"Xiao Xuan" Four unspeakable atrocities in Emperor Kangxi's life

Historians and people in China have always believed that Kangxi was a benevolent monarch in the history of China, but like most emperors, Kangxi's rule was not perfect, even causing great harm to ordinary people. Today, we will take stock of the four atrocities in the Kangxi period.

One of the atrocities: killing civilians in Ping San Francisco

Not to mention the paintings of Yangzhou No.10 Middle School and Jiading No.3 Middle School, which have nothing to do with Kangxi, only that when Kangxi pacified San Francisco, the killing of civilians by the Qing army was quite amazing from many records. There is no need to make a long speech here, but you can see it by quoting two related historical materials. Wang Zhuan, who was recorded in the Qing Draft and the Biography of Wang Zhuan, said in the Kangxi History that "Sichuan's disaster became a heel, and a hundred miles of smoke was wasted. That year, ministers were carrying grain between rows, covered with scars. Since Pingping, I have cultivated my self-cultivation, but the provincial hukou is still more than 18,000, which is not as good as a county in his province. " When was this mourning letter written? What was the so-called grain delivery platoon like in those days, and when was it flat? We will continue to check the original draft of the Qing Dynasty. "Wang Zhi, Chen Yueren, Shandong Fushan people. In the fifth year of Kangxi, he tried Guangdong again. Through the doctor of punishments. Nineteen years later, it was named Wei Song Road in Sichuan. Yunnan was requisitioned, supervised the transportation of rations, capsized the boat and fell off the horse. Repeated resistance, the teacher depends on it. " "When I was working in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, I was ordered to pick rafters in Shu. When it was introduced into the Jin Dynasty, it was said that the Sichuan disaster became a heel. It can be seen that after Kangxi put down the San Francisco rebellion, the so-called "grain transportation between lines" was the "Wei Song Road in Sichuan" in the 19th year of Kangxi. When Yunnan was requisitioned, Kuai was responsible for supervising the transportation of rations. " Then the so-called affirmative nature is that the Qing government suppressed Wu Sangui's resistance during the reign of Kangxi, and Pingchuan Yunnan. "

After being razed to the ground, "there are still more than 18 thousand household registration in the province, which is not as good as other provinces and counties." The population loss and civilian deaths in Sichuan during this period were obviously related to the Qing army. In fact, not only Sichuan, but also other related areas have suffered similar misfortune. For example, Jiangxi slaughtered a large number of people. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi, Cao Yue, the magistrate of Liuyang, said, "The Wu family rebelled and advocated chaos. Even Wang Shihe was angry. The whole army is washed clean, and jade is difficult to distinguish from jade. Feng Yu's old man and young man are dead. Women and children know that the bones are everywhere and the people are innocent. " It is even clearer here: "When the princes are angry, the soldiers suppress them, and jade is inseparable. "This is related to the tradition of killing people in the Qing army. Officials in the Qing Dynasty did not deliberately discredit themselves, so there is no doubt about the authenticity of these records. No matter what the excuse is, if an emperor's army slaughters civilians, it is inappropriate for such an emperor to call it mercy.

2. atrocities: people who have been put at sea for more than ten years.

First of all, it is worth mentioning that the coastal migration was strengthened during the Kangxi period, and the disastrous consequences caused by the coastal migration have been partially described. When you move along the coast, you can do it at. What exactly is coastal migration? In short, in more than 20 years, China has changed from one of the countries with the longest coastline in the world to a landlocked country. Specifically, the Manchu government designated a coastal area, set up boundary markers and even built boundary walls to force the coastal residents in this area to move. Those who dare not migrate will be killed without forgiveness, and those who dare to cross the border will be killed without forgiveness. In short, the whole coast of China, 30 to 200 miles from the sea, has become a no-man's land. During this period, if the Qing rulers felt too close to the sea, they would continue to give orders and move on, and their fear of the sea had reached a morbid level. According to the history of Nanming:

"In February of Kangxi year, Guangdong coastal residents migrated, and the Qing court sent two ministers, Horqin and Jieshan, to patrol the sea", which made the coastal people learn to migrate five miles to the mainland to show their absolute support for the Taiwan Province provincial government. As a result, the Hui soldiers broke through the border in three days, wiped out their land and emptied their people. In the second year of Kangxi, Lord Hua came to patrol the border and then moved the people. "Jiayin moved to Panyu, Shunde, Xinhui, Dongguan and Xiangshan in the spring. When the boundary is first set, if it is near, it will be far, and the boundary will be determined in three steps. " . At that time, people described it as "that day, my wife took to the road and set a fire, leaving no rubble." "。 Most people died and pillows were slaughtered by pottery. In other words, people who reached the mainland two years ago have no food to eat, and hunger already exists. "That is to say, when they moved, more than half of the coastal residents died, and the rest was less than 20%. Even if we can go to the mainland, it's not far from starvation. Burn while walking. "Later, the army rode fast, the rocket burned its room, people dispersed, and the fire never went out. Thousands of warships of the navy were also burned at the same time. They said, "resources are useless. "'

Not only the house was burned down, but also people were killed, even trees and grass were not spared. "After the broadcast, it became a civilian worker, which made the official system out of bounds, destroyed the house and the wall, and suppressed the death of the people. It looks abandoned. Cutting down trees has led to a round year, with thousands of fruit trees and countless pines and cypresses. In March, the patrol soldiers cut green, so there was no grass on the ground. " As for why we cut down trees, we should cut down fruit trees, pine and cypress, which means to prevent the use of anti-Qing and restoration forces at sea. Qu Dajun's "History of Nanming" said that the situation in Guangdong Province is "Humen in the east and Fangcheng in the west, with a distance of more than 3,000 miles, which means big world." People who get in the way will be arrested and killed. Those who are thrown out of the wall by mistake and the dead don't understand geometry. Since eastern Guangdong, biological disasters have been more serious than this. Xi's "Guangdong New Language" said: "From Liaodong to Guangdong, everything moves. Build low walls, set up boundary markers and send troops to guard them. People who left the country died, and hundreds of millions of people lost their jobs and died. " These descriptions may be exaggerated, but it is conceivable that this tragic situation was actually before it was hollowed out.

This policy has been implemented for more than 20 years, most of which was under the rule of Kangxi. If the previous years had nothing to do with Kangxi, then Kangxi's next and some strengthening measures during the period had an unshirkable responsibility. A person who can allow this cruel policy to continue for more than ten years and take measures to strengthen it says that he is kind, which seems difficult to accept that the construction of the boundary wall in the coastal relocation area was carried out under the rule of Kangxi. As can be seen from Gu Cheng's relevant account, "the situation in Fujian and Guangdong is similar. At the beginning of the business, it was bounded by flags, wooden fences and fences. " Later, it became more and more strict, either "digging deep ditches" or "building earth walls as boundaries"; Later, they just recruited civilian workers to build large buildings, changed earth walls into boundary walls, built villages and docks along the border, and sent officers and men to guard them.

In the first month of the seventh year of Kangxi, people from the northern and southern oceans laid the boundary wall from Jiangkou to Fengting. The wall is four feet wide and six feet high. Every family is built on two feet and one foot. There is a watchtower on the border and a dam in the sea. "Fortresses guarded by soldiers on the border are called villages and docks in Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces, and docks in Guangdong. The general situation is this: the border was cut off and no one was allowed to enter or leave, so four villages and ten docks were built along the border and guarded by soldiers. Villagers outside the city receive cash from households and get paid to go to work. A village, three or four daughters, a pier and a half. I don't know how many people will die. Village width 160 feet, dock width 10 feet. " There are docks in five miles, and there are docks in ten miles. There are five soldiers on the dock and six soldiers in Taiwan Province province. People are forbidden to go out. ".[1] The emperor who carried out this policy did not call it tyranny, but it was inappropriate to call it kindness after all.

The third atrocity: the massacre of scholars by literary schools.

Let's talk about the literary inquisition during the Kangxi period. Objectively speaking, compared with the other two emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng and Qianlong, there were not many literary inquisitions in Kangxi, but it was not without them. Some cases are still very bad in nature. For example, the Zhu case that happened in the 19th year of Kangxi is worth mentioning.

Meng Sen, a great historian in the Republic of China, wrote in Notes on the Sea in A.D.: "Scholars often talk about anecdotes in the Qing Dynasty in the name of Zhu, but the whole story is unknown, and they are targeted by demons such as Wang Haoxian. This truth is bound by official documents in the authoritarian era, regardless of politics and religion. In learning, free thought is forbidden, and people are often slaughtered by big mistakes. Once killed, the preacher added words and poked him in the eyes and ears, but he could not tell the truth. In the late Qing Dynasty, Liao Ping from Jingyan, Sichuan, and Wu Yusheng, a scholar who attended the Senate and fell into the French Open, still had the habit of tyranny. Investigate Zhu's crimes and declare him innocent. At that time, it was about Wang's three major crimes: first, it was about missionary beliefs, including birth law, omitting emperors and generals; Second, there are many letters; The memory of these three inventions is in the brain, not in the heart, so people think that the new is the new. From today's point of view, the first two are religious scholars, while from the latter point of view, the so-called spiritual function of new inventions, especially the definition of physiology, is an elegant word in academic circles and is slightly regarded as a big sin, so today's books should be burned and banned, and schools should be sealed up and destroyed. "

This case is also introduced in the books Zhu Case and Introduction to Banned Books in Qing Dynasty. It can be simply described as follows: "Zhu's prison, in the 19th year of Kangxi, there was Zhu in Huguang, and two famous mountain people gathered here to discuss the prison of literature in Qing Dynasty, saying that the middle road was on the base of the eyebrows. In the twentieth year of Kangxi, Zhu was beheaded, and disciples Lu Guangxu, Zhai and Gu were sentenced to death with a reprieve. " According to Meng Sen's summary of Zhu's crimes and the first two sentences, it is estimated that Wang Gen and even Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty will be beheaded under the rule of Kangxi. Needless to say, Wang Gen, a civilian thinker born in Ding Yan, is arrogant, pretentious and has many disciples. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, beheading was enough. Under Kangxi's rule, he was accused of deviance. In addition, he also called his disciples to give lectures, which caused a sensation and was praised as a saint by his disciples.

Speaking of the last question, "memory is in the brain, not in the heart." We think this is also the ignorance of Kangxi and his ministers. Actually, this view is not new. It was circulated among many intellectuals as early as the end of the Ming Dynasty. Why did we come to him to change our mind, say something new, and even become a crime of beheading? This in itself is the manifestation of the ignorance and autocracy of Kangxi and his ministers. For example, Wu's "Chinese Department" said, "It shows the ignorance and stubbornness of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, which caused their subjects to be killed for holding some views on scientific progress." "Kangxi Dai Mingshi prison, also known as Nanshan set. Just because he agreed with Xiao and corrected Nan Ming's name, he was beheaded and his family and friends were implicated as slaves. This case is well known, so there is no need to waste space to introduce it here. Similarly, for the emperors who conducted these literary interrogations, it was not to condemn their tyranny. If you praise their kindness, it seems too far from the truth.

[/s2/] Atrocity 4: Kill people like hemp, even if you whitewash it.

Another point is that Professor Yan's praise of Kangxi's benevolent government seems to be inconsistent with the facts. This can be seen in Zhu's article. The article said: "Chen Si, a native of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, was unable to live because of the poor harvest in Shanxi in 44 and 45 years. In forty-six years, he led1more than 30 wives, children and relatives to flee the countryside and was falsely accused of robbery. After the trial, the investigators concluded that there was no ordnance and no local unrest in Iraq and other countries. As for our clothes, they didn't take them away. " Therefore, Kangxi was greatly dissatisfied after learning about the case. An important reason for Kangxi's dissatisfaction was the poor harvest in Chen Siyan in 1944 and 1945. Since Kangxi's trip to Shaanxi in the forty-second year, "every year there was a reward from the princes, and Chen Si obviously lied." Because Kangxi asked for reconsideration, the case-handling officials naturally dared not conclude that Chen Si was innocent. As a result, in June+10, 5438, the Ministry of Justice agreed that "Chen Si and others were sentenced to death for robbing the party's wife, and other family members of Chen Si were sent to Heilongjiang to hand over slaves to militants." The former governor and a large number of relevant officials "connived at vine growth", which drowned their grade crime and reduced it to five or four. "Kangxi wants to treat the family of a street performer mercilessly, because according to his own statement, the rest of Chen Sihe are in droves." Even if there is no rebellious journey, there can be no rebellion. " .

This logic is naturally better than nothing. Since you can't slander me in Kangxi years, I will say that you are "not necessarily rebellious." Naturally, you have not been wronged. So, Chen Si really created something out of thin air, that is, Feng Ren, contending that the harvest was not good, contending that he slandered the prosperous time of Kangxi? The same article lists some records of Yongzheng period, from which we can get a glimpse of people's lives in Kangxi period. In the second year of Yongzheng, he served as Anyi, Xiaxian, Linjin and Du. For thirty years, Yi Ji people served Shangguan and took more than ten times the money. Yang Yang's shackles were not paid off until he sold his son. This is personal injury. It hasn't rained or snowed in this state for several years, and there is nothing to gain from apologizing. The weak turned to the deep valley, the strong went into exile, and there was no news of displacement. Disaster also happened on this day. The poor are not only hungry and cold, but also can't delay their lives, even if the rich are in danger of protecting themselves. '

In the early years of Yongzheng, when Yue Zhongqi was the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, his "Social Control from Chen Si in the Fifty Years Around Kangxi" once said: "Since the emperor ascended the throne, there has been a bumper harvest every year." People who fled abroad in the past are now resuming business everywhere, but the Yan' an government is afraid to come back. Now they are all thinking about it. "The so-called' thirty years', although it is the account of some officials in the early years of Yongzheng, will naturally be pushed to the Kangxi period. It can be seen from the facts that Chen Si, who was killed by Kangxi, was not "derailed", but was "derailed" by Kangxi and his ministers. From this point of view, it seems reluctant to talk about Kangxi's benevolent policy. Wang objectively said that his case "on the other hand exposed the rulers' persistent fears, so he did not hesitate to use slaughter as a deterrent to try to maintain the prosperity of the' prosperous times'. "