How to treat and protect the Great Wall

The Great Wall of China is the largest cultural heritage in the world, and its long construction time, wide geographical distribution and great influence are unmatched by other cultural relics. The Great Wall is a huge national defense military system composed of various fortifications such as city walls, forts, garrisons and beacon towers. This is a key project to protect the national great sites. The Great Wall in China was built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the establishment of Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east, was built on the basis of the Northern Great Wall of the former vassal states such as Yan, Zhao and Qin. Since then, more than ten dynasties, including Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming, have built the Great Wall in different scales. According to preliminary statistics, the total length of the Great Wall in China is about 30,000 kilometers, which is distributed in more than ten provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, such as Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Henan, Shandong and Heilongjiang East. From 65438 to 0987, the Great Wall was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO because of its unique historical, artistic and scientific value. 1. Natural conditions According to the various Great Walls discovered at present, they cover Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and other 13 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The distribution area of the Great Wall is long and narrow from east to west, with different geographical locations and different natural geographical environments. Its basic physical and geographical characteristics are the coexistence of continental monsoon climate and inland arid climate. The undulating surface structure and complex and diverse natural landscape. The natural conditions in the Great Wall area are bounded by Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan and Liupanshan. The vast area in northwest China is controlled by continental air mass all the year round, and the climate is dry. Although the prevailing wind direction changes seasonally throughout the year, there is no obvious difference between rainy season and dry season, and it belongs to the northwest arid climate zone (excluding the east) which is not affected by monsoon. The southeast of this line, that is, the eastern part of Ordos Plateau and Loess Plateau, has obvious climate change due to the seasonal change of prevailing wind direction in a year, which is characterized by dry and cold winter and wet and rainy summer, and belongs to the southeast monsoon climate zone. It constitutes the east-west differentiation and the coexistence of different climatic zones. The physical geography of the Great Wall is divided into Korla and Loulan in central Xinjiang in the west, and Daxinganling between Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province in the east, with a vast territory. Its physical geographical division can be roughly divided into three parts: east, west and south. It is bounded by Langshan Mountain, Helan Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain, with the eastern part of the Great Wall District and the western part of the Great Wall District. To the east of Helan Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain, and to the south of the Ming Great Wall is the southern part of the Great Wall area. East of the Great Wall. It starts from Langshan Mountain, Helan Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain in the west, reaches Changbai Mountain in Daxinganling in the east, reaches the Ming Great Wall (including the Ming Great Wall) in the south and reaches the border between China and Mongolia in the north. Including most of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hebei Province, Beijing, northwestern Shanxi, central Liaoning and Liaodong Peninsula. This area is an undulating plateau. There are low mountains, hills, deserts, sandy land and valleys. In the natural landscape, temperate grassland-chestnut soil and desert grassland-brown calcium soil are absolutely dominant. From east to west, the transition of climate drought, vegetation and soil is very obvious, and the natural zone extends to northeast-southwest This area belongs to the transition zone between the eastern monsoon region and the western arid region, and the precipitation gradually increases from west to east. The grassland area in this area is vast, and it is one of the main bases of animal husbandry and livestock products in China. There are mainly Zhao Yan Great Wall, Qin and Han Great Wall, Northern Wei Great Wall, Northern Qi Great Wall, Jin Xin Great Wall and Ming Great Wall in the northern boundary during the Warring States Period. The west of the Great Wall area. It starts from the ruins of Korla and Loulan ancient city in Xinjiang in the west, reaches Langshan and Helan Mountain in the east, reaches the northern foot of Qilian Mountain in the south, and reaches the border between Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Mongolia in the north. Including Alashan League, Hexi Corridor, eastern Xinjiang and other regions. There are the Great Wall in the Hexi Corridor in the Han Dynasty, the Great Wall outside the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the beacon towers, pavilions, barriers and cities built westward from Yumenguan via Yanze in Xinjiang (now Lop Nur) and Loulan to Korla in the Han Dynasty. South of the Great Wall. East of Helan Mountain and Liupan Mountain, south of Ming Great Wall, north of Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River, Hebei Plain. This area belongs to the warm temperate zone. The zonality of climate, vegetation and soil is obvious, and the water content increases from west to east, which appears in the temperate semi-arid grassland-chestnut soil belt, warm temperate semi-arid forest grassland-He Lu soil belt, warm temperate semi-humid deciduous broad-leaved forest-cinnamon soil belt and warm temperate semi-humid deciduous broad-leaved forest-brown soil belt in turn. It is one of the main producing areas of agricultural products in China. This area mainly includes the Great Wall in northern and eastern Qin Zhao during the Warring States Period, the Great Wall in Henan and Anhui during the Wei and Jin Dynasties (the river refers to the Yellow River), the Great Wall in Chu, the Great Wall in Zhongshan, the Great Wall in Qi, the Great Wall in Yannan (the Great Wall in Yishui), the Great Wall in Zhaonan and the western section of the Great Wall in Qin Shihuang. The diverse natural and geographical conditions make the ecological environment along the Great Wall sensitive and fragile. In mountainous areas, most of the Great Wall is located in the watershed or ridge, and a few sections are located at the top of the cliff; In plateau areas, most of them are located at the junction of grassland and desert; In Hexi Corridor, it is mostly between oasis and desert. The precipitation conditions gradually decrease from east to west. The annual precipitation at the eastern end 1, 200mm, 600-400mm in the middle and only 30mm at the western end. Except for Hetao Plain and Hexi Corridor, which are irrigated by snow water from the Yellow River and Qilian Mountains, the vegetation along the Great Wall grows by precipitation. In terms of meteorological and hydrological conditions, the central and eastern part of the Great Wall is at the junction of warm temperate zone and middle temperate zone, and it is also a transitional zone between semi-humid and semi-arid zone. Located at the junction of oasis and desert in front of Qilian Mountain in the western section of the Great Wall, it belongs to semi-arid continental climate with large temperature difference, strong wind and serious wind erosion. In terms of vegetation, the Great Wall is also in a transitional zone. The middle and eastern sections of the Great Wall are the transitional zones between forests and grasslands, and the western sections are the transitional zones between oases and desert vegetation. Different natural conditions affect the living conditions of the Great Wall. For example, the climate in northwest China is relatively dry and the average annual rainfall is very small, which creates an innate advantage for the protection of the Great Wall. But for a long time, the strong sandstorm in northwest China has also posed a serious threat to the Great Wall. The Great Wall in Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu near the southern edge of Mu Us, Tengger and Badain Jaran deserts has been destroyed by many deserts. In addition, the huge temperature difference is also a threat to the rammed earth Great Wall. This change leads to soil expansion and contraction, and the wall will be eroded, loosened and disintegrated to varying degrees. The Great Wall area has a long history and a large population, and its influence on the natural environment is particularly extensive and profound. The middle part of the Great Wall is a transitional zone between farming and pastoral areas. Historically, it is a typical area where agricultural culture and nomadic culture blend, spread and penetrate each other, and it is also the area where the struggle between agriculture and nomadic people is the fiercest. The construction of the Great Wall is directly related to the needs of this border defense. The Loess Plateau is in the transitional zone of agriculture and animal husbandry, and it is also the contact zone of agriculture and animal husbandry. Whenever the dividing line between agriculture and animal husbandry moves south or north, it will have a far-reaching impact on local desert invasion and soil erosion, and indirectly affect the safety of the Yellow River. From the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, after many times of immigration and reclamation, the original intact grasslands and forests were replaced by cultivated vegetation, and the boundary between agriculture and animal husbandry was once moved to the north of Yinshan Mountain. The Loess Plateau was a developed agricultural area in the middle of the New Qin Dynasty, but reclamation aggravated soil erosion, resulting in frequent floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and turning cultivated land into desert. After the 5th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 140), the migration stopped, the cameras of northern nomads moved inward, the dividing line between agriculture and animal husbandry moved south, the sediment in the Yellow River decreased, and the floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River decreased. This kind of thing, in history, occurs repeatedly and alternately when the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is heavy and light, and the downstream flood is short. Since 1949, the government has taken measures to strengthen soil and water conservation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and soil erosion in the middle reaches of the Yellow River has been improved. Physical and geographical conditions affect the living conditions of the Great Wall, especially the intensification of human activities, which greatly affects the environment around the Great Wall. For example, in the western part of China, where the Great Wall passes, the exposed rock strata, loose surface materials, drought and lack of rain, and sandstorms are rampant, which are aggravating soil desertification, leading to large-scale collapse and damage of some sections of the Great Wall, and finally disappear forever. Desertification has occurred in 262km2 of land in China, of which more than 95% is distributed in the western region, and a considerable part of the Great Wall region is located in the western provinces. Gansu Great Wall has poor soil quality, containing saline-alkali components, which has been eroded naturally for a long time. The saline-alkali corrosion caused the soil to explode and peel off, causing the Great Wall to peel off naturally. The once-in-a-century rainstorm and flood naturally caused flash floods to wash away the Great Wall from the north and south, causing the Great Wall to collapse and the foundation to shrink, causing harm; Before 1980s, the consciousness of protection was not strong, which was destroyed by human and animal husbandry. Some of them were reclaimed for farming, grazing and even dug for earth, which caused damage to the Great Wall. The Great Wall of Shaanxi is mainly distributed in Weibei Loess Plateau and the marginal areas of northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau and Mu Us Desert, with drought, little rain, big sandstorm, poor vegetation and serious soil erosion. Because most of the Great Wall walls and ancillary buildings are rammed by loess, there are no protective measures, and the walls are exposed, which has been seriously damaged by wind erosion and rain erosion for hundreds of years. Dunhuang area is located inland, surrounded by desert and Gobi. The average annual rainfall is about 40 mm, but the rainfall is concentrated in July. The daily temperature difference is large, exceeding 17.7 degrees on average. It is windy in this area, with the average daily wind speed exceeding 3 meters per second for 89 days, and the average annual days of gale and sandstorm both exceed 15 days. Such natural environmental conditions have caused serious damage to the remains of the Great Wall of Han Dynasty, which is the most important factor to destroy the Great Wall of Han Dynasty. Second, the Great Wall Protection Management System The Great Wall is an immovable cultural relic, spanning multiple administrative regions. The Great Wall protection management team is complex, including cultural relics departments of governments at all levels, government agencies, tourism companies, villages and towns, and even individuals. These units have different starting points and purposes for managing the Great Wall, and their management methods and effects are also quite different. The confusion of management system is the prominent reason for the repeated destruction of the Great Wall. At present, the protection and management system of the Great Wall has not yet been established. In view of the particularity of the Great Wall resources, we should also establish a protection management system according to its particularity. The competent functions of cultural relics administrative departments should be further clarified, and the Great Wall should not be managed as an enterprise or as an enterprise asset; Has been handed over to enterprise management or as enterprise asset management, to rectify within a time limit; On the basis of full investigation and study, straighten out the protection and management system of the Great Wall according to law. The establishment of the Great Wall protection management system is mainly organized and implemented by the provincial people's government. The people's governments at all levels along the Great Wall should also establish and improve the corresponding management institutions or mechanisms according to the actual needs of their work, and strengthen their leadership and support for related work. You can sign letters of responsibility at different levels to clarify the responsibilities of all parties concerned in the protection of the Great Wall and ensure that the responsibilities, work and measures are put in place. While rationalizing the management system, strengthen the state's leadership over the protection of the Great Wall and the responsibilities of governments at all levels. First of all, give full play to the role of the national inter-ministerial joint conference on cultural relics protection, put the protection of the Great Wall on the important agenda, and coordinate and make decisions on major issues in the protection and management of the Great Wall. The Great Wall spans Wan Li, so it is difficult to meet the actual needs of the Great Wall protection only by the existing cultural relics management institutions, and social forces must be mobilized. To this end: 1. Citizens, legal persons and other organizations may set up the Great Wall Protection Fund through donations. , specifically to protect the Great Wall. Two, the use of units identified as protection agencies should be responsible for the daily maintenance and monitoring of the Great Wall protection section, and establish a log; If a potential safety hazard is found, it shall immediately take control measures and report to the cultural relics administrative department of the people's government at the county level in a timely manner. 3. According to the actual practice and experience of some provinces and cities in protecting the Great Wall by using forest rangers and land contractors, the regulations stipulate that the people's governments at the county level or their cultural relics departments can hire Great Wall protectors to inspect and care for the Great Wall, and give appropriate subsidies to the Great Wall protectors. Four, any unit or individual found that the Great Wall was damaged, you can report to the protection agency or the local people's government at the county level cultural relics department. The people's governments of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) along the Great Wall shall, according to the actual needs of protecting the Great Wall itself and its environment, delimit its protection scope and construction control zone, and set up obvious protection signs. The relevant governments at all levels may, according to the specific circumstances, set up special institutions for the protection and management of the Great Wall or hire special personnel to take charge of the daily protection and management of the Great Wall. The departments in charge of cultural relics of the governments of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) shall organize relevant units to establish the archives of the Great Wall within their respective jurisdictions as soon as possible, and timely put them on record according to law. Governments at all levels should organize professional units to prepare the Great Wall protection plan and formulate special local laws and regulations for the protection of the Great Wall, so that the protection and management of the Great Wall will gradually embark on a legal, standardized and scientific track. Three. In recent years, under the guidance of the policy of "protection first, rescue first", the protection and management of the Great Wall have attracted more and more attention. At present, the legislation concerning the protection of the Great Wall mainly includes the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC). Local laws and regulations include the Measures for the Protection and Management of the Great Wall in Beijing. Although the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics and other laws and regulations on the protection of cultural relics cannot cover the particularity of the Great Wall in some places, the protection of the Great Wall should be legally binding. The the State Council executive meeting deliberated and approved in principle the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall (Draft), which is of great significance to the protection of the Great Wall. The protection of the Great Wall should be based on the Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall, so that there are laws to follow for the protection of the Great Wall. The Regulations on the Protection of the Great Wall summarizes the practical experience in the protection of the Great Wall in recent years, and generally grasps the following points: 1 According to the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, in view of the characteristics of the Great Wall and the outstanding problems existing in the protection of the Great Wall, relevant systems and measures are supplemented and improved to make them more targeted and operable; Two, the implementation of the overall protection of the Great Wall, subsection management, clear the responsibility of the people's government where the Great Wall is located; Third, give full play to the enthusiasm of social forces to participate in the protection of the Great Wall, clarify the responsibilities of users of the Great Wall, and establish a system of Great Wall protectors; Fourth, standardize the use of the Great Wall and clarify the principles and conditions that should be adhered to in turning the Great Wall section into a tourist area. In addition, we should strengthen the protection of the Great Wall from the following aspects: First, vigorously strengthen the propaganda work of the protection of the Great Wall. Radio, newspapers, pictures, slides, movies, television and other media should be used to widely publicize the significance of protecting the Great Wall, publicize the national policies and laws on the protection of cultural relics, and arouse the people and all sectors of society to pay attention to the protection of the Great Wall. It is necessary to mobilize the whole society along the Great Wall to protect and care for it. Through extensive publicity and education, people along the Great Wall have become the protectors of the Great Wall. Second, to do a good job in the protection of the Great Wall, we should strengthen field visits to the Great Wall. Only when we have a detailed understanding of the Great Wall in this province and this city, can we formulate protection and management measures with a clear aim, find the root cause of serious damage, prescribe the right medicine, and implement the laws and regulations on the protection of the Great Wall. 3. Delineate the protection scope and construction control zone, and formulate the protection plan. Practice has proved that formulating the protection plan is an important means for effective protection, rational utilization and scientific management of cultural relics protection units. From the perspective of protecting the integrity and authenticity of the Great Wall itself and its environment, the Master Plan for the Protection of the Great Wall will, on the basis of a comprehensive study and evaluation of the Great Wall, make principled provisions with practical guiding significance on planning principles, nature, objectives, protection zones, protection measures, related environmental governance and ecological protection, exhibition opening and management, etc. The theme of the Great Wall Protection Master Plan is the protection of the Great Wall, which involves the control and management of land use, ecological protection, construction projects and tourist facilities. Therefore, the planning is led by the National Development and Reform Commission, organized by the cultural relics department, and coordinated by the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Communications, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the Forestry Bureau, the Tourism Bureau and other relevant departments. Delineating the protection scope and construction control zone of the Great Wall is the basic condition for implementing the planning and various management measures and protecting the Great Wall according to law. The protection scope and construction control zone of the Great Wall will be defined on the basis of the principles determined in the overall protection plan of the Great Wall, according to the specific conditions of different sections, with the Great Wall itself, related remains and surrounding environment as the standards. At the same time, protection signs are set up in important areas of the Great Wall such as tourist concentration areas, traffic arteries, provincial, city and county boundaries and other necessary locations to remind people to consciously protect the Great Wall.