What historical stages did the Czech Republic go through?

Three 1526 years ago was a period. From 1526, Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire inherited the throne of Bohemia and Hungary, and annexed most of Czechoslovakia to 19 18 years. 19181kloc-0/On October 28th, the national committee controlled by the bourgeoisie declared the founding of the Republic of China.

Czechoslovakia 5-6th century AD 1526, West Slavs migrated westward from the upper reaches of the Vistula and Elbe rivers to Slovakia and the Czech Republic. In 623, in the struggle with the Avars from the middle reaches of the Danube, the Western Slavic Tribal Alliance-Samo Principality was formed. In 658, the principality perished. At the beginning of the 9th century, the Great Moravian State was established and the feudal society began. At the end of the 9th century, the infighting among the ruling groups intensified. In 906, the Kingdom of Hungary (see Hungarian history) annexed Slovakia and the Great Moravian State collapsed. /kloc-In the first half of the 0/0 century, under the rule of the Pushemes dynasty, the Czech Republic was established with Prague as the center, so it was also called the Principality of Prague. 165438+In the middle of the 20th century, the territory of the Czech Republic expanded from Bohemia to Moravia, and feudal relations developed rapidly, with many cities appearing and foreign trade developing. Czech feudal nobles have long been attached to the holy Roman Empire. 1086, Henry iv, king of Germany and emperor of the holy Roman empire (reigned 1050 ~ 1 106), awarded the title of king of Bohemia to vladislav ii, a Czech maharaja (reigned1062 ~1). /kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, the Principality was renamed the Czech Kingdom. 12- 13 century, a large number of Germans moved to the Czech Republic, gradually forming a special social group of German feudal lords, urban nobles and mine owners, and Czech nobles became increasingly German. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, John, the son of Luxemburg henry vii of the Holy Roman Empire, married Alicia, the heir to the Czech throne, and John became the king of Bohemia. During the reign of his son Charles IV (1346 ~ 1378), Czech handicrafts, especially mining, developed, cities prospered, and the relationship between goods and money began to penetrate into the countryside. German urban aristocrats control cities and mines. The Catholic Church owns more than 65,438+0/3 Czech real estate, most of which are German. German secular feudal lords also owned huge real estate. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/5th century, the class contradictions and ethnic contradictions in the Czech Republic were unprecedentedly fierce. Farmers, urban poor and miners mainly point their finger at the Catholic church. Czech clergy reformers, headed by J. Huss, preached in Czech and exposed church crimes. 14 19 In July, the Hus War broke out and the anti-feudal struggle swept through parts of Czech Republic and Slovakia. Although the revolution failed, it strengthened the language and cultural ties between the Czech and Slovak people.

1526 Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire inherited the throne of Bohemia and Hungary, and annexed most of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Hand-drawn in Bohemian times, Ferdinand, a fanatical Catholic and Duke of Styria, Austria, was king of the Czech Republic during the Habsburg dynasty and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (16 17). The next year, he banned Protestants from gathering in Prague, causing resistance from the Czech people. The Earl of Toulon formed an interim government, and the Czech Republic temporarily got rid of the Habsburg rule. 16 19, the Czech parliament elected Baladin's emperor Hou Friedrich as king. 1620, the joint forces of the Czech Republic and Baradin lost in the Battle of Baishan. Ferdinand returned, brutally persecuted the Czech people, forced residents to convert to Catholicism, burned Czech books, and German became the national language. The Czech Republic became a province of the Habsburg dynasty. The leader of the Bohemian uprising was executed (162 1). From the end of 17 to the end of 18, the capitalist relations of production in Czechoslovakia developed. Maria Tracy, queen of Habsburg dynasty in Austria, forced serfs to serve three days a week. 1775 March, Czech peasant uprising spread all over northern and northeastern Czech Republic and Moravia. The serfs attacked the noble castle and marched on Prague. The August uprising was suppressed. However, Joseph II was forced to promulgate the imperial edict of abolishing serfdom in17811. This objectively promoted the development of textiles, machinery and transportation, and prompted Bohemia to enter the period of rapid development of capitalism, and gradually formed the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The new class of national intellectuals is committed to the development of national language and culture, which promotes the awakening of the nation. Under the influence of the February Revolution in France and the May Uprising in Vienna (see European Revolution 1848), on June 1848, college students in Prague demanded the withdrawal of Austrian troops. In June of 5438+02, students, workers and citizens held demonstrations and were shot, which triggered an uprising. 17 The uprising was suppressed. The Austrian authorities had to abolish the system of hard labor. This marks that the Czech Republic has entered a new era of capitalism. 1867, the Austrian government and the Hungarian parliament reached an agreement to reorganize the unified Austrian empire into a dual Austro-Hungarian empire. Since then, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have been ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and their economies have developed slowly. Since the 1970s, the Czech workers' movement and the socialist movement have been growing. 1878 Czechoslovakia Social Democratic Labour Party was founded in Czech Republic. /kloc-at the end of 0/9 century, the party gradually embarked on the road of opportunism due to the infiltration of reformism into the party.

During the First World War in Czechoslovakia, the people of Czechoslovakia demanded the establishment of an independent and unified country. 19 16, t.g. masaryk established the Czechoslovak national conference abroad. 19 18 Austria-Hungary collapsed. In the same year, 65438+10,65438+April, Czech workers held a general strike. Under the pressure of the people, 65438+1October 28th, the National Committee controlled by the bourgeoisie announced the establishment of the Republic of China, and masaryk was elected as the first president. 19 19 At the beginning of this year, a wave of proletarian revolution appeared in Eastern Europe. /kloc-in June, 0/6, the Slovak Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Presev, nationalizing enterprises, banks and land, and granting working people the right to vote and other democratic rights. At the beginning of July, it was suppressed by the bourgeois government and foreign armed forces. 1921may, the left wing of Marxist groups such as social democratic labor party formed Czechoslovakia. From 65438 to 0933, the capitalist world economic crisis hit Czechoslovakia hard and the workers' movement rose. A Hitler used the "Sudeten German Party" as a tool to invade Czechoslovakia. The Czech government compromised and accepted the decision of Munich Conference. 193810 ~165438+1October, the Germans occupied the Sudetenland. In March of the following year, Germany sent troops to occupy and dismember all Czech territories. Former President E. Benaise fled to Britain to organize the government in exile. Czech * * * established the Central National Revolutionary Committee to carry out guerrilla resistance movement. 1943 12. Czech leader K. Gottvald reached an agreement with the Czech government in exile and established the National Front government after the war. 1944 On August 29th, an anti-Hitler national uprising broke out in Slovakia, liberating the land of13. 1945 in April, the Czech Republic * * * formulated the Cauchy plan and established the National Front Coalition government with Z. Fellinger as the prime minister. In early May, the Prague Uprising broke out. On May 9, Prague was liberated with the help of the Soviet Red Army, and the Czech Republic and Slovakia merged into the People's Republic. (See Czechoslovakia 1 Color Map of Legion Soldiers Returning to China (1945)) Czechoslovakia's Anti-German Guerrilla 1946 held the National Assembly election on May 29th, and established a coalition government with Gottwald as Prime Minister and Benazet as President. The government confiscated the property of foreign capitalists and traitors and promulgated laws on nationalization of industries, banks and private insurance companies; Confiscation of the land of foreign occupiers; Promulgated the 1 land reform law. During the period of 1948, the bourgeois right forces in the Coalition government created the Czech February incident in an attempt to overthrow the people's democratic system. The leadership of the working class in the Czech Republic failed the plot. The government promulgated the second land reform law, completed the land reform, abolished the big land ownership and eliminated the feudal remnants. 1948 On May 9th, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution, and named the country * * * Republic of Czechoslovakia as a people's democratic country to ensure its development in the direction of socialism. Gottwald was elected president. 194910/kloc-0 established diplomatic relations with China on October 6th. During the period of Czechoslovakia Socialist Republic, two five-year plans were implemented from 1949 to 1960, and agricultural cooperation was basically realized and agricultural mechanization was nearly completed. On July 1960, 1 1, the National Assembly adopted a new constitution and changed its name to Czechoslovakia Socialist Republic. Due to the sudden development of heavy industry and backward management system, the third five-year plan (196 1 ~ 1965) was suspended after less than two years, and the plan indicators were readjusted. 1968 1, a. dubcek became the first secretary of the Czech central Committee after a. novotny, presided over the central plenary session in April, worked out an action plan, and reorganized the Czech central bureau and secretariat. On August 20th, the Soviet Union sent troops to Czechoslovakia. 10/0/0 16, Su Jie signed a treaty on the conditions for Soviet troops to stay in Czechoslovakia temporarily. 101On October 27th, the National Assembly passed the Czechoslovak Federal Constitution Act. According to the Constitution, Czechoslovakia is a federal state with two equal nationalities-Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovakia, which is composed of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic with equal status. Change the National Assembly into the Federal Assembly, and set up the Wolesi Jirga and Wolesi Jirga. 1April, 969, G. Husakai was appointed as the first secretary of the Central Committee of Jiejie. 197 1 was appointed general secretary, and from 1975, he succeeded L. swoboda as president and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Czech Republic adopts the development strategy of intensive management and specialization, strengthens cooperation with the member countries of the Economic Mutual Assistance Committee and develops economic and trade relations with other countries. With the rapid economic development, three five-year plans have been completed (1966 ~ 1985). 1982 The per capita GNP is 6627 USD, and the per capita industrial products are among the best in the world. The eighth five-year plan is being implemented (1986 ~ 1990). At the Czech Central Plenary Session held in 1987 12 17, Hu Sake resigned as General Secretary and only served as President of the Republic of China. Jacques was elected general secretary of the Central Committee. 1989 12 10 Hu Sake appointed m Cialfa as prime minister and formed a new government. On the same day, Hu Sake resigned as president. The two houses of Czechoslovakia's federal parliament elected dubcek as the speaker of the federal parliament on 28th and Javier as the president on 29th.