Why are there ethical problems in engineering practice?

1, combined with the characteristics of engineering activities, the causes of ethical problems in engineering practice:

Engineering is both social and exploratory, which is closely related to ethical issues. Engineering practice not only involves engineers, other technicians, workers, managers, investors and other stakeholders related to engineering activities, but also involves the existence of engineering and people, nature and society, so it faces multiple complex and overlapping interests.

2. What ethical issues may arise in engineering practice? What are the characteristics of these ethical issues?

Technical ethics, interest ethics, responsibility ethics and environmental ethics of engineering. Historicity, sociality and complexity.

3. What is the basic idea of dealing with engineering ethics?

Facing the specific engineering ethics problems, we should deal with and solve the engineering ethics problems through the following procedural steps. Cultivate the ethical consciousness of the subject of engineering practice.

Use ethical principles, bottom line principles and related specific situations to solve ethical problems in engineering practice. When encountering thorny ethical issues, we need to listen to opinions from many sides. According to the ethical problems encountered in engineering practice, relevant ethical standards and norms are revised in time. Gradually establish the relevant guarantee system to abide by the engineering ethics standards.

4. What are the basic principles for dealing with engineering ethics?

The basic principles of humanitarianism-dealing with the relationship between engineering and people, social justice-dealing with the relationship between engineering and society, and the harmonious development between man and nature-dealing with the relationship between engineering and nature.

5. Case Summary: After thousands of years of freedom, the Nujiang River will be cut off by the dam. Liuku Hydropower Station was quietly relocated and started construction in early 2007 when the whole basin planning and environmental impact assessment were lacking, the resettlement plan was not audited and the state had not officially approved it. This is only the first step in the development of Nujiang Hydropower Station with "two reservoirs and thirteen grades". Since 2003, the Nujiang hydropower development has been debated for more than six years, which has become a symbol of environmental protection and development disputes. With the construction of Liuku Power Station, the biggest challenge in China's environmental protection history is incandescence.

Do you think Nujiang River is suitable for hydropower development from an ecological point of view? To some extent, the local resources of Nujiang River are limited and the living conditions are poor, so the development of hydropower resources is a promotion.

One of the effective ways to promote local economic development; Moreover, the Nujiang River has superior geographical conditions, less investment and great returns, which can bring huge economic benefits to society and improve the economic situation of local people. At the same time, the development of Nujiang River is conducive to raising funds for ecological migration, thus better protecting the ecological resources of Nujiang River. But from the ecological point of view, firstly, the development of hydropower resources in Nujiang River can not fundamentally solve the poverty problem of people, but will produce additional pollution; Second, it is difficult to solve the immigration problem well. Local people have their own lifestyle traditions and should respect their culture. Thirdly, Nujiang River is a complete natural ecological zone, and its development will cause serious damage to the ecological environment. Fourth, there will be many problems of intercepting upstream sediment and some unexpected problems in the early stage of the project.

2. Risks, safety and responsibilities in the project

1. Why are projects always accompanied by risks? What are the factors that lead to engineering risks?

Projects are always accompanied by risks, which are determined by the nature of the project itself. Engineering system is an artificial thing created according to human needs, which does not exist in nature at first. It is a complex and orderly system far from equilibrium. Technical factors, environmental factors and human factors of engineering risk.

2, how to prevent engineering risks, what are the means and measures?

(1) Strictly implement the project quality supervision system. The supervision engineer must inspect, supervise and manage the project quality, eliminate all kinds of unfavorable factors affecting the project quality, and make the project meet the requirements of contracts, drawings, technical specifications and quality standards. (2) Effectively control the risk of engineering accidents, predict possible accidents and establish an engineering early warning system. Before the danger occurs, according to the observed omen information or past experience, send an early warning signal to the relevant units and report the danger situation, so as to prepare for the risk in advance. (3) Effectively handle engineering accidents, establish and improve emergency plans for accidents, and reduce casualties and economic losses. In peacetime, it is necessary to strengthen disaster prevention training, education and drills, enhance citizens' awareness of disaster prevention and self-help ability, actively mobilize non-governmental support organizations, and encourage volunteers to participate in rescue operations in an orderly manner.

3. What basic principles should be followed in evaluating project risks?

People-oriented, prevention-oriented, holism and institutional constraints.

4. What is ethical responsibility? What ethical responsibilities do engineers need to bear?

First of all, moral responsibility is not equal to legal responsibility. Legal responsibility belongs to "post-event responsibility", which means to investigate the events that have happened afterwards; Ethical responsibility belongs to "prior responsibility", and its basic feature is that goodwill behavior is not only out of responsibility, but also out of responsibility. Secondly, moral responsibility is not the same as professional responsibility. Engineer's

Moral responsibility is generally greater than or heavier than professional responsibility. Professional moral responsibility, social moral responsibility and environmental moral responsibility.

Value, benefit and justice in engineering

1. What are the diversity of engineering values?

Scientific value, cultural value, political value, ecological value and social value.

2. Originally, the project has economic, political, cultural, scientific, social and ecological values, but some people often only see the one-dimensional value of the project (such as narrow economic value and "squeezing people"). ). Why?

As a creative practice of changing nature, engineering is a whole that integrates science, technology, economy, management, society, ethics and ecology. A project always contains economic, political, social, cultural, scientific, ecological and other aspects of the value, we generally hope that the value of all aspects of the project is positive. Under the market economy system, most projects are initiated and implemented by enterprises. Obtaining economic benefits and pursuing enterprise development are the starting point and motivation of such projects. Because the project involves different interest groups, for example, the target group focuses on cost performance and economic benefits, while stakeholders pay more attention to their own rights and interests, worrying about risks and harm. Different groups pay different attention, and often only see the one-dimensional value of the project.

3. How to realize the principle of justice in engineering?

Basic justice, interest compensation and interest coordination mechanism: public participation.

4. How to ensure fair distribution? Ways and mechanisms?

Carry out social evaluation of the project, and introduce post-evaluation mechanism for all consequences that cannot be accurately predicted beforehand and justice problems that were not considered in the early stage. When making project decisions, focus on analyzing unexpected risks and impacts. Broaden areas of concern, carry out stakeholder analysis, and let them participate in project selection, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

5. In the study of western engineering ethics, an expression of justice related to engineering often involves discrimination in engineering education and employment. In the west, engineering majors generally belong to the middle (upper) class of society. In the past, American engineers were mainly white men, and there was an imbalance in gender and race distribution objectively. Some people think that there may be gender and racial discrimination. At present, how attractive are engineering and engineers to young people in the enrollment and career selection of colleges and universities in China?

Engineering is a discipline developed by applying the principles of basic sciences such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, combined with the technical experience accumulated in production practice. Representative disciplines include civil engineering, water conservancy, electrician, electronic information, thermal energy and nuclear energy, instrumentation, chemical industry and pharmacy. The training target of engineering is senior engineering talents engaged in planning, exploration, design, construction, raw material selection, research and management in corresponding engineering fields. Mainly to train staff with practical application ability. Engineers should also understand that there is always a difference between the theoretical model and the actual situation, and a good paper scheme, even if it performs well in simulation, may not necessarily have advantages in practice. The key is to try and make mistakes as much as possible when the cost allows. Of course, these "engineer cultures" may not be included in the "engineer cultures" of enterprises. If the society respects engineers, it is believed that their wisdom and sweat will benefit our lives greatly, so that engineers can have lofty social status and full right to speak. Many children dream of becoming engineers in the future. Then I think this is the expression of engineer culture in society.

Environmental Ethics in Engineering Activities

1, case summary: DDT was first synthesized by Ottmar-Schindler in 1874, but it was not until 1939 that this compound was discovered by Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller. This product is very effective for almost all insects. During the Second World War, the use of DDT expanded rapidly, which played an important role in treating malaria, dysentery and other diseases, saving many lives and increasing crop yield. From 65438 to 0962, American scientist Rachel Carson suspected that DDT had entered the food chain in her book Silent Spring, which was the main reason for the near extinction of some carnivorous and fish-eating birds. Therefore, since 1970s, DDT has been banned from production and use by all countries in the world.

Why is DDT technically successful and ecologically unsuccessful?

The technical success of DDT is due to its broad spectrum, lasting efficacy, easy solubility in oil and fat, easy synthesis and no obvious harm to human body, which effectively prevents the spread of typhus. The reason of ecological failure is that DDT, when used in a very small amount, can produce cumulative effect and food chain effect in organisms, destroy the original ecosystem, ignore the complex interrelationships in the ecosystem, which will inevitably lead to disastrous consequences and violate the environmental ethics principles in engineering activities.

2. Two ways to protect the environment in the process of industrialization

Resource protectionism-anthropocentrism, nature protectionism-non-anthropocentrism. 3. Three propositions of environmental ethics: the right to natural existence, the ethics of generational alternation and the theory of earth limit.

4. Environmental ethics in engineering activities.

The principles of respect, integrity, no damage and compensation.

5. How to understand the principle of environmental ethics of engineers? Is it limiting the engineer's behavior, or is it right for the work?

Shicheng's action provided institutional protection? Why?

The impact of engineering activities on the environment requires engineers and technicians not only to be responsible for the interests of the project itself, employers and the public, but also to be responsible for the natural environment in the design and implementation of the project, so that engineering activities can develop in a direction conducive to environmental protection. For engineers, environmental ethics is particularly important because their work has a great impact on the environment. With the increasing ability of engineering to interfere with and destroy nature, the consequences are becoming more and more dangerous, and engineers need to bear environmental ethical responsibilities and follow environmental ethical principles. In fact, engineers' environmental ethics principles provide institutional guarantee for engineers' behavior, because if engineers violate the principles of respect, honesty, non-damage and compensation in environmental ethics, they will inevitably pay the price, be responsible for their own wrong behavior, and bear the compensation obligations arising therefrom. Just like in the "Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation of Songhua River Extraordinary Pollution Case", violation of environmental ethics leads to litigation, which greatly limits the behavior of engineers, because destroying the environment seriously affects the interests of the project.

6, the engineer's environmental ethics responsibility

Engineers are the main body of engineering activities and need to bear more ethical responsibilities in the process of dealing with the environment. Engineers should be responsible for the project itself, the interests of employers, the public interest and the natural environment. Maintain human health and protect people from the pain and inconvenience caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction; Protect the natural ecological environment from suffering.

Go to ruin.

Professional ethics of five engineers

1, occupation has the following characteristics

Purpose, sociality, stability, standardization and group.

2. Please combine professional discussions and cases to talk about your understanding of the major.

The meaning of "occupation" expressed in this book, especially in the field of engineering, refers to "those work forms involving advanced professional knowledge, self-management and good coordination and service to the public". Combined with what we have learned in this chapter, engineering is also a profession. Engineering is a kind of service involving profound professional knowledge, self-management and public interests, and it usually clearly expresses goodness in its own professional ethics articles. Profession needs morality. In order to prevent professionals from abusing their rights, occupations need to embody the ethical standards of the code of conduct, that is, professional ethics. As a professional project, engineering ethics is a kind of preventive ethics, aiming at preventing moral injury and avoidable ethical dilemma, and helping professional engineers to conduct ethical reflection and make correct actions.

3, the engineer's responsibilities

Duty-responsibility, negligence-responsibility, role-responsibility.

4. Case description: The dairy product pollution incident in China in 2008 was a food safety accident in China. The cause of the accident was that many babies who ate milk powder produced by Sanlu Group were found to have kidney calculi, and then melamine was found in their milk powder. According to the published figures, as of September 2, 20081day, there were 39,965 infants who received outpatient treatment consultation and recovered due to the use of infant milk powder, and 2892 infants were hospitalized/KLOC-0. Before that, 1 579 was cured and discharged, and 4 cases died. As of September 25th, there were five babies in Hong Kong. This incident has aroused great concern from all countries and worried about the safety of dairy products.

Combined with the discussion of engineering profession and engineering professional ethics, combined with the "2008 China dairy pollution incident"

With reference to cases, talk about your understanding of engineering specialty.

Engineering professionalism is actually a combination of engineering professional ethics and engineering professional technical spirit. The moral and ethical norms in the engineering profession are to ensure that the project is carried out on the right track, while the technical spirit of the engineering profession is to ensure the better progress and completion of the project. In the case of "melamine" in this chapter, engineers seriously violated the professional spirit of engineering, used professional technical means to drill technical loopholes in quality inspection, ignored the safety and health of consumers, and caused great harm to society. Engineering professionalism requires engineers to abide by their professionalism, put public safety, health and well-being in the first place, guard against potential dangers, perform their duties and responsibilities, use their professional and technical characteristics to serve the project, and abide by the professional virtues of honesty, reliability, due diligence and service. In the face of ethical conflicts in professional behavior, we should return to engineering practice, maintain multi-party trust, and deal with responsibility conflicts through the flexibility of rights and interests.

Information technology engineering ethics

1, new ethical issues in the era of big data

Data security, identity dilemma, privacy boundary, data rights, big data governance.

2. What should be the ethical value of public governance in China in the era of big data?

Adhere to the principles of respect, justice, limited memory, harmlessness and sustainability. Among them, information benefiting the people may be the highest requirement in big data governance.

3. What is the ethical responsibility of big data innovation technicians? What kind of ethical responsibility should we have? Respect for individual freedom; Strengthen technical protection; Strict operating procedures; Strengthen industry self-discipline; Take social responsibility.

Correctly identifying the interests and concerns of various responsible subjects and understanding their value pursuit and behavioral motives are the ethical responsibility consciousness that big data innovation technicians must have.

4. Personalized recommendation is an important form of big data business innovation. Please combine the actual case, from the number.

This paper discusses how to create personalized recommendation service for private users from the perspectives of rights, digital identity and personal privacy.

What is reasonable and legal?

Big data is a double-edged sword, and there are areas with vague ownership. In order to improve the ownership of big data, we should improve the technical application means and relevant economic market planning, and clearly define the attributes of data assets, which also involves the core issues of ethical inference or ownership. While promoting the data trading market, speed up the process of data capitalization, take the principle of fair trade and relevant laws and ethics as constraints, gradually clarify the ownership of data in the development, and support legal and good business innovation and social service innovation. Digital identity is an online identity card that people use. With digital identity, people can be more cautious and legal when expressing their opinions, and moral norms are more conducive to the development of good social behavior. For network service units, it is more conducive to management and operation, interception of inappropriate content, and accurate business services. For the government, it is more conducive to providing accurate services, reducing bad network information, making speeches clearer and investigating cyber crimes faster. In terms of personal privacy, protecting privacy means keeping personal information confidential, which requires us not only not to infringe on personal privacy but also to try our best to prevent inappropriate and illegal disclosure of personal privacy. Only in this way can we ensure individuality, rationality and legality.

Engineering ethics in other fields

1, Ethical Issues in Civil Engineering

Safety ethics issues: Collapse accidents are caused by construction and design defects, which are related to lax supervision of construction quality. Environmental ethics: occupying and consuming a lot of natural resources. Other ethical issues: culture and values, professional ethics of engineers.

2, combined with the characteristics of civil engineering construction activities, think about why there are ethical problems in concrete practice?

Civil engineering is an activity that human beings transform nature, create living environment and provide space and facilities services for human living, living and production activities. It involves the possession and consumption of natural resources, contributes to economic growth and social development, changes the ecological environment, and also has an important impact on the history and culture of human development. Because of its extensive influence, the whole life cycle of civil engineering projects, such as investment decision-making, planning and design, construction, use, maintenance and operation until demolition, is full of a series of engineering ethics issues, such as safety and risk, fairness and justice of interest distribution, sustainable development of economy, society and environment, coordination of local and overall interests and short-term and long-term interests, modernization and historical and cultural heritage.

3. What is the relationship between civil engineering ethics and engineers' professional ethics? What is the difference?

Civil engineering ethics includes safety ethics and environmental ethics, the conflict and confusion between culture and values, and the professional ethics of engineers. The ethical problems of civil engineering come not only from the engineering dimension, but also from the professional ethics of professionals involved in the project, that is, the professional ethics of civil engineers. Engineers are the main force of technological change and human progress. They are not influenced by the prejudice of interest groups and have a wide range of responsibilities to ensure that technological changes will ultimately benefit mankind. The professional ethics of civil engineers mainly includes three aspects: responsibility ethics, environmental ethics and safety ethics.

4. Taking the Three Gorges Project as an example, according to its design function, consider the possible conflicts of interest and their causes.

Compared with other industries, large-scale water conservancy projects have caused more social disputes?

Water conservancy projects involve a wide range and have different scales. Compared with other industries, there are many controversial reasons as follows: (1) The scale of large-scale water conservancy projects is much larger than that of other industries, and the Three Gorges Project has set a number of the largest scales in the world. (2) Complex technology: Large-scale water conservancy projects are generally located in deep mountain canyons, and the investigation of dam sites and related areas includes many ecological contents, such as hydrology, geology, geomorphology and ecology. The planning of key projects involves political, economic, military and other multi-objective optimization, and there are many factors to be considered, so the technical problems involved in water conservancy projects are very complicated. (3) Long cycle: The survey, planning, design and construction of large-scale water conservancy projects have a long cycle, often as long as several years, ten years or even decades, hundreds of years, etc. (4) Huge investment: the construction of water conservancy projects costs a lot. Taking the Three Gorges Project as an example, the total investment is about 654.38+80 million yuan. (5) Far-reaching impact: 1) Water conservancy projects have a far-reaching and all-round impact on promoting national economic and social development, 2) The spatial scope of water conservancy projects is greatly affected, and 3) Water conservancy projects have a far-reaching impact on humanities and ecological environment, greatly changing the production and living conditions of immigrants in the reservoir area and the environment of the whole basin.

The ecosystem will undergo important changes and adjustments.

5. "Yellow River Water Dispatching" is to determine the water allocation of each province and city according to the water quantity. The allocation in wet year is high, and that in dry year is low, but the proportion of allocation among provinces and cities in wet year and dry year remains unchanged. Considering the random characteristics of water resources, please think about what ethical problems may be caused by implementing this principle. (1) The implementation of this principle may lead to social, ecological, development and economic and ethical problems. (2) Deviation: Except for Hebei and Qinghai, there is little difference between the distribution indicators and the actual water consumption, other areas have exceeded the standard to varying degrees, of which Shaanxi and Shandong exceeded the standard seriously. These reasons are related to the natural climate and regional differences, as well as to the policy system. According to the actual situation, the water dispatching should be properly adjusted in the wet year and the dry year, so that the resources can be allocated reasonably. (3) This deviation may cause the public to question the rationality of resource allocation, and the resource allocation of colleagues will affect the regional economic development, which will also cause people's controversy.

6. According to the case of "explosion accident in Jihua Double Benzene Factory", if you are the director of this factory, how should you take precautions beforehand? If you are an engineer in Ji Chemical Plant, what should you do if you learn that the fire sewage from Shuangbenzene Plant flows into Songhua River?

It is necessary to make preparations in advance, train employees' operators, and strictly demand employees' behavior norms. Everyone needs to be responsible for their own work, investigate potential safety hazards, establish and improve various rules and regulations, make arrangements for accident early warning and emergency treatment, clarify the division of responsibilities, and deal with emergencies in an orderly and orderly manner. All departments should keep in touch, exchange information and feedback in time, and release the latest news truly and quickly.

7. Suppose you come to work in a chemical enterprise with strong momentum and good welfare after graduation, and five years later you are promoted to workshop director because of your outstanding work performance. Recently, due to market changes, the sales volume of your enterprise has dropped significantly. One day, the general manager of the enterprise ordered you to stop the sewage treatment facilities in your workshop at night to reduce the cost of the enterprise. What should you do?

I'll tell the manager that I can't do this and explain to him the serious consequences it will cause. We should adhere to the professional ethics of engineers. As a decision-maker, it is necessary to understand the punishment of relevant national laws and regulations, cite some relevant cases, never disregard people's lives and property for their own selfish interests, and list the best solutions, which will not only help factories reduce costs, but also reduce environmental pollution.

8. What ethical principles should nuclear engineering follow?

The ethical principles that nuclear engineering should follow are: people-oriented principle; The principle of sustainable development; Ecological principles; The principle of justice.

9. What ecological principles should be followed in the development of nuclear power?

The development of nuclear power should follow the ecological principles, which should be achieved as follows: in the site selection and feasibility study stage of the project, the risk range must be minimized and the safety of the surrounding environment should be maximized; After the feasibility assessment of the project is passed, it will be reviewed whether the initial stage of nuclear power construction conforms to relevant ethical norms and principles; In the operation stage of nuclear power, check whether the pollution generated by it is within the controllable range, and if the damage degree is too large, the safety of the surrounding ecological environment must be ensured; In the event of a nuclear power accident, it is necessary to investigate whether the relevant departments have taken effective measures in time to prevent the deterioration of the situation, and whether they have given sufficient compensation to the public after the accident caused infringement.

10, what is the just principle of developing nuclear power?

The principle of justice in the development of nuclear power has two meanings: one is the principle of fairness. Fairness means that any country has the basic right to peaceful development and utilization of nuclear energy. Secondly, it is the principle of justice. The principle of justice requires the "just" development of nuclear power projects, which means that all countries' plans and progress in developing nuclear power should be supervised by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

1 1. What kind of environmentalists should environmental workers be?

Environmental engineers should use their knowledge, wisdom, experience and skills to implement projects or technologies that meet the requirements of the ecological environment. They should not regard the necessary consumption restraint as a "gift" to show off in the most natural world, but as an obligation and responsibility that they must fulfill to themselves, their loved ones and future generations. Environmental engineers need to change the utilitarian view of blindly pursuing efficiency and maximum output, establish the ethical status of the natural environment, and clarify the ethical responsibility for the natural environment.

12, environmental protection workers are engaged in environmental protection and their personal ideas conflict. How to choose?

With the deterioration of the natural environment, how to solve environmental problems has become the primary concern of global events, so environmental engineers should have more special and important environmental ethics responsibilities. It is not only the responsibility of environmental engineers to implement projects or technologies that meet the needs of ecological environment, but also win the recognition of peers and bring social praise and reputation to environmental engineers. In order to prevent further deterioration of the natural environment, engineers need to base their personal ideas on environmental protection.

13. Taking a biomedical engineering technology as an example, what outstanding problems exist in its design and implementation are discussed.

Management issues?

Take the "reaction stop" event as an example, it has an unacceptable "risk-benefit" ratio problem in design and an informed consent problem in implementation. The inducement is that there are many design defects and irregular operations in the process of research and development and clinical application of this new drug, and the potential high risks of this new drug are easily overlooked. Enterprises blindly pursue commercial interests, ignore corporate social responsibility and ignore life.

14. What are the potential moral dilemmas faced by biomedical engineers and technicians? How to get out of these difficulties?

The potential moral dilemma faced by biomedical engineers and technicians is mainly the dilemma when two moral obligations need to be observed at the same time, but they cannot be fulfilled at the same time. For example, doctors will face a moral dilemma when doing a surgery that is beneficial to patients and respecting patients' independent choices that they refuse to accept after fully knowing. When technicians falsify the data of drug research and development or intentionally conceal unfavorable information at the instigation of the employer, it will conflict with their own moral concepts of integrity and professional ethics. The countermeasure is to distinguish the initial obligation from the actual obligation, fully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of various schemes, and choose the lesser of the two evils.

15 with the help of an analytical framework based on ethical principles, this paper aims at the problems existing in genetic engineering, organ transplantation or pharmaceutical engineering.

The specific ethical issues are analyzed and demonstrated.

(1) The combination of tissue engineering, material science and regenerative medicine can repair and replace existing tissues and organs with biological substitutes, restore and maintain or improve the function of tissues or organs, and provide hope for patients with organ injury or failure, but there are some treatment misunderstandings in the development process. (2) How to obtain the informed consent of the remains donors before their death still faces many practical problems, such as how to obtain the opinions of patients and their families; Before organ transplantation, doctors should fully inform the potential risks and economic burden of organ transplantation, and the principle of voluntary donation should be adhered to in the donation process. (3) Fair distribution of transplantable organs. Due to the extreme shortage of human organs, the fair distribution of scarce transplantable human organs has emerged, including how to effectively use limited resources and how to formulate policies to restrict the use of organ transplantation. And who makes the decision, and what is the allocation standard.

(4) Special organs such as head, face, uterus and xenotransplantation are also facing ethical problems, such as how to determine a new social identity, how to protect the privacy of donors and recipients, conflicts with social culture, morality and ethics, and security issues.