What are the major population movements in the history of China?

Domestic population migration in China's history

1, population migration in pre-Qin period

The Yellow Emperor is the leader of the tribal alliance composed of Xia tribes. It is said that Xiong, his own clan, rose in Qi Shui Gu in the middle of Guanzhong Plain, gradually developed, moved eastward beyond Songshan Mountain, once settled in Xinzheng area, and had a war with Chiyou, who lived around Konosawa (Luxi swamp area). As a result, the Yi people's alliance headed by Chiyou failed, and the tribes in Zhu Xia got further development.

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, in addition to the Huaxia ethnic group, there were also Rongdi ethnic groups and Yi ethnic groups, mainly nomadic, fishing and hunting. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, businessmen moved here more than a dozen times. In the early Shang Dynasty, there were eight migrations before the soup was made and five migrations after the soup was made, all in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

In the late summer, in order to escape, Gong Liu, the grandson of Lu Bu, led all his people to move to Ji 'an (now yi county, Shaanxi). "Farming for food" means managing fields and growing food. "Travelers have money, while residents have livestock", resulting in overproduction.

In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, 7 1 vassal states were established, among which the vassal states of Lu, Wei, Jin, Qi and Yan were the most important. After the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, there were powerful hostile forces in many enfeoffments. For example, Feng Zhou's uncle, Jiang's teacher and Shang's father (Hetai) ruled the land and people of former Bo Gu, including Shandong Peninsula, with Yingqiu (now Linzi, Shandong Province) as its capital. Taigong's arrival in China was not smooth at first. Qi consolidated its dominant position and became a great power in the East by constantly annexing Dongyi. It can be seen that the enfeoffment system at that time was based on group migration. Most of the population migration has a certain scale.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, ethnic minorities went deep into the ethnic minority areas of China, and the ethnic Chinese scattered in various ethnic minority areas, forming a mixed situation and breaking the original geographical boundaries between ethnic groups. Due to military, political and other factors, ethnic groups frequently migrate. For example, Rong Di tends to migrate to the east and southeast, and even the Rong people can be seen in Yichuan near the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In addition to natural flow, there is also forced migration. Jin moved to Jiangrong, the "land of barbarians" in Jin State, and moved to Lai. Mixed ethnic groups are conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and integration. The nomadic technology of the northern nationalities, the technology of smelting and casting bronzes and making lacquerware in the south, and Ronglu (a kind of soybean) planted in the east also spread to the Central Plains.

During the Warring States Period, there were about 20 million people, distributed in the vast land from Yinshan Mountain and the lower reaches of Liaohe River in the north, Liaodong Peninsula in the east, seamounts in the south, Taohe River in Gansu, Sichuan Basin and western Hunan in the west.

2. Population migration from Qin Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty

In 22 1 year BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, Xianyang was established as the capital. "Rich people in Xianyang120,000", with an estimated total population of over 700,000. In the 29th year of Qin Shihuang (2 18 BC), General Meng Tian led 300,000 troops to attack Hetao (the so-called "Henan land"). In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang (2 15 BC), after recovering the vast area in the north and south of Hetao, it was located in 34 counties and Jiuyuan County. In order to consolidate his rule in these areas, Qin Shihuang moved 30,000 residents to Hebei and Yuzhong (north of Ejinhoro Banner, Inner Mongolia) in the 36th year of Qin Shihuang (265,438+065,438 BC) to reclaim production land and open up frontiers. At that time, it was called "New Qin". This large-scale immigration is of great significance both economically and militarily. Later, many Huns moved to the Central Plains to live with Qin people and other nationalities. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), Qin Shihuang sent troops to pacify Baiyue in the south, and set up three counties of Nanhai, Guilin and Elephant here. The following year, another 500,000 people moved to the Wuling Mountains to live with the Vietnamese.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang moved people from Guandong to Guanzhong, with a total of more than 300,000 people. During the Western Han Dynasty, with the victory of the Xiongnu War, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty immigrated to the northwest frontier with more than 700,000 people.

In the 24th year of Jianwu (48th year), Xiongnu was divided into two parts: North and South. Liu Xiu accepted the attachment of the Southern Xiongnu and made it live in the cloud, and soon moved to Meiji County and Xihe County. Nandanyu was also divided into eight counties: Beidi, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen, Dai Jun and Xihe, which helped the Eastern Han Dynasty resist the invasion of Xiongnu in the north. In this way, the border counties that were originally abolished can be restored, and the people who moved in can return to their original homes. Later, part of the northern Xiongnu marched westward and crossed Central Asia to Europe.

Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the population of ethnic minorities distributed in the western and northern frontiers have migrated inward one after another. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, inward migration activities became more frequent. The main ethnic groups are Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jieertie, Biandi and Qiang, which were called "five lakes" in ancient history. During the period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Xiongnu and Zahu once again poured into the fortress from the Great Wall, reaching more than 200,000, distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, tens of thousands of Xianbei people with bald heads moved to Yong and Liang, and a begging group moved to Longxi, Gansu. The Jie people who entered the customs with the Huns lived in Shangdang Wuxiang (north of Changzhi, Shanxi) and then scattered in Taihang Mountain. The Di nationality was originally distributed at the junction of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and concentrated in Wudu (Chengxian County, Gansu Province). Shu Wei fought for Hanzhong, and Cao Cao fought for Tianshui, Fufeng, Jingzhao and Wudu. Most of the Qiang people who used to live between Gansu and Qinghai moved to Shaanxi. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the registered population of Guanzhong was several million, with Bianqiang accounting for half.

Since the northern chaos in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the number of people going south to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has exceeded 700,000. Among them, there are 260,000 people living in Jiangsu, 1.7 million people in Anhui, about 60,000 people in Hubei, and 1.0 million people in Jiangxi and Hunan. Besides, some of them have moved to Shanghai and Guangzhou. Unregistered and surnames are not counted. The migration of northern refugees to the south not only increased the labor force in the south, but also brought advanced production tools and farming techniques, which played an important role in the further development of the south.

Mainland businessmen came to Taiwan Province Province for trade very early. In the sixth year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 10), Chen was sent to attack Taiwan. Since then, more and more mainlanders have moved to Taiwan Province Province, and the ties between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province have been further strengthened.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, most people who moved to the northern border due to the turmoil in the late Sui Dynasty returned to their original places. The Anshi Rebellion, the separatist regime of the buffer regions and the constant wars in the Yellow River Basin have caused a tragic situation that there is no smoke in thousands of miles from Guanzhong in the west to Qingdao (Yidu, Shandong) and Qi (Jinan, Shandong), Jing (Jiangling, Hubei) and Ying (Zhongxiang, Hubei) in the south, and Wei and Slip (hua county, Henan) in the north. Many people emigrated to the south.

During the Song Dynasty, the confrontation between Song, Jin and Yuan urged northerners to move south again and again. The Jingkang Rebellion caused 5 million people to move south, which shows the large scale of immigrants. At the same time, ethnic minorities such as Jurchen and Mongolia gradually settled in the Central Plains.

After the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, many Han people went to the frontier and made contributions to the development of the frontier. Frontier ethnic groups, including the Mongolian population, moved into the Central Plains and Jiangnan in large numbers, living together with the Han nationality.

Since the Tang Dynasty, many Persians and Arabs who believe in Islam have settled in China. During the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Persians moved to China. They have lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other ethnic groups for a long time and intermarried with each other, forming a new ethnic group-Hui.

3. Population migration in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In Ming History, the biographies of Mao, Cheng Zu and Shi Huo recorded the situation of more than a dozen immigrants in Ming Dynasty. Immigrants in Ming Dynasty mainly concentrated in Hongwu and Yongle years. For example, in June of the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), "35,000 people moved to the mainland. Another 32,000 households immigrated to the desert and settled in Beiping. " ⑧ In November of the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), he moved to Shanxi to live with Tian Fengyang, a proletarian. Pet-name ruby In August of the first year of Yongle (1403), "Ten counties such as Zhili Jiangsu and nine provinces such as Zhejiang are rich in Beijing." (10) In the second year of Yongle (1404), in September, "Ten Thousand Households in Shanxi moved to Beijing" (1 1). "Repeatedly moved to western Zhejiang, Shanxi, Chuhe, Peiping, Shandong and Henan. Also moved to Dongchang, Yanzhou Deng, Lai and Qingmin. Another 20,000 people from Zhili and Zhejiang moved to the capital to serve as porters. (12) The popular "Hongdong Immigrant" began in Tianfu period of Jin Taizu (117-120) and reached its climax in Hongwu and Yongle years. Shanxi immigrants mainly came from Jinnan and Jinzhong, and moved to Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other places. The government's immigration agency is located in Hongdong County, Pingyang County. After the immigrants went through the immigration formalities there, they left for various places, so Hongdong became synonymous with the hometown of Shanxi immigrants.

During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, more than 1 10,000 soldiers and their families moved to Yunnan Health Center. The migration from Jiangxi to Hunan and Hubei began in the Tang Dynasty and ended in the middle of Qing Dynasty. During this period, there were many emigration climaxes, especially in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. Therefore, the proverb "Jiangxi fills the lake and spreads widely" is widely circulated. The two lakes began to immigrate to Sichuan as early as the Yuan Dynasty. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to natural and man-made disasters. In the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), there were only118,000 households in Sichuan, with only 90,000 people. After the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), the Qing government took measures to encourage immigrants to enter Sichuan, used preferential policies to attract fleeing Sichuanese, and took the number of immigrants as an important part of the performance evaluation of local officials. Tens of thousands of immigrants from more than ten provinces such as Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi came to Bashu, among which "10 has 67 Huguang people", so there is a folk saying that "Huguang fills Sichuan". 1840, the population of Sichuan has reached 38.33 million.

In the Qing Dynasty, not only the population in the Yangtze River basin migrated frequently, but also the border areas such as Taiwan Province Province, Kanto and Kouwai began to become hot spots for immigrants. Before the suppression of the anti-Zheng Qing regime in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing government prohibited emigration to Taiwan Province province. After the lifting of the ban, immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong continued to migrate to the western plains of Taiwan. During the Qianlong period (1736- 1795), there were hundreds of thousands of Fujian people and hundreds of thousands of Guangdong people in Taiwan Province province (13). During the Jiaqing period (1796—1820), the population of Taiwan was close to 2 million, and most of them were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong.

During the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Han people in Guanzhong were attracted to settle in Liaodong with favorable conditions. Later, in order to protect the purity of the "holy land", in the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the policy of recruiting people to reclaim land was cancelled and the policy of closing land was implemented. Ganlong and Jiaqing also reiterated the policy of prohibiting reclamation many times. Before 1950s, except for many mainland immigrants in Fengtian, Heilongjiang and Jilin were sparsely populated for a long time.

Although the Qing government has repeatedly prohibited Mongolian-Chinese marriages and Han people from reclaiming land in Mongolia, more and more Han people are reclaiming land. During the Kangxi period, hundreds of thousands of Han people from Shandong, Shanxi, Zhili and Shaanxi provinces went to Mongolia to reclaim land (14). They settled down there, cultivated the land, and some became tenants of Mongolian princes. With the influence and help of the Han nationality, Mongolian agricultural production, which is mainly animal husbandry, has also developed.

The Qing government carried out the system of land reclamation in Xinjiang, and a large number of green camp people cultivated land in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain with their families, which was called "military camp". A large number of mainland Han people also moved to Xinjiang to reclaim land, which is called "human village" or "household village". It has promoted the development of local economy and culture.

4. Modern population migration.

Due to the rapid growth of the population in the mainland and the tension in the border areas, after the Qing Daoguang, the population of our country migrated to the outside of the customs and the outside of the mouth.

After the Second Opium War, Russia easily occupied a large area of land in the north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River, and there was a discussion about "the real border of immigration" inside and outside the Qing court, and the blockade policy was gradually relaxed. During Guangxu period, all the three northeastern provinces were banned, mainland immigrants flocked to the customs, and the population of Northeast China increased rapidly. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the population of the three eastern provinces reached14.45 million, and four years later, Xuantong for three years (191/kloc-0) increased to184/kloc-0. During the period of the Republic of China, the number of immigrants to the northeast increased continuously, and extended to Jilin and Heilongjiang in the north. During the eight years from 12 to 19, 3 million people migrated to the three northeastern provinces. The total population of the three northeastern provinces rose from 23 1.5 million in the ten years of the Republic of China to 29 1.9 million in the nineteen years of the Republic of China (1.6).

The Mongolian area outside the mouth was also banned from reclamation during Guangxu period. Zhelimu League first set up a bureau to recruit reclamation, and later areas quickly followed. Although "westward" is also a habitual population migration, due to natural conditions and other reasons, the scale of migration is far smaller than "eastward". Most of the Han people moved to Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei and other provinces with their families.