective, Zheng Zhilong was a pirate and businessman. He first started doing business with his maternal uncle Huang Cheng, and later became life-and-death friends with 28 people including Yan Shiqi, a famous pirate at that time. He traveled across the Taiwan Strait and the East China Sea and became famous far and wide. Zheng Zhilong was later recruited as an official by the Ming Dynasty.

There are many records in history books about Zheng Chenggong’s birth. It said that in the third year of Ming Dynasty (1623), Zheng Zhilong escorted goods to Nagasaki, Japan for his uncle Huang Cheng, stayed in Japan to do business, and married Chirihama Hirado, Hizen, Japan (now Chirihama, Matsura County, Nagasaki Prefecture). He is married to the daughter of Tagawa, a retainer of Huhou. The year after their marriage, on the fourteenth day of July in the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (1624), the Tagawa family went out to Senrihama Beach. "They picked up shells and were about to give birth. Before returning home, they gave birth to a flat boulder on the beach." (There is also a legend.) People call Zheng Chenggong the birth stone). It is said that on the night of birth, all fires will light up. However, the history books seem to have different accounts of this Tagawa family. It is said that the Tagawa family is Japanese. There is also a theory that he is a Chinese expatriate who moved to Japan with his family in his early years and is of Japanese descent. It is said that when Zheng Chenggong was a child, his name was Zheng Sen, also called Fu Song. He was already studying in a private school at the age of six. He was smart, lively, quick-thinking and popular.

When Zheng Chenggong was young and weak, the Ming Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. The Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, Li Zicheng was defeated, and three Southern Ming dynasties emerged in southern China. In chronological order, the "Hongguang Regime" (also known as the "Fu Wang Regime") was established in Nanjing by King Fu Zhu Yousong in May of the first year of Shunzhi (1644); King Zhu Yujian of Tang Dynasty established it in Nanjing in the second year of Shunzhi (1645). The "Longwu Regime" (also known as the "Tang Regime") established in Fuzhou; the "Yongli Regime" established by King Zhu Youlang of Gui in Zhaoqing, Guangdong in the third year of Shunzhi (1646). Of these three regimes, the first two were short-lived, while the third was slightly longer and survived for sixteen years. At this time, Zheng Zhilong was an official in Fujian. After the collapse of the "Hongguang Regime", he supported the Tang King Zhu Yujian and became the "Pingguo Gong" in the "Longwu" small court. He also joined the struggle against the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. In 1644, Emperor Longwu ordered Zheng Zhilong to introduce his son Zheng Sen to see him. There was a conversation that was very interesting.

Emperor Longwu asked: "The country is in danger! Where do you follow me?" Zheng Sen replied with Yue Fei's words: "Wen is not greedy for money, martial arts is not afraid of death, the country can be protected." Emperor Longwu saw that Zheng Sen was extraordinary in his words, and his words Qingming was surprised, and he stroked his back and said: "It's a pity that I don't have a daughter to accompany you. You should be loyal to my family and never forget each other." So, he was given the national surname Zhu, and the name was changed successfully. He was granted the title of Zhongxiaobo and was appointed as the central army of the imperial camp. Governor, give Shang Fangjian. Therefore, this is also the origin of the name "Guo Xing Ye" in the world.

Perhaps Zheng Chenggong is a grateful person. He was trusted by Emperor Longwu, and from then on he devoted himself to resisting the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty. However, his father Zheng Zhilong is a man with a swaying tail. In the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646, the second year of Longwu in the Southern Ming Dynasty), the Qing army conquered Fujian. Emperor Longwu was captured and died on a hunger strike. This Tang king is the eighth-generation grandson of Tang Wang Zhu Tong, the twenty-third son of Zhu Yuanzhang. It is said. He is a man with great ambitions and integrity. The history books say that he "does not drink alcohol today, and is good at official affairs. He has an insight into the past and present. His thoughts are high and his light is unprecedented." At this time, Hong Chengchou, an old minister of the Ming Dynasty, was ordered to descend to various places in the south of the Yangtze River. Of course, Zheng Zhilong was also among them. List. Zheng Zhilong thought that the Ming Dynasty was exhausted, and the Qing court promised to be the "Governor of Fujian and Guangdong", so he ignored Zheng Chenggong's bitter advice and went north to Fuzhou alone to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. However, Zheng Zhilong never expected that when he left home, the Qing army invaded Anping and plundered the Zheng Mansion. Zheng Zhilong's wife, the Tagawa family, did not have time to escape and feared humiliation, so she hanged herself (some say committed seppuku) at the age of forty-five. There is also a rumor in unofficial history that the Tagawa family was raped and then committed suicide, and that Zheng Chenggong cut open his mother's womb, washed it, and buried it.

According to historical records, Zheng Chenggong vowed to avenge "the country hates his family" and confront the Qing court to the end. In December of the second year of Longwu (January 1647), Zheng Chenggong raised troops at Lieyu (Little Kinmen), with a clear banner and title: "The loyal and filial uncle summoned the general and the guilty minister Zhu Chenggong." In the third year of Yongli (1649), the title was changed to the Yongli reign of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Yongli, who was far away in Guangdong, named him the Prince of Yanping County. From then on, Zheng Chenggong relied on his maritime advantages to occupy the areas of Xiaojinmen and Xiamen, and repeatedly defeated the Qing army. The court was shocked and ordered Zheng Zhilong to appease Zheng Chenggong several times (Note: Zheng Zhilong was named Marquis of Tong'an by the Qing court after arriving in Beijing). Once, Zheng Zhilong sent his family members to surrender Zheng Chenggong, and brought a letter from the Governor of Fujian to ensure his safety, and named Zheng Chenggong the General of Jinghai, Haicheng Gong. Zheng Zhilong's younger brother Zheng Zhibao and others all surrendered, but Zheng Chenggong refused. It is said that Zheng Chenggong asked his lobbyist to bring back a letter to his father. The letter said, "When my father went to see Beile (referring to his father's surrender to the Qing Dynasty), he had already entered the valley. It is also a great blessing that he has survived until now. In case I The father is unlucky, God is destined, and the son has no choice but to seek revenge in order to achieve both loyalty and filial piety." Zheng Chenggong chose to be loyal to both sides. In 1657, because persuasion failed, the Qing court was angry with Zheng Zhilong brothers. There is a record saying: "Zheng Zhilong was imprisoned in a high wall, and Zheng Zhibao was imprisoned in Ninggu Pagoda." One was imprisoned and the other was exiled. In the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), Zheng Chenggong not only did not surrender, but instead led more than 100,000 navy and army troops in the Northern Expedition. The following year, he entered the Yangtze River, conquered Zhenjiang, and besieged Nanjing. However, Zheng Chenggong had the idea of ??underestimating the enemy because of his repeated victories. At this time, Zheng Gonggong even thought that he could go to Nanjing to "visit the Mausoleum of Taizu of the Ming Dynasty" soon, and planned to "make the officials drink wine", and he was a little carried away by victory. His biggest mistake was to "attack Nanjing with a land force". Little did he know that his elite force should be the navy. As a result, "all the armies fled and were defeated." Zheng Chenggong had no choice but to escape from the water with the rest of his troops. The history of the Qing Dynasty said that Zheng Chenggong "was born with a glory of tens of thousands, abandoned Guazhou and Zhenjiang, and went to sea." He even wanted to "take Chongming" halfway, but failed. In the end, he returned to the starting point, retreating to Kinmen and Xiamen, and his vitality was severely damaged. At this time, Zheng Chenggong's living environment was obviously not as good as before.

The "Manuscript of the History of the Qing Dynasty" said: "After success in the south of the Yangtze River, he was defeated, and he knew that progress was not easy; when the King of Gui entered Burma, his support was exhausted, and his power was declining day by day, so he planned to take Taiwan." Zheng Chenggong understood that it was not easy to regain the Ming Dynasty, and it was also very difficult to survive. At this time, Emperor Yongli, although supported by his old subordinates such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, could not withstand the attack of the Qing army and had retreated into Myanmar. Where is his future? At this time, one of Zheng Zhilong's subordinates came to Kinmen from Taiwan and talked about various things in Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong is also familiar with Taiwan. In his early years, his father Zheng Zhilong once stationed troops in Taiwan as bandits. The history of the Qing Dynasty said: "Taiwan, an island in the sea of ??Fujian, is inhabited by Dutch red-haired people. Zhilong and Yan Siqi tried to settle here when they were bandits." At that time, Zheng Zhilong recruited tens of thousands of disaster victims from the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou areas of Fujian Province to go to Taiwan to make a living. "Everyone was given three taels of silver, and three people were given a cow." In the history of Taiwan, Zheng Zhilong was perhaps the first person to organize large-scale immigration to Taiwan. In other words, there are many followers of Zheng Zhilong in Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong was so happy. He knew very well that when he went to Taiwan, he should have a better mass base. He agreed immediately.

The following story is familiar. In the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), on the first day of the third lunar month, Zheng Chenggong took the oath at Kinmen and marched into Taiwan; on the first day of April (April 30 in the Gregorian calendar), Zheng's army landed in Taiwan; on the eighth day of April, he landed in Anping and occupied southern Taiwan; In May, Zheng Chenggong attacked the eastern capital of Taiwan and changed Chikan City into Chengtianfu; the Dutch were defeated and surrendered to Anping. Zheng Chenggong said a famous saying when he besieged the Dutch. He sent an envoy to say to the Dutch: "I own the land, and it should be returned to me; the treasures should be returned to me." The land belongs to China and must be returned. As for your things, you can take them away. It's loud and graceful.

In this year, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty came to the throne. The history of the Qing Dynasty said: "In this year, the Holy Ancestor ascended the throne and killed Zhilong and his disciples Shien, Shiyin and Shimo." Historical data says that on the third day of October of that year, the Qing court once again expressed its anger at Zheng Zhilong. Ordered Zheng Zhilong and 11 of his descendants and family members to be killed in Chaishi, Beijing. Poor Zheng, there are so many young and old in Beijing. Zheng Zhilong was a gambler all his life, but his fortune was ruined and his family was ruined, which is sad.

After that, Zheng Chenggong established the Zheng family in Taiwan. In 1662, the "Dongning Kingdom" was founded. "Chengtian Mansion" was established and Tainan was renamed "Eastern Capital" to express the intention of waiting for Emperor Yongli of the Ming Dynasty to come east and to resist the Qing Dynasty overseas. However, in April of the same year, news came that King Gui Zhu Youlang had died in Myanmar. From then on, Zheng Chenggong decided not to support a new emperor and became the master of Taiwan. Unfortunately, Zheng Chenggong fell ill soon after arriving in Taiwan, probably due to the epidemic. He died of illness in May of the same year at the age of 39. There is also a theory that he was killed by his son Zheng Jing (also named Zheng Jin). The reason was that Zheng Chenggong discovered that Zheng Jing had an affair with his wet nurse, "Evil Brocade had an affair with the wet nurse", and that he "raised troops to refuse orders" was too much. The history of the Qing Dynasty said: "The successful cure for the disease is to bite your fingers in anger on the first day of the fifth month after hearing it." Li Guangdi's "Sequel to Banyan Tree Sayings" records: "Ma Xin (a close confidant of Zheng Chenggong) recommended a doctor who thought he had heatstroke and gave him a coolant, but he died late." It is also said that he "stomped his feet and caressed his body, then shouted and died." It can be seen that Zheng Chenggong was furious when he died.

"Taiwan County Chronicles" said: "When Mr. Guo Xing fell ill, on the early morning of the second day of May, the sky suddenly became dark and the ground was dark, and hornets were flying. On the third day of the Lunar New Year, it was windy and rainy. Waves surged into the sky along the Taijiang River and the sea outside Anping, followed by thunder and lightning, such as "Lands collapse and the earth splits", "On the fifth day of the lunar month, the balance will rain and clear, and on the eighth day of the lunar month, the surnamed master of the country will die"... Obviously, this is what the people say, and it is a bit superstitious.

The story of the descendants of the Zheng family in Taiwan, and Emperor Kangxi's eventual unification of Taiwan, has many interpretations in "Kangxi Dynasty". Not mentioned here. However, there is one thing that seems to need to be mentioned. After Emperor Kangxi regained Taiwan, he issued an edict to move all the tombs of Zheng Chenggong and his descendants back to the ancestral tombs of Nan'an, Fujian. Somehow? Perhaps he is afraid of the profound influence of Zheng's descendants in Taiwan? ! Emperor Kangxi also wrote an elegiac couplet to mourn Zheng Chenggong. He respected Zheng Chenggong. The following is copied here:

The four towns are very dedicated, and the two islands are stationed with troops, and they dare to fight for half of the southeast;

The kings have no land, and they are willing to fight in one corner, only to know that there are lonely loyalists overseas. .