Formal papers on contemporary world economy and politics (must have foreign relations)

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On the Influence of Contemporary World Politics and Economy on China

Abstract: According to the contemporary world economic and political development situation, this paper discusses China's position on the international stage, and the interactive relationship between the world political structure, economic development and China.

[Keywords:]: world economy and politics, economic globalization, China economy, development.

World economy

(1) Contemporary world economy

The world economy refers to a unified economic system with both connections and contradictions formed in various countries and regions of the world.

It is characterized in that:

1. The economic interdependence, interconnection and struggle of all countries in the world have further developed;

2. Reform and adjustment have become a worldwide wave;

3. The promotion of science and technology to productivity is more and more remarkable.

In addition, the future trend of the world economy is economic globalization.

(B), economic globalization

1. the driving force of economic globalization

(1) The obstacles of the economic system have been gradually eliminated. With the continuous development of world economic integration, the open market mechanism has been recognized by most countries in the world, governments have gradually relaxed their control over the economy, tariff and non-tariff barriers in international trade have been decreasing, and a "borderless market" is forming.

(2) Science and technology are constantly improving. With the progress of science and technology and the wide application of information technology, the spatial distance of economic activities has been greatly shortened, and the time difference and regional differences between different capital markets have been eliminated. The traditional geographical boundary between "country of origin" and "consumers" has lost its meaning. The circulation of goods, services, capital and information will be faster than in the past, and the "global village" economy will gradually become a reality.

(3) The rapid development of multinational corporations. By virtue of its unique advantages in capital, technology and management, multinational corporations have set up production bases and sales organizations around the world, established international business information networks, built a global R&D system, and participated in international economic cooperation and competition, which has become an important driving force for the development of economic globalization.

2. Characteristics of economic globalization

(1) Production internationalization. Economic globalization makes the factors of production flow freely around the world, and the economies of various countries have formed a situation of "you have me and I have you". Under the relatively perfect market economy system, transnational corporations have increasingly become the leading force in world economic activities, and commodity production links are distributed in different countries, and the economic dependence between countries has been significantly strengthened.

(2) Trade liberalization. From 65438 to 0995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established, which laid the foundation for free trade, gradually eliminated the obstacles to international trade, and the trade volume increased rapidly. At the same time, the framework of WTO multilateral trading system makes world trade more standardized and fair, which greatly promotes the development of global trade liberalization.

(3) Financial globalization. Finance is the core of modern economy, and economic globalization will inevitably lead to financial globalization. The outstanding performance of financial globalization is that countries have relaxed the restrictions on foreign financial institutions entering their own financial markets, consciously promoted financial liberalization, international capital flowed on a large scale, the international financial market flourished, and financial activities continued to expand and deepen on a global scale.

3. The development trend of economic globalization

(1) With the rapid development of high-tech industry and global information network, the pace of economic integration and international capital flow is accelerating, and the interdependence of national economies will be closer.

(2) The global business strategy of multinational corporations is more common, and the competition and merger among enterprises are increasingly fierce.

(3) Free trade has become the development direction of world trade, and the global commodity market has been gradually formed and improved.

(4) The national wealth of developing countries and developed countries is increasing day by day, but the imbalance of economic development is increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor between countries is widening.

(5) International coordination and cooperation have been further strengthened, and relevant international contracts and organizations have emerged.

Second, contemporary world economy and politics.

1, economy and politics are inseparable, and the economic foundation determines the superstructure.

Under the background of the international financial crisis, overcoming the crisis and achieving sustainable and balanced growth are the strategic choices of all countries in the world, but this will not be an automatic process, but full of games and challenges. The long-term imbalance of world economic development has caused more unsafe factors. While economic globalization has brought unprecedented opportunities to strengthen international cooperation and promote development, it has also further aggravated the gap between the North and the South, and some developing countries are in danger of further marginalization. The extreme poverty and backwardness of some countries caused by the unbalanced development of the world economy have given birth to the despair and despair of some people in the countries concerned, provided the soil for the breeding and spread of terrorism, and also intensified internal contradictions in some developing countries, weakened their ability to cope with crises, resist threats such as natural disasters, serious infectious diseases and transnational crimes, and led to a sharp increase in the number of refugees and illegal immigrants. For developing countries, we should not only be alert to the possible challenges brought by "global economic rebalancing", but also take advantage of the opportunities it brings to actively promote the adjustment of their own economic strategies, so as to enhance the initiative of developing countries in the international division of labor system and realize sustained and healthy economic development.

2. Economy and politics of developing countries

① Economic development and achievements of developing countries

The first task facing developing countries after the war is to develop national economy and strive for economic independence. This is the fundamental way for them to get rid of poverty and backwardness, and it is also the fundamental way to change their status of being exploited and plundered. It is the only way to get rid of the social unrest caused by poverty and backwardness, especially in today's widening gap between the north and the south, this task is particularly urgent; This is the guarantee of consolidating political independence. Practice has proved that without real economic independence, political independence is not only incomplete, but also the independence that has been achieved cannot be consolidated and is in danger of being lost again at any time.

The achievements of developing countries' economic development include: a, the improvement of economic strength. B, initially changed the abnormal national economic structure in the past, and the industry developed rapidly. C. With the enhancement of economic autonomy, many developing countries can formulate their own economic development strategies and policies according to their own national wishes, foster national industries, and supervise and manage foreign monopoly companies. D, a number of newly industrialized countries and regions have emerged.

(2) The imbalance of economic development in developing countries and the severe problems it faces.

The two economic strategies implemented by developing countries to realize national industrialization after the war have played a positive role in the development of national economy, and each has its own advantages. Import substitution is conducive to establishing an independent national economy and avoiding the impact of the capitalist world market. Some countries have gradually developed from import substitution of light industry to import substitution of heavy industry, which has gradually changed the single economic structure. Export-oriented strategy is conducive to achieving economies of scale, expanding market scope, promoting the improvement of enterprise management efficiency, thus accelerating the pace of economic growth. But at the same time, both of these strategies have a certain negative impact on economic development. The import substitution strategy restricts the expansion of the domestic market, resulting in insufficient market, idle productivity and lack of competitiveness in industrial exports due to high cost and low quality; Because they pay too much attention to import substitution industries, ignore the development of agriculture, electric power, energy industry and infrastructure construction, and restrict the overall economic benefits, the export-oriented strategy is mainly for export, which is easy to make the economies of these countries and regions rely heavily on the world market, and at the same time, it is easy to aggravate inflation and price increases, making it difficult to improve people's lives. At the same time, it also caused the imbalance of economic development.

Serious problems faced by developing countries. Since the mid-1970s, under the impact of two world economic crises in the capitalist world, many problems and difficulties have emerged in the economies of developing countries. Such as debt crisis, food crisis, serious unemployment, inflation and rising prices. Since the 1980s, the economies of many developing countries have fallen into serious setbacks and crises, and many countries are in a state of stagnation and semi-stagnation.

③ Political system, political progress and existing problems in developing countries.

A. After gaining independence, developing countries have chosen different development paths.

During the climax of the post-war national independence and liberation movement, a "socialist wave" emerged in countries striving for national liberation and independence. Many countries that have won and are winning independence have declared socialism.

After the Second World War, most developing countries, except China and Viet Nam, actually chose and embarked on the road of capitalist development, but compared with western primitive capitalism, they have their own characteristics: capitalist relations of production are mixed with pre-capitalist relations of production, state monopoly and bureaucracy are intertwined, and dependence and nationality exist.

B while choosing their own development path, developing countries have also established various political systems and party systems.

The political system of developing countries is complicated, showing many types and constantly changing. The forms of government in developing countries mainly include the following categories: parliamentary system, presidential system and monarchy (also known as parliamentary monarchy, absolute monarchy and binary monarchy); Military regime; Unity of politics and religion, unity of party and government.

Generally speaking, in the decades of development, the democratization of developing countries has experienced twists and turns, but it has also made remarkable achievements and progress: it got rid of the colonial and semi-colonial period, ended the rule and oppression of imperialism and colonialism, and became a sovereign and independent country on the international stage, opening a new chapter in history; The level of the broad masses' participation in state affairs and political democratization has been continuously improved, and the centralized system has gradually developed into a democratic system; Most developing countries have implemented policies that are conducive to national unity and freedom of religious belief; All countries are exploring development models and paths that suit their national conditions. These are hard-won and very valuable achievements. There are some problems in the political life of developing countries, such as political instability, local wars, complex ethnic contradictions, frequent religious conflicts and increased terrorist activities, which are also objective facts and cannot be ignored.

Three. China's role and position on the world stage.

China's position on the international stage cannot be underestimated. Since the reform and opening up, China's international status has been further improved and its role has been continuously expanded. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic strength has been significantly enhanced, and foreign economic exchanges and international trade have developed rapidly. With the progress of science and technology and economic development, its strategic and military strength has also been continuously enhanced, and its defensive combat capability under modern conditions has been greatly enhanced. China is one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council and one of the core powers. In particular, China's socialist system and current domestic and foreign policies have won the wholehearted support of the people of the whole country. Under the leadership of the Producers' Party of China, the people of all ethnic groups in China are closely United. All these have made China's position on the international stage constantly improve. 2. China is a staunch force for maintaining world peace and regional stability. Maintaining world peace is an important goal and task set by Deng Xiaoping for China's diplomatic work in the new era. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China is a staunch force for maintaining world peace and regional stability. The development of China is the development of the world's restraining war forces, and the development of China is the development of the world's peacekeeping forces. Because:

China is a socialist country. Opposing hegemonism and power politics and safeguarding world peace and stable development are the general principles and objectives of China's foreign relations.

The Chinese nation loves peace. For more than 100 years in modern times, the people of China have suffered the bitter fruit of colonialism, hegemonism and power politics, and cherished world peace and regional stability. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace, opposes hegemonism, upholds justice and advocates peace. It has become an important force for peace and stability recognized by the world and won the respect of people all over the world.

China is in the historical period of reform, opening up and modernization, and needs a peaceful international environment and a stable surrounding environment. Opposing hegemonism and maintaining world peace and stability around it are inevitable requirements for the healthy development of socialist modernization.

3. The change of China's position on the international stage since modern times.

We are studying this problem, and we only put forward some immature views here. According to some standards, we believe that during the 160 years since the Opium War, China's position in the world structure has roughly experienced the following four stages:

①1840-1911year. On the eve of the Opium War, the world situation was that the western powers were colonizing and expanding all over the world, and the edge of their expansion had reached the border of China, with the purpose of forcibly changing the status quo of relations between China and the powers. In the three centuries before 1840, China, as a big country, was able to make and modify "rules of the game" on its own initiative in international relations. However, after China was defeated in the Opium War, it was forced to sign the first unequal treaty in modern times, and China began to become a semi-colony. Since then, the great powers have launched a series of wars of aggression against China, imposed a series of unequal treaties on China, suppressed and contained China in all directions, and plunged China into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

②1911-kloc-0/949. Generally speaking, during this period, due to the oppression of the "three mountains" and the long-term civil war turmoil, China was still in a poor and weak position. However, several major events greatly improved China's status: the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years, which was beneficial to the modernization of China society to some extent; The May 4th Movement and the establishment of the China Producer Party marked the arrival of a new era in China. The people of China defeated Japanese imperialism with great national sacrifice and made great contributions to the victory of the world people's anti-fascist war. After World War II, China appeared on the world stage as one of the top four countries in the world and became one of the newly born permanent members of the United Nations, and so on.

(3)1949-1978.1949 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the obstacles that hindered China's modernization were quickly removed, and China's history entered a relatively stable and rapid development period. The victory of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea enhanced China's international status and ensured China's security environment for steady development. The socialist economic construction and development in the past 30 years have laid a solid foundation for China's modernization, and China's position in the international arena is also rising steadily. However, due to the influence of some wrong routes such as the "Cultural Revolution", China's modernization process has been seriously hindered.

④ Since 1978 implemented the reform and opening up after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, China's social economy has maintained rapid and stable development for more than 20 years, and China's position in the world has been greatly improved. This has not only greatly changed the face of China, but also changed the world pattern. In 2000, according to the exchange rate law, China has become the sixth largest economic power in the world. Of course, we are still a developing country, and there is still a considerable gap compared with developed countries in the world. If calculated by per capita GDP, we still lag behind the world ranking 100. This requires us to handle the relationship between China and the world more clearly.

Four. The Development of China Brought by the World Expo

On June 3rd, 2002, 65438+February 3rd, 2002, China successfully won the right to host the 20 10 Shanghai World Expo, which achieved a historic breakthrough that no developing country became the host country of a comprehensive World Expo in the history of the World Expo. World Expo is a global activity, covering a wide range in space and content. Because it is not limited by national system, geographical influence, nationality, religion, cultural and economic level, the participating countries can come from all corners of the world, which creates opportunities for the host country to publicize itself and make friends without leaving home.

Hosting Expo 20 10 is of great significance to further enhance China's international image and status, strengthen economic and technological cooperation with other countries, and promote international economic and trade exchanges. Hosting Expo 20 10 will make the world know more about China, witness the great changes in China, and accelerate the marketization and opening-up of China's economy. China will further participate in the development of world economy. Holding this World Expo in Shanghai will further enhance China's international reputation, let the whole world know and understand Shanghai better, and improve its modernization level. The World Expo is a post of human civilization, a grand gathering to fully display all kinds of new ideas, new technologies, new inventions, new creations and new ideas, and a platform for cross-border communication of multi-cultures. Hosting this World Expo will comprehensively enhance China's cultural "soft power".

The London World Expo 185 1 shows the achievements of the British industrial revolution; 1876 Philadelphia Expo began to push the emerging power America to the center of the world stage; Osaka World Expo 1970 became a symbol of Japan's re-emergence after the war ... 20 10 In May, the World Expo came to Shanghai, China. The duration of 184 days, 246 actual exhibitors and 70 million visitors ... not only provided an unprecedented stage for China to show itself, but also provided an unprecedented opportunity to absorb the latest scientific and cultural achievements of mankind and help its own development. But what kind of development and changes can it bring to China?

First of all, the impact on China's economy has driven the growth of investment in fixed assets. Located in the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai is the most developed and active area in China. Before the opening of the World Expo, the "Expo economy" here has already taken the lead, and the "economic kinetic energy" brought by the World Expo to the region can be described as immediate. In the words of Wan Jifei, Vice Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Shanghai World Expo and President of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, the economic pull coefficient of the exhibition industry to related industries is 1 to 9. During the preparation period, the "Expo Economy" will boost the annual investment of about 30% in the whole Yangtze River Delta region. In this year, the World Expo will promote the investment growth in the Yangtze River Delta region by more than 50%. The facts may be more convincing. During the preparation for the Shanghai World Expo, in addition to a large number of venues in the 5.28 square kilometers Expo Park, the related infrastructure construction in Shanghai and its surrounding areas has also been promoted simultaneously, with unprecedented scale and intensity. As one of the important projects of the World Expo, Shanghai S32 Shenjiahu Expressway, which connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport with Jiaxing, Huzhou and Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, was officially opened to traffic, increasing Shanghai's exports to the west to six. Some facilities of Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway and Hongqiao station of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway will also be completed and put into operation during the World Expo. As a large-scale global exhibition, the radiation and attraction of the World Expo have also enabled China Merchants to see huge business opportunities. Previously, Jiangsu organized three delegations to promote tourism in Singapore, Japan, South Korea and other places, and launched 55 Jiangsu "Expo Tour" boutique tourist routes; Jiangsu and Zhejiang businessmen with a keen sense of smell in the market have undertaken a number of manufacturing projects such as Expo licensed products, worth billions of yuan.

Second, it will vigorously promote the rapid development of China's economy and trade. Holding the World Expo in Shanghai will have a two-way impact on China's economy and trade. On the one hand, hosting the World Expo provides a good opportunity for foreign enterprises to know about China, especially by hosting such a large-scale event, which provides a good opportunity to vigorously promote China's national brand, thus helping to expand China's product exports and expand China's various exchanges with other countries in the world. On the other hand, domestic enterprises can also hold the World Expo in Shanghai to learn about the latest developments abroad, which will help attract many visitors to carry out economic and trade cooperation with China.

Advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization to China's economic development

Economic globalization is a "double-edged sword", which has both positive and negative aspects; This is both a new development opportunity and a severe challenge. As a developing country, China should be soberly aware that the development trend of economic globalization is unstoppable, and avoiding economic globalization can only lead to greater backwardness. We should correctly grasp the opportunities brought by economic globalization, avoid its unfavorable factors and risks to the maximum extent, and keep China's economy developing steadily and rapidly in the new century.

1. The favorable factors of economic globalization for China's economic development

(1) is conducive to the utilization of foreign capital. With the expansion of China's opening to the outside world, China has become the country that attracts the most foreign investment among developing China countries. In 2000, China used 40.7 billion US dollars of foreign capital, increased to 60.3 billion US dollars in 2005, and accumulated to 622.4 billion US dollars by the end of 2005 (Zhang et al., 2006), which greatly solved the capital bottleneck in China's economic development, realized the transformation from foreign borrowing to foreign direct investment, and effectively promoted China's rapid economic growth.

(2) It is conducive to expanding foreign trade. China's foreign trade has become an important growth point of the national economy. In the 1990s, China's foreign trade exports grew at an average annual rate of 14.9%. By 2004, the total import and export volume reached1154.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 6.2% of the world's total exports (Zhao Hua et al., 2006), making it the third largest trading country in the world.

(3) It is conducive to solving the employment problem of surplus labor. Our country has a large population and abundant labor force. The entry of foreign enterprises can effectively solve the employment problem of some surplus labor force. For example, in the southeast coastal areas of China, nearly 200 million rural laborers are directly engaged in foreign trade processing industry, which not only effectively solves the employment problem, but also promotes the development process of industrialization and rural urbanization in China to a certain extent.

(4) It is beneficial to establish a modern enterprise system. The entry of foreign capital and large multinational corporations is helpful to the transformation of traditional industrial structure and industrial competition, and plays an important role in promoting the establishment of modern corporate governance structure of state-owned enterprises in China at this stage. At the same time, through technical cooperation, the gap with developed countries in economy, technology and management can be shortened, and China's economic and technological competitiveness and creativity can be enhanced.

(5) It is conducive to promoting the reform and improvement of China's financial market, shortening the transition time from dual economy to modern economy, and accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economic system.

2. The unfavorable factors of economic globalization to China's economic development.

(1) Because foreign capital is mostly concentrated in areas and projects with developed economy, good infrastructure and high return and profit rate, it will cause unbalanced regional economic development in China. For example, by the end of 2004, China had actually utilized 562,654.38 billion US dollars of foreign capital, of which the eastern, central and western regions accounted for 86.25%, 965.438+06% and 4.59% respectively (Shang Yongsheng, 2006), and the eastern region absorbed much more foreign capital than the central and western regions.

(2) China's foreign trade export is mainly characterized by low-price competition and a large number of resource-based and labor-intensive products with low added value, but it has paid a heavy price at the expense of ecological environment and precious mineral resources.

(3) Monopolistic mergers and acquisitions of foreign capital and the technological and financial advantages of multinational corporations have greatly impacted national industry and agriculture and weakened the sustainable development of domestic industrial chain.

Third, China's economic development countermeasures and suggestions

The development goals of China's economy in the new century are: by 2020, the gross domestic product will quadruple compared with 2000, and a well-off society will be realized in an all-round way; Reach the level of moderately developed countries by 2050. We need to make unremitting efforts to achieve this goal. In the face of increasingly fierce economic globalization competition, China should focus on the following six aspects at present and in the future:

1. Establish China's national economic security system.

Our government must attach great importance to national economic security, establish a macroeconomic management system and a national economic security early warning index system under the guidance of the government, comprehensively study the development trend of economic globalization and the economic situation facing China, and put forward countermeasures to safeguard national economic sovereignty and ensure national economic security in time.

2. Improve China's socialist market economic system to adapt to economic globalization.

With the increasing marketization, commercialization, internationalization and socialization of China's economy, it is increasingly important and urgent to establish and improve the socialist market economic system. Therefore, we should intensify the reform of domestic economic system, break the monopoly situation in a series of state-owned monopoly fields, and comprehensively deal with the global economic integration competition; At the same time, further standardize and improve relevant supporting laws and regulations on finance, securities and investment, strengthen the functions of macro-control departments such as industry and commerce, taxation and technical supervision, and build a socialist market economic system with complete system, sound mechanism, unified opening and orderly competition.

3. Establish an international trade system with China characteristics.

In the face of economic globalization, China must further deepen the reform of foreign trade system, adhere to the WTO multilateral trading system as the framework, refer to international trade practices, improve the relevant laws and regulations in line with international standards, improve the management of import and export commodities, and establish a macro-control system for foreign trade and investment.

4. To study and formulate China's economic restructuring strategy in line with the development of economic globalization.

China should study and formulate economic development plans and industrial plans that are compatible with international economic rules, and intensify the adjustment of industrial structure, so as to change the mode of economic growth from the extensive one that focuses on resource input to the intensive one that focuses on improving the efficiency of resource allocation and utilization and embodies high-tech characteristics; At the same time, vigorously support national industries, give full play to existing industrial advantages and brand effects, and cultivate and develop multinational companies with international competitiveness.

5. Vigorously carry out scientific and technological innovation to provide technical support for the development of economic globalization.

The competition of contemporary global economy is the competition of national innovation ability, and the independent innovation ability has become the decisive factor of national competitiveness. China should attach great importance to the construction of national innovation system, give full play to the leading role of scientific and technological progress in economic development, keep track of the world's scientific and technological development trends in time, continuously improve the scientific and technological development and innovation ability, popularize and apply scientific and technological innovation achievements, and constantly seek and create new economic growth points.

6. Actively carry out regional economic cooperation to meet economic globalization with regional economic integration.

Since the establishment of 1993, the EU integrated internal market has created millions of employment opportunities and hundreds of billions of wealth income for member countries, effectively resisting external economic shocks. The successful experience of EU integration has important reference significance for China to develop geo-economy. China's regional economic cooperation is progressing rapidly. At present, bilateral trade agreements or protocols have been signed with more than 65,438+050 countries and regions, double taxation avoidance agreements have been signed with more than 65,438+065,438+00 countries and regions, and nine free trade zones are under negotiation (Xing Jun, 2006). We should take this opportunity to strengthen economic cooperation with China Free Trade Area, China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Northeast Asia Free Trade Area and other relevant countries and regions in the near future to further promote regional economic integration.