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Wen Tianxiang

Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283) was born in Luling (now Ji'an) in the Southern Song Dynasty.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial court was located in the south of the Yangtze River and the country was weak. In 1271, the northern Mongols ended their internal fratricidal struggle for the throne and established the Yuan Dynasty. Then they directed their invasion towards the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1273, Prime Minister Boyan led an army of 200,000 to capture Xiang and Fan. Using this as a breakthrough, they moved down the river and within two years reached the suburbs of Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Wherever the Mongolian soldiers passed, corpses littered the fields, rivers of blood flowed, farmland was abandoned, and industries withered. This was an unprecedented and brutal war of aggression. The Southern Song Dynasty faced a serious threat of national subjugation and genocide. It was under this situation that Wen Tianxiang appeared. A great national hero who fought against aggression.

The Southern Song Dynasty court was controlled by the surrender faction for a long time. In 1259, Prime Minister Jia Sidao secretly sued for peace on the condition of becoming a vassal, ceding the Jiangbei region, and receiving 200,000 taels of silver silk each year. Boyan, however, intended to destroy the Song Dynasty and did not stop invading the south. In 1275, Jia Sidao's 130,000-strong army was wiped out, leaving the imperial court with no more available troops. At this time, Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty was on the throne and was only four years old. The Empress Dowager Xie was in charge of the government and had to issue a "sorrow edict", calling on all parts of the world to quickly raise troops to "King Qin". Wen Tianxiang was serving as the magistrate of Ganzhou at the time. He "wept over the edict" and took action immediately. Within two or three months, he organized the first "Qinwang" team of nearly ten thousand people. After many setbacks, they arrived in Lin'an. Among the tens of thousands of local officials, he and Zhang Shijie were the only ones who led the troops to serve the king. It was obvious how corrupt this regime was. On the 18th day of the first lunar month in 1276, Boyan's troops came to Gaoting Mountain, and left prime minister Liu Mengyan had already surrendered and rebelled. Other ministers may have surrendered. Although Boyan was willing to surrender, he asked his right minister Chen Yizhong to go to Yuanying for negotiations. How could Chen have the courage? He fled that night. Empress Dowager Xie Weike sent only one Wen Tianxiang. He resolutely accepted the order in the face of danger, but instead of surrendering, he considered that "war, defense, and relocation are not enough" and "the national affairs are at this point, and I cannot love myself." He even took this opportunity to observe the reality of the enemy camp in order to plan a "strategy to save the country." ". But he did not expect that just as he criticized Boyan for being detained and unable to return to the Song camp, his rebels were ordered to be disbanded by the capitulation faction at the same time. The ferocity of the enemy did not trap Wen Tianxiang, but the stupid court and the shameless capitulationists caused him to suffer his first serious setback.

On February 9, 1276, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu (today's Beijing) and traveled to Jingkou (today's Zhenjiang). With the help of martyrs, he escaped from the tiger's mouth. According to his preface to "The Guide" "According to the records, he escaped death at least sixteen times. After going through untold hardships, he fled to Wenzhou on April 8. At this time, he heard that Du Zong's two sons (i.e., Emperor Gong's two brothers) had fled to Wenzhou. Fuzhou, so he immediately went to the table to persuade him to enter. Soon after, he was ordered to Fuzhou, where he was appointed prime minister and minister of the Privy Council, and later appointed governor-general. In July, Wen Tianxiang raised his flag in Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian Province) and called on heroes from all over the world to mobilize their troops and restore the people's lost territory. In March 1277, Wen Tianxiang led his troops into Jiangxi, regained dozens of states and counties in the south, and besieged Ganzhou. Both Hunan and Hubei responded, which shocked the south of the Yangtze River, inspired the people's will to resist aggression, and greatly alarmed the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Mang mobilized 400,000 troops to relieve the siege of Ganzhou, and sent another 50,000 troops to pursue Wen Tianxiang. The Ministry of Culture and Literature only had more than 5,000 people. In August of that year, they fought in an empty pit and were defeated. Several members of the Ministry were killed and Wen's wife and children were captured. Zhao Shichang pretended to be Wen Tianxiang in an emergency and attracted the Yuan army. Wen Cai had to take advantage of the opportunity to escape. Zhao was immediately killed. This is the second major setback Wen Tianxiang has suffered in more than a year.

But Wen Tianxiang was not discouraged, he was determined to resist the Yuan Dynasty to the end. In November 1278, he gathered up the remnant army, expanded it, and moved to Chaoyang, Guangdong. Unfortunately, he was defeated at Wupoling on December 20. Wen Tianxiang was unable to escape the siege, so he immediately swallowed the ice flakes he brought with him in order to die. , was spared the humiliation, but he did not die, but was captured in a coma. This was his last serious setback. From then on, Wen Tianxiang could no longer lead the rebel army to fight against the Yuan army on the battlefield.

After Wen Tianxiang was captured, he made up his mind to die righteously rather than survive. One cannot be subjugated by force, one cannot be lascivious by wealth.

When Boyan detained him in Beiying, he told his opponent clearly: "The number one scholar of the Song Dynasty... owes his death to serve the country. The survival and survival of the Song Dynasty, the death and destruction of the Song Dynasty, the sword and saw are in front, the cauldron and the wok are behind, this is not the right thing to do." If you are afraid, why should you fear me? "In October 1279, Yuan Pingzhang Ahema came to Wen Tianxiang's prison to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang bowed and sat down, not taking him seriously, but Ahema asked him to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang said: "Why should the prime minister of the Southern Dynasty kneel down when he meets the prime minister of the Northern Dynasty?" Ahema regarded himself as the winner and said arrogantly: "Why are you here?" Wen Tianxiang said mockingly, if the Southern Dynasty had used me as prime minister, you would not have been able to go to the south, and neither would I. Coming to you, what do you have to say? The arrogant Ahema said in a threatening tone: "This person's life and death are still up to me." Wen Tianxiang said righteously: "Those who have subjugated their country will kill them if they want. You can't help but do it." You." Ahema asked for trouble and walked away in despair. At the end of the same year, Prime Minister Polo of the Yuan Dynasty interrogated Wen Tianxiang. As soon as Bo Luo arrived, he showed off his power and asked Wen to kneel down. When Wen refused, he used force to force Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen said solemnly: "The affairs of the world have prospered and failed. Since ancient times, emperors and generals have been destroyed and killed. , How can Tianxiang not do it today... As for this, it is fortunate that he implemented it early." On the eve of his execution, Emperor Kublai Khan personally went out to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender, using his position as prime minister as a bait in an attempt to make Wen Tianxiang surrender, but Wen Tianxiang severely refused. Kublai Khan had no choice but to ask him, what do you want? Wen Tianxiang replied: "One death is enough!" Wen Tianxiang's great spirit of sacrificing himself for his country and seeing death as home left the enemy helpless and helpless. This is actually tantamount to declaring victory in the anti-aggression war, a victory of justice and the victory of "righteousness" that he himself praised. It is tantamount to announcing the defeat of the invaders and the defeat of all capitulationists and traitors.

In the critical moment of national peril, Wen Tianxiang regarded the interests of the country and the nation as the highest interest at all times, and showed no mercy to capitulationists and traitors. In 1259, the Yuan army crossed the river to encircle Ezhou. Dong Songchen, the favored chamberlain of the emperor, persuaded the Song emperor to move the capital. Wen Tianxiang bravely marched on the battlefield and begged to kill Dong Songchen. In 1275, the imperial court named Lu Wende, the general of the surrendered Yuan army, as the king of Heyi County, and promoted his nephew Lu Shimeng to the post of Shangshu of the rear. The atmosphere of surrender pervaded the capital for a while, and Wen Tianxiang wrote a letter begging for Lu Shimeng's death to stabilize the morale of the army. After Wen Tianxiang was captured, Liu Mengyan and a group of surrendering thieves tried hard to persuade him to surrender, but Wen Yili reviled him. Even Emperor Gong of Song, who had already surrendered to the enemy, was ignored when he came to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang clearly stated that "the country is more important than the emperor." He was not foolishly loyal to the emperor, but was unconditionally loyal to the country and nation.

On January 9, 1283, Wen Tianxiang died heroically in Chaishikou, Dadu. He left behind a large number of poems after his death, including "Who has never died since ancient times in life" in "Crossing the Lingding Ocean"; "Song of Righteousness" written in prison and "Song of Righteousness" written in prison and found in his belt after his death. The "Edict on Clothes and Belts" (Confucius said "to become benevolent", Mencius said "to obtain righteousness", but its righteousness is exhausted, so benevolence is the best, what have you learned from reading the books of sages? From now on, the common people have nothing to be ashamed of) have become illuminating the sun and the moon, and majestic mountains and rivers ’s swan song has become a precious part of the national spiritual wealth. Wen Tianxiang thus became an immortal national hero.