How did human ancestors hunt, survive and come from?

About 65 million years ago, a meteorite with a width of about 16 km hit the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico today, causing great disaster. At that time, two-thirds of the animal species on the earth, including dinosaurs, were extinct, and the golden age of reptiles ended. Primitive mammals survived disasters for a long time and then evolved rapidly.

About 50 million years ago, primates evolved rapidly in a radial direction, and then differentiated from lower primates (such as lemurs and tarsiers) into higher primates (namely apes, such as macaques, golden monkeys, baboons and apes). Note: The "Shu Ape" in China is even older than the early higher primate apes, and basically belongs to the early primitive monkeys, which is called "Shu". If the "Shu ape" is a monkey, its origin is similar. About 25 million years ago, monkeys began to evolve into apes, and primitive apes appeared, and gradually separated from monkeys. At this point, it is not completely a domain.

Australopithecus first appeared in eastern and southern Africa, and evolved from primitive apes, which are divided into: lower apes (such as gibbons), higher apes (such as orangutans), and ancient apes. About1.20 thousand years ago, crustal movement had formed a rift on the land in eastern Africa. The formation of the rift divides Africa into two independent animal systems, the east and the west. This barrier has become the key for people and apes to part ways. The western part of the Rift Valley in East Africa is still thick and humid bushes. Apes don't need to make much changes to adapt to the little changed environment, so they are destined to be in the stage of apes, such as gorillas. Due to the crustal changes east of the Rift Valley, rainfall gradually decreased, woodland disappeared and grasslands appeared. Today, most of the ancestors of apes are extinct. Among them, a small number of apes used to climbing adapted to the new environment, learned to move on the ground and live in an open environment, forming a unique evolutionary model and avoiding the extinction crisis. About 6 million years ago, a large ape barely landed on its feet. The hand-assisted primate, Australopithecus, was named Australopithecus. 1) because it is only distributed in the southern part of the African continent. About 6 million years ago, Australopithecus was recognized as the earliest human ancestor, that is, the origin of human beings. It first appeared in the southern part of the African continent and was the earliest primitive man. Primitive humans gradually separated from apes. 3).Homohabilis was about 1.5 million years ago to 2.5 million years ago. One of the Australopithecus evolved into a homo habilis, which first appeared on the east coast of Africa. An able person is a person who can make tools, which is the so-called early ape-man. It is the earliest animal of mankind. The paleolithic age began; After hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, Homo habilis was finally replaced by a new human species: Homo erectus, and became extinct. Homo habilis and its descendants Homo erectus existed for some time. 4) Homo erectus first appeared in Africa about 200,000 to 2 million years ago, the so-called late apes. They knew how to use fire and began to use symbols and basic languages, about 65,438+. Africa began to grassland, and Homo erectus had to migrate and expand to all parts of the world, distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa (Heidelberg, Guawa ape-man and Peking ape-man all belonged to Homo erectus). Note: At this time, human beings walked out of Africa for the first time 1. About 800,000 years ago, Homo erectus came to Spain today and became the earliest European. About 200,000 years ago, Homo erectus gradually disappeared in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Early Homo sapiens (about 30,000-250,000 years) originated in Africa in the middle Paleolithic period, and then spread to the middle and low latitudes of Europe, Asia and Africa (except America). This is the second time that mankind has walked out of Africa. Dali people, Maba people, Dingcun people, Xu Jiayao people and Neanderthals all belong to early Homo sapiens. After Homo erectus walked out of Africa, it was in Europe about 600 thousand years ago. The Heidelberg people evolved Neanderthals about 300,000 years ago, mainly distributed in Europe and the Middle and Near East. Neanderthals who independently evolved into early Homo sapiens later met the early Homo sapiens who walked out of Africa for the second time and the late Homo sapiens who walked out of Africa for the third time, and they lived together for a period of time. With the arrival of late Homo sapiens who went out of Africa for the third time, early Homo sapiens (including early Homo sapiens who went out of Africa for the second time and Neanderthals who independently evolved into early Homo sapiens) failed in the competition for survival. About 60 thousand years ago, with the arrival of the ice age, the living environment became more and more difficult. Finally, about 30 thousand years ago, all early Homo sapiens were eliminated and extinct.

Late Homo sapiens is about 1000 to 50000 years old, which is the so-called ancestor of modern people (cavemen, Hetao people, Liujiang people, Qilinshan people and intelligent people belong to late Homo sapiens). Later, they expanded to five continents, including high latitudes, which was the third time that mankind went out of Africa. At this time, art appeared. It is possible to make a fire artificially.

Attachment 1).

1987, based on the study of mitochondrial DNA, the famous "Eve Hypothesis" was put forward, that is, the mitochondria of all people on earth were handed down by the same woman in Africa about 200,000 years ago, and her descendants left Africa for Eurasia about130,000 years ago.

1990, the study of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) found that women's mitochondrial DNA is the same regardless of black people, red people, yellow people and white people, which proved that modern people came from an ancestor of Homo sapiens and were determined to be African women according to archaeological molecular biology. Then, according to the comprehensive calculation of female mitochondrial DNA, male Y chromosome gene and ape DNA, the more scientific and credible age of Homo sapiens ancestors is about 50,000 to 654.38+ 10,000 years ago. Breeding path: Africa-> Asia-> Europe-> Africa; America.

Note: In the process of fertilization, mitochondria in individual cells can be considered as only from the mother, because there are many mitochondria in egg cells and few mitochondria in sperm. Mitochondrial DNA can be used to study maternal inheritance.

Annex 2).

From 65438 to 0997, according to the research and analysis of mitochondrial DNA, it was confirmed that Neanderthals did not belong to the evolutionary path of modern human beings, that is, Neanderthals were another branch of human beings and had nothing to do with the ancestors of existing human beings. Neanderthals, a branch of human beings, were eliminated by a new human species from Africa about 30 thousand years ago and eventually disappeared completely.

In 2003, the comparative analysis of the genes of Siberian and American Indians by American and British scientists showed (1). 90% of Central American Indians and 50% of North American Indians come from the same father. Breeding path: Siberia and Northeast Asia-> Continental Bridge Crossing Bering Strait->; Alaska, at this time, among a group of Siberian people from Northeast Asia, the Y chromosome of a Siberian germ cell just changed, named "M242", which happened about 6.5438+0.8 million years ago (at this time, it was the middle and late ice age, and the sea level moved down. To make the Bering Strait connecting Siberia and Alaska passable) That is to say, the Siberian, the ancestor of American Indians, first entered America not earlier than 18000 years ago, and only the descendants of this person survived and multiplied, and then their descendants slowly moved south (2). Shortly thereafter, hundreds or thousands of years later, another group of Northeast Asians also came to Alaska, and their descendants multiplied to form the other half of American Indians; But I don't know why I stopped in North America and didn't continue to migrate south.

Annex 5).

Central Asia is the region with the highest genetic diversity in Eurasia population. Among all the Eurasian human groups studied, Central Asia is the oldest human group in Eurasia, and it has the highest genetic diversity, especially in Uzbekistan.

Central Asia is the ancestor of human groups in Siberia, America and parts of Europe. This area is the birthplace of two large-scale immigration waves. After the Central Asian human groups moved northward to Siberia, one moved eastward to America and the other moved westward to Europe. The present human groups in Europe are basically composed of two periods: the late Paleolithic period (about 45,000 years ago) and the early Neolithic period (about 654.38+0,000 years ago).

Annex 6).

On China's Theory of Multi-regional Evolution.

The so-called multi-regional evolution theory, that is, since Homo erectus spread from Africa to other continents in the world 2 million years ago, it evolved independently into modern Africans, Asians, Oceania and Europeans, during which there was a little gene exchange between regions.

For China, after East African Homo erectus entered China, China hominids continued to evolve, accompanied by a small amount of hybridization with foreigners, namely: Homo erectus in Beijing (basically independent evolution) → Homo sapiens in early Beijing (basically independent evolution) → Homo sapiens in modern China. In other words, Homo erectus was an early Homo sapiens from Africa, but it was not the second time that he left Africa, and

But at present, the results of human archaeology and modern genetic research show that early Homo sapiens in China has been extinct and completely replaced by late Homo sapiens immigrants. On the most important archaeological fossil evidence, there were fossil faults in East Asia (including China) 400-65438+ 10,000 years ago, and the fault time was roughly consistent with the Quaternary Ice Age. That is to say, early Homo sapiens in China had a recent ice age (about 75,000 years ago, a large-scale volcanic eruption occurred on Sumatra Island, which led the world to enter the ice age about 67,000 years ago), which made it difficult for most species in East Asia, including China, to survive due to bad weather.

Therefore, the ancestors of modern China people were late Homo sapiens from Africa. They entered China from south to north through Southeast Asia in the middle and late Ice Age.

There is no basis for the theory that China people are born and bred.

In other words, the Neanderthals in Beijing were not locals at all, but immigrant foreigners from Africa.

Annex 7).

Special case: The analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from Australian human remains about 60,000 years ago shows that it has no genetic relationship with the ancient DNA of early modern humans found in other parts of the world, which is considered to have originated in Africa. This shows that the evolutionary route of early modern people in Australia did not come from Africa. Note: Homo sapiens is divided into four major races. China people, East Asians and American Indians belong to the yellow race, also known as Mongolian race; Europe, North Africa and South Asia are white (Europa); Africa is black; Australia is brown (Australian).

It is not the first time that mankind has walked out of Africa. Some people (Homo erectus) walked out of Africa at least 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. According to the estimation of mitochondria and Y chromosome, most humans (Homo sapiens) left Africa from 80,000 to 6,543.8+0.5 million years ago. After that, there were several trends of people returning to Africa (probably influenced by the global ice age), and then it expanded further (influenced by the gradual warming of the climate at the end of the ice age). Subsequently, the late Homo sapiens groups who left Africa merged with each other to form the modern world population.

Appendix 9). human population

About 1 ten thousand years ago, the global population was about 500 thousand. About 70,000 years ago, during the recent ice age, the population dropped to only about 20,000-30,000 due to the harsh environment and difficulties in survival. About 1. 1 ten thousand years ago, the ice age ended and the climate recovered. The global population was about 65438. The global population is about 3 million, about 65.438 billion years ago, about 5 million years ago, about 30 million years ago, about 65.438 billion years ago.