The history of outer Manchuria

In 725, the administrative system of the Tang Dynasty in northeast China and foreign ethnic areas was clearly recorded. That is to say, in the ministries of Qidan, the viceroy in the late Song Dynasty and Xi, also known as Kumo West, were all set up in the ministries around Le. The Governor's Office of Bohai Sea is set up in all ministries of Su, and the Governor's Office of Heishui is set up in all ministries of Heishui. The above were collectively referred to as the "Four Courtyards" in the Tang Dynasty.

In addition, there is a Shek Wai Governor in Shek Wai, but the Governor is only responsible for one or more of them and is under control. This is the general situation of the Tang Dynasty exercising jurisdiction over ethnic areas in the direction of Manchuria. Among the four counties, the Khitan, Xi and Tang Dynasties were also called "two factions" and "similar and heterogeneous", and by the Liao Dynasty they had merged into one. Bohai Sea and Heishui are the two most powerful cymbals in the Tang Dynasty. Bohai Kingdom (669-926) was a local national regime established by the Mohong nationality in ancient north during the Tang Dynasty. It was founded in 698 (the first year of Wu Zetian), formerly known as "Shock Country". Seven years later (A.D. 705), it belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and fifteen years later (A.D. 7 13), it was canonized as "Bohai Kingdom". It was destroyed by the Khitan Kingdom in 926 AD and spread to15th century, which lasted for 229 years, which promoted the further development of the Northeast Frontier and enriched the historical connotation of China's unification. At its peak, the Bohai Sea reached the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang in the north, the coast of tatar strait and Sakhalin Island in the east, the Sea of Japan in the west, Baicheng near the junction of Jilin and Inner Mongolia, near Da 'an, and near Hamhung in the south. There are five Beijing, fifteen prefectures, sixty-two states and more than 130 counties. At that time, it was a powerful country with a vast territory in the northeast. /kloc-In the 6th century, Russia crossed the Urals and invaded Siberia. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, the Russians invaded outer Manchuria, and the ethnic minorities in outer Manchuria refused to pay tribute to the tsar. The Russians brutally suppressed, and Emperor Kangxi organized the army and the people to resist. 1689, China and China signed the first border treaty, the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, which clearly stipulated that all outer Manchuria was Russian territory. 1858 in may, when Russia was invaded by the British and French allied forces in Tianjin, threatening Beijing, Nikolai Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia of Russia, led several warships to Aihui (now Heihe River in Heilongjiang Province) and presented the draft treaty drawn up by Russia to Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang Province in the Qing Dynasty, claiming that Heilongjiang was the border. If not, Russia would unite with Britain to fight against China. When the two sides negotiated, Russian warships fired and threatened with force. On May 28th, Yishan and Muraviev signed the Aihui Treaty. This treaty is bounded by Heilongjiang, and the sixty-four villages in Jiangdong are jointly managed by China and Russia. However, the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty signed in 1860 assigned the whole of Outer Manchuria to Russia.

Jiangdong 64 Tun refers to the left bank of Heilongjiang, starting from the mouth of Jingqili on the other side of Heihe Town, Aihui County, and ending south at the other side of Hormujintun Tun in Sunwu County (about 140 from north to south and about 50-70 from east to west). This is a place where Manchu people have lived together for a long time. In history, there are 64 villages inhabited by China residents, so people used to call them sixty-four villages in Jiangdong. Article 1 of the Sino-Russian Peace Treaty stipulates: "The Manchu people who have lived in China for generations on the left bank of Heilongjiang are still allowed to live in their respective villages forever, and they are still under the management of Manchu ministers and officials, and they are reconciled with the Russians and shall not be violated." According to this treaty, the people of China have the right of residence in Si Liu, and the China government has jurisdiction over the people there, but China has no sovereignty over this place. /kloc-The Boxer Rebellion took place in 0/900, and the Qing government had no time to take care of the situation in the East, so Russia sent troops to create the 64 th Tun massacre in Jiangdong and the Hailan gun massacre. 1902 After the Sino-Russian peace talks, although the Qing government made many representations and demanded to take back the Sixty-four Village in Jiangdong, the Russian government used various rogue means to refuse the Russians who originally lived in this area to return home for generations.

16 16 according to Wei Yuan's "Wu Shengji", "Qing Taizu sent 400 troops to the seaside, scattered the ministries, and took the risk of the people living on the island and took it by boat. The library page is attached with tribute marten, surnamed Long, and the children of the township head are unified. " After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, sakhalin island was first placed under the management of the deputy capital of Ningguta; After 17 15, it was under the jurisdiction of Deputy Commander-in-Chief. Residents on the island need to pay tribute to the Qing court in Pulu Township in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang every year. From 1738 to 1739, Russian captain Spanbirk learned about the existence of Sakhalin Island from Xia Yiren when he was looking for Japanese routes. 1789, Russian invaders landed on Sakhalin Island. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, it was forced to be formally ceded to Russia through an unequal treaty. During the Russo-Japanese War, Japan occupied Sakhalin Island. After that, the Soviet Union and Japan were equally divided. During World War II, the Soviet Union recovered all Sakhalin Island. Sakhalin Island belongs to Russia today. The eastern border between China and the Soviet Union is bounded by Wusuli River and Heilongjiang. As the islands such as Treasure Island and Heixiazi Island are located on the boundary river, both Russia and the Soviet Union claim sovereignty over Treasure Island. 1929 After the Zhongdong Road incident, the former Soviet Union occupied Heixiazi Island. After the August storm at the end of World War II, the Soviet Red Army began to patrol Treasure Island from 1947. 1964 during the Sino-Soviet border negotiations, the Soviet side was ready to return the treasure island to the Chinese side, but the negotiations were suspended due to the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations. From the beginning of 1967 to the end of 1969, the patrol conflicts between the two sides on the border of Qiliqin Island and Zhenbao Island on the Wusuli River continued, ranging from shouting to shoving and fighting with sticks. Starting from 1968, China is ready to carry out armed operations on the eastern border of China and the Soviet Union. With the approval of 1969, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong, Chen Xilian, commander of shenyang military area command, deployed the "Zhenbaodao self-defense counterattack" in March, which set the tone for the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in April. 1on March 2, 969, the Soviet army discovered that someone had landed on the island in China, and sent a border patrol to the island to expel the other side. The Chinese ambushed him, killing and injuring dozens of people. On March 15 and 17, the Sino-Soviet border guards once again had armed conflicts here. Soviet troops used tanks, armored vehicles and planes, followed by "secret weapons" and "hail" rockets. The PLA used anti-tank guns, recoilless guns, 40 rockets and other light weapons and deep artillery fire on the shore. Both sides claimed that the other side deliberately provoked and fired first. Later, China repelled the other side's attack, and after the battle, China took control of the whole island. 1990 solved the problem of the ownership of Zhenbao Island, and 199 1 year Russia recognized Zhenbao Island as belonging to China. In 2004, China and Russia also reached an agreement on Heixiazi Island. Russia returned part of Heixiazi Island and Abagaitu Island Pearl on the Ergon River near Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia, to China.