Characteristics of Zheng He’s voyages to the West

What were the prerequisites for Zheng He’s voyages to the West? And summarize the characteristics of Zheng He's navigation activities

Prerequisites: strong national power; developed shipbuilding and other handicraft industries.

Characteristics: large scale, long duration, numerous voyages, long voyages, and arrivals in many countries.

Zheng He’s voyages to the West indicate that Emperor Zhu Di ordered the Three Treasures eunuch Zheng He to anchor from Liujiagang in Taicang and led more than 200 ships and more than 27,000 people to sail to the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, visiting more than 30 countries Including countries and regions in the Indian Ocean, it has reached Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Chenla, Kuri, Siam, Punggala, Adang, Tianfang, Dhofar, Khrumos, Mugudushu, etc. More than 30 countries, reaching as far as East Africa and the Red Sea. Zheng He's voyages to the West were the largest maritime voyages in ancient China, with the most ships, the most sailors, and the longest duration. They were decades earlier than European countries and were a direct reflection of the strength of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's navigation far surpassed nearly a century of navigators from Portugal, Spain and other countries, such as Magellan, Columbus, Vasco da Gama and others. He can be called the pioneer of the "Age of Discovery" and the only Oriental

Zheng He’s voyage to the West was to promote his country’s prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and satisfy the ruling class’s demand for exotic treasures. It was a political act under the feudal system and a tribute trade regardless of economic benefits; the voyage to the West was In order to open up markets and reap huge profits, this is the nature of overseas colonization of capitalism. It is an unprecedented proactive diplomacy in Chinese history; it is a feat in the history of world navigation; Zheng He is a pioneer in world navigation activities; Zheng He's voyages to the West enhanced friendly exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

What were the characteristics of Zheng He’s voyages to the West?

First of all, Zheng He’s voyages to the West represented a navigation model of peaceful exchanges. During the Three Kingdoms and Tang and Song dynasties, China had begun to develop a maritime trade network with Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia through the South China Sea. By the early Ming Dynasty, pirates were rampant in the South China Sea, seriously threatening the Ming Dynasty's external security environment and trade. The main tasks of Zheng He's voyages to the West were to exterminate pirates, adjust and ease conflicts with various countries, quell conflicts, and maintain stability and maritime security in Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the 28-year voyage of Zheng He's fleet, there were only three short-term wars of a self-defense nature, and they did not occupy an inch of land in overseas countries, which reflected the Chinese nation's humanistic tradition of "harmony among all nations". Another important part of Zheng He's voyages to the West was official trade. The trade took the form of negotiation and transaction, which reflected the principle and spirit of equality, voluntariness and fairness in trade.

Secondly, Zheng He’s voyages to the West were also a cultural exchange and civilizational dialogue between China and relevant countries. When Zheng He's fleet passed through Mount Ceylon, he respected the Buddhist beliefs of the local people, donated money to build temples, and gave incense. His "Alms Tablet" in three languages ??is still preserved in the National Museum in Colombo. Zheng He himself was an Islamic believer, and Zheng He's fleet finally completed the pilgrimage to Mecca, which played an important role in developing the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and Western Islamic countries at that time.

Who knows the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean? Help!!! Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgent Urgency

1. Large scale, large number of fleets and people;

2. Many times, up to 7 times;

3. Advanced navigation technology, using inventions such as the compass;

4. For the purpose of showing off national power;

Talk about the characteristics of Zheng He’s voyages to the West and evaluate Zheng He’s historical status?

Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas were a state act. Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas were a powerful strategic force. The Ming government’s dispatch of Zheng He’s fleet to the Western Seas was obviously based on the national interests and national interests at that time. It is necessary to start. Zheng He’s mission and achievements in his voyages to the West can be summarized as follows:

1. Promote peaceful diplomacy and stabilize the international order in Southeast Asia

Before Zheng He’s voyages to the West, The international environment surrounding China was turbulent, mainly manifested in the mutual suspicion and competition between countries in Southeast Asia. At that time, Java and Siam, the two largest countries in Southeast Asia, expanded externally, oppressed some neighboring countries, and threatened Manchuria, Sumatra, Champa, and Chenla. , and even in Srivijaya, there were people who killed the Ming Dynasty envoys and intercepted the tribute missions to China; another pirate was rampant, rampant in Southeast Asia and the South Asian seas, very arrogant, and there was no security guarantee for the sea lines of communication. These instability On the one hand, these factors directly affected the security of southern China; on the other hand, they greatly affected the international image of the Ming Dynasty, which was not conducive to the stability and development of the Ming Dynasty. Under this situation, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty adopted the strategy of "securing China internally and safeguarding China externally." The foreign policy of peace is to "pacify all barbarians, treat them equally, and enjoy peace". He sent Zheng He to lead a fleet to the Western Ocean to use various means to mediate and ease conflicts between countries, maintain maritime traffic safety, and thus stabilize China's stability and development. Connecting with surrounding areas, trying to establish a long-term stable international environment and improve the international prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the mission of sending Zheng He to the Ming Dynasty can be seen as a mission to achieve peace.

Zheng He's voyages to the West were to mediate conflicts, quell conflicts, and eliminate barriers, which was conducive to the stability of surrounding areas, maintained stability and maritime security in Southeast Asia and South Asia, and enhanced the prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Zheng He He's fleet has strong military strength, but it is not used for aggression and expansion, but for achieving peaceful purposes. Under the international environmental conditions at that time, Chen Zuyi had thousands of people and Ali Kunel had tens of thousands of people, and they did not have strong military strength. It is difficult to achieve peace without a backing.

Needham commented: The Chinese navigators in the East are calm and docile, do not remember past grudges, are generous and generous, and never threaten the survival of others, although they claim to be benefactors; they are all Although armed, they never conquered foreigners or built fortresses.

2. Deter Japanese pirates, contain the Mongolian and Yuan forces, and maintain national security

At that time, the main threats to the security of the Ming Dynasty came from two Three directions: Japanese pirates on the eastern sea, remnants of the Mongolian Yuan forces in the north and the Timurid Empire in the northwest. Chinese Japanese pirates first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty, when a civil war broke out in Japan. Some samurai and ronin went to the coast of China to rob in order to survive. By the early Ming Dynasty, It was very rampant during the Zhu Yuanzhang period. At that time, the Ming Dynasty had just been established and the country was still unstable, so it concentrated on domestic peace and adopted a passive defensive strategy in terms of national defense. It established guard posts in coastal provinces, built the Great Wall in the north and sent troops to the border.

During the Zhu Di period, both land and sea posed a serious threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty. He changed his passive defense strategy and took the initiative to move the capital on land and personally conquer Mobei; on the sea, he established Zheng He's naval division to intimidate and Fight against Japanese pirates and anti-Ming forces, and implement strategic outflanking from the sea to strategically contain the northwest direction, thereby reducing the pressure on the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.

3. Develop overseas trade and spread Chinese civilization

Zheng He’s mission to the Western Ocean was mainly for political purposes, but it also had a certain economic purpose. When the country implemented such a large strategic action, it took many aspects into consideration. During the process of Zheng He’s fleet sailing to the Western Ocean, many things unfolded There are three main forms of trade activities:

The first type of tribute trade. This trade is the basic form of Zheng He’s trade activities in the West, with the nature of a feudal suzerainty. Through this form, it obtained these small countries Recognition of the Ming Dynasty's suzerain status was the political purpose of tribute trade. At that time, all countries actively came to China to pay tribute. On the one hand, they received the protection of the Ming Dynasty, and on the other hand, they received generous rewards. According to statistics, Yongle reigned for 22 years, and Envoys from Asian and African countries related to Zheng He's voyages to the West came to China 318 times, an average of 15 times a year, and the event was unprecedented. There were also 7 kings from 4 countries including Brunei, Manchuria, Sulu, and Gumalang. He led a delegation in person, and at most 18 countries' tribute missions came to China at the same time. Three kings died of illness in China during their visits. Their wills were to be buried in China. In the Ming Dynasty, they were all buried according to the treatment of kings.

The second type of official trade is an important part of Zheng He's voyages to the West. It involves transactions with local merchants under the official auspices of both sides. It is an important way for the Ming Dynasty to expand overseas trade. In addition to loading rewards, Zheng He's fleet In addition to gifts, there are also Chinese goods, such as copper coins, silk, porcelain, ironware, etc. This kind of trade can be bought and sold with copper coins of the Ming Dynasty, and most of them are bartered. The most influential one is the high-five pricing method. In the Guri Kingdom of India, China After the fleet arrives, the local agent will be responsible for the transaction and bring the goods to the trading place. The two parties will negotiate and set the price face to face under the auspices of the officials. Once the decision is made, there will be no regrets. Both parties high-five each other to express the deal. This friendly trade method , became a popular legend in the local area. During Zheng He's voyages to the West, especially during the subsequent voyages, the scale of trade expanded, and he followed the principles of equality, voluntariness, and exchange of equal value, and possessed some basic principles of international trade.

Chapter Three types of private trade. This kind of trade emerged to a certain extent driven by Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas. It was not carried out through the government, but was carried out spontaneously by merchants or private people. Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas eliminated pirates and maintained the Maritime security opened up routes, promoted and stimulated private trade. According to research by scholars, Zheng He’s mission did not prohibit officers and soldiers from taking some Chinese goods for exchange along the way. People in Southeast Asia were very fond of Chinese silk, porcelain, and tools. Zheng He As soon as the fleet arrived, they rushed to row boats or go to the docks to trade. Some even invited officers and soldiers to set up stalls in local markets. At that time, China mainly exported porcelain.

utensils, silk, tea, lacquerware, metal products, copper coins, etc. What China exchanged were mainly jewelry, spices, medicinal materials, exotic animals, etc. At that time, China imported 100 kilograms of pepper from overseas, with a local value of 1 tael, and sold it back home for 20 taels. , huge profits.

The trade activities carried out by Zheng He on his voyages to the West included political trade and economic trade.

Wherever Zheng He went on his voyages, he not only carried out Overseas trade also spread advanced Chinese culture. At that time, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Africa were relatively backward in social development and yearned for Chinese civilization. Zhu Di sent Zheng He to the West and also shouldered the mission of "preaching education to overseas countries and guiding Zheng He's mission of changing foreign customs through etiquette. Zheng He brilliantly spread Chinese civilization overseas and wrote a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The contents of Zheng He's voyages to spread Chinese civilization mainly include the following aspects: China Etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and weights and measures system, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural carving technology, medical skills, navigation and shipbuilding technology, etc.

Many stories of Zheng He are still spread overseas. In Malaysia, there are Mount Sanbao, Sanbao Well, Indonesia has Semarang and Sanbao Temple, leaving the remains of Zheng He, expressing the local people's respect for this pioneer who spread Chinese civilization.

4. Develop maritime undertakings and pave the Asia-Africa shipping route

The ocean is the cradle of life, occupying 70.8% of the earth’s surface area and rich in resources. Since ancient times, it has been the space for human production and living, and has had an important impact on human society. It is also closely related to our Chinese nation. The survival, development and rise and fall of China are closely related. Our ancestors created the Longshan and Baiyue maritime cultures in the early days. At the beginning of the 15th century, Zheng He’s large-scale voyages pushed ancient China’s maritime undertakings to the peak of development and made a great contribution to human maritime civilization. It has made important contributions. Mainly reflected in:

First, it opened up intercontinental routes between Asia and Africa, paving the way for Westerners’ great voyages. When the Portuguese navigator Da Gama sailed along the west coast of Africa, When they rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived at the coast of East Africa, the locals told them that the Chinese had come here several times decades ago. With the help of Arab pilots, they successfully reached India along the route opened by Zheng He's fleet.

The second is to conduct some oceanographic surveys in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, and collect and master a lot of marine scientific data. The "Zheng He Navigation Chart" was drawn through a large number of oceanographic surveys. This kind of oceanographic survey activities is larger than that in the world. The earliest recorded date is 1872 - 1876, when the British "Challenger" conducted oceanographic surveys, more than 400 years earlier.

The third is the strategic layout of the navigation area. Zheng He's voyages to the West were based on his mission and mastery We have selected Champa, Managa, Old Port, Guri, Khrumos and other places as key areas for marine development in the vast overseas world, which is conducive to expanding the scope of overseas transportation and trade.

Zheng He's voyages to the West also made many contributions to the maritime industry. Zheng He's achievements were brilliant and belonged to China and the world. He began to devote himself to the sea for 28 years when he was in his 30s. He was already 60 years old when he made his last voyage to the West. For the sake of cultural exchanges and navigation between China and foreign countries, he resolutely led the fleet on an mission. This time he never came back. He died of illness in Guri, India at the age of 62, and will be buried forever on the peaceful road he opened.

Among the dazzling Chinese heroes, Zheng He not only attracted the attention of the international community because he sailed before the Westerners and had better navigation skills than the Westerners; I think the most important aspect of people paying attention to and studying him is probably Zheng He represents a kind of cultural spirit: a value trend in which Chinese people are not afraid of hardships and conquer nature, and a determination to open the country to the world for cultural exchanges.

Zheng He’s dedication and dedication to serve others The spirit of the country is eternal. It embodies the Chinese nation’s outstanding qualities of openness and enterprising, peace and friendship, exchanges and cooperation, ocean exploration, and the courage to be the first in the world. It is a precious spiritual wealth that is worthy of inheritance and promotion by future generations and promotes the development of mankind. civilization.

How to evaluate Zheng He’s voyages to the West?

How to evaluate Zheng He’s voyages to the West?

Evaluation of Zheng He’s voyages Zheng He’s voyages to the West were large-scale and long-lasting , wide range, reaching the pinnacle of world navigation at that time.

Zheng He's voyages to the West enhanced China's international prestige at that time and pushed international trade between China and Asian and African countries to a new level. Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted the economy of some countries in Asia and Africa to a certain extent. However, Zheng He's voyages to the West did not build a colony in one place like the later capitalist countries. Instead, they promoted the power of the "Chinese Dynasty" and the scale of the voyages was huge. Each visit cost a huge amount of money but did not achieve any actual economic benefits. At the beginning, the Ming Dynasty had a strong national power, but later, the Ming Dynasty declined and no longer went to the West.

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Promoted the national prestige of the Celestial Empire and eliminated most of the pirates and those who did not listen to the Chinese emperor. A small country, it joined forces with the Champa State to eliminate Vietnam, opening up the way for Western tribute to China, and at the same time broadening China's horizons, laying a solid foundation for Chinese pirates, immigrants and smugglers to control Southeast Asia 100 years later. A feat that all Chinese people are proud of.

Talk about the characteristics of Zheng He’s voyages to the West and evaluate Zheng He’s historical status? Features: early, long duration, frequent, large scale, wide reach, advanced equipment, and tight organization.

Zheng He's historical low position Zheng He was an outstanding navigator in human history. His talents were most vividly reflected in the great undertakings he performed throughout his life. He showed outstanding wisdom and talent in many aspects such as navigation, diplomacy, military, and architecture. From the early years of Yongle, Zheng He turned to navigation according to the arrangements of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.

In Zheng He’s early navigation activities, Zheng He had already studied and analyzed nautical charts, was proficient in the navigation skills of guiding stars across the ocean, and was familiar with various Western and Eastern needle routes, astronomy, geography, marine science, Knowledge and skills of ship driving and repair. From the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty to the eighth year of Xuande, Zheng He led a large fleet to the Western Ocean seven times, passing through Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, Asia, Africa and other regions, reaching as far as the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa. His sailing footprints spanned more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. countries and regions. The large scale, large number of people, tight organization, advanced navigation technology, and long voyages of these seven voyages not only showed the power of the Ming Dynasty, but also fully proved Zheng He's ability to command thousands of armies.

How do you evaluate the historical event of Zheng He’s voyages to the West? It shows the strength of China's national power in the early Ming Dynasty; it strengthened the connection between the Chinese Ming Dynasty government and overseas countries; it was the last global event in ancient Chinese history; the political purpose of Zheng He's voyages to the West was greater than the economic purpose, and all expenses They all relied on the strong national power of the Ming Dynasty for support and did not bring any economic benefits to China

How do materials 2 and 3 evaluate Zheng He's voyages? Zheng He's voyages to the west were a maritime voyage in the early years of the Ming Dynasty. .

Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He, the eunuch of the Three Treasures, to lead more than 200 sea-going ships and more than 27,000 people from Liujiagang in Taicang to anchor at Changle Taiping Port within Wuhumen of the Minjiang River Estuary in Fuzhou to wait for the opening of the ocean. , voyaged to the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean and visited more than 30 countries and regions including the Indian Ocean, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Chenla, Kuri, Siam, Bangkok, Adang, Tianfang, and Zofa There are more than 30 countries including Er, Hurumos, and Mugudushu. It is currently known that the furthest reaches are East Africa and the Red Sea.

Zheng He's voyages to the West were the largest, most numerous ships, most sailors, and longest maritime voyages in ancient China. They were more than half a century earlier than European countries and were a direct reflection of the strength of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's navigation far surpassed that of Portuguese, Spanish and other navigators nearly a century later, such as Magellan, Columbus, Vasco da Gama and others. He can be called the pioneer of the "Age of Discovery" and the only Oriental. , he proposed the theory of sea power five hundred years earlier than Mahan, and it is even said that Zheng He was the first to discover America, Australia, and Antarctica.

What do you think of the controversial evaluation of Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas? Zheng He’s fleet, the world’s most powerful and largest, launched his voyage almost a hundred years earlier than Columbus, Vasco da Gama and Magellan in Europe, but in the end The glorious achievements of Zheng He's fleet were completely destroyed in a comical way, and a great turning point in the history of China and human society passed by. China may have lost a world because of this.

Why do some people say that Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas are the masterpiece of ancient Chinese navigation history? Zheng He, the most outstanding navigator in Chinese history, successively commanded more than a hundred large and small sailing ships and more than 27,000 crew members. The huge fleet of officers and soldiers made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, covering more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. This was the first unprecedented feat organized by a state to go to the ocean on the largest scale in human history. The scale of its voyages, the number of ships and people sailing, and the breadth of its footprints can be called the eternal masterpiece of the world's ocean navigation.

In fact, it is just a fucking show off of wealth. This is probably the reason why China became a colony!

Evaluate the positive significance of the historical status of Zheng He's voyages to the West

Zheng He visited Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pengxiang, Zhenwa, Kuri, Siam, Adang, There are more than 30 countries including Tianfang, Zofar, Horumus and Mugudushu, which have reached as far as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca, and possibly Australia. These records represent the peak of China's navigation exploration, more than 80 years earlier than Western explorers such as Vasco da Gama and Columbus. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was ahead of the West in the same period in terms of navigation technology, fleet size, voyage distance, duration, and areas involved.

There are many interpretations of the historical significance of Zheng He's voyages beyond navigation. "China in Zheng He's era truly shouldered the responsibilities of a great civilized country: it was strong but not hegemonic, spread benevolence to its friends, proclaimed and awarded rewards, and exchanged favors with others. It greatly promoted the cultural and economic exchanges between the East and the West. It demonstrated In the early Ming Dynasty, China's national power was strong, and China's navy spanned the oceans. Although the land area was far smaller than that of the Yuan Dynasty, it at least achieved tribute from all countries. The prosperous times traced the Han and Tang Dynasties, and strengthened the ties between the Chinese Ming Dynasty government and overseas countries. , the move to spread wealth brought economic benefits to the countries in the South and the West. This was the last global event in ancient Chinese history. From then on, after Zheng He, there was no more Zheng He

Negative meaning

Zheng He’s seven voyages to the West may not be aimed at profiting from trade, but they must not ignore the cost. The seven voyages to the West placed a huge economic burden on the Ming Dynasty’s finances. As the country’s national power declined, the feat of navigation would inevitably end quietly. . The political purpose of Zheng He's voyages to the West was greater than the economic purpose. He did not initiate private commercial trade. All expenditures relied on the strong national power of the Ming Dynasty to support it, which did not bring any economic benefits to China. Therefore, after the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, There was no strong economic strength to support this huge project, and the voyages to the West were stopped.

Combined with the textbook, use two or three sentences to evaluate Zheng He's voyages to the West, which demonstrated China's national power in the early Ming Dynasty. Strong and prosperous, China's navy spanned the oceans, realized tribute from all countries, and traced the prosperity of the Han and Tang Dynasties; it strengthened the ties between the Chinese Ming Dynasty government and overseas countries, spread advanced Chinese civilization to overseas countries, and strengthened exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations. ; This was the last global event in ancient Chinese history. From then on, there was no such feat. It changed the maritime ban policy since Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty and opened up overseas trade.

! Thank you!

What are the characteristics of Zheng He’s voyages to the West?

Zheng He’s voyages to the West have two outstanding characteristics:

First of all, Zheng He’s voyages to the West have two outstanding characteristics: The Western Sea represents a maritime model of peaceful exchanges. During the Three Kingdoms and Tang and Song dynasties, China had begun to develop a maritime trade network with Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia through the South China Sea. By the early Ming Dynasty, piracy was rampant in the South China Sea, which seriously threatened the Ming Dynasty. North Korea's external security environment and trade. The main tasks of Zheng He's voyages were to exterminate pirates, mediate and ease conflicts with various countries, quell conflicts, and maintain stability and maritime security in Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the 28 years of maritime activities, there were only three short-lived wars of self-defense nature, and it did not occupy an inch of land in overseas countries, which reflects the Chinese nation's humanistic tradition of "harmony among all nations".

Another important part of Zheng He's voyages to the West was official trade. The trade took the form of negotiation and transaction, which reflected the principle and spirit of equality, voluntariness and fairness in trade.

Secondly, Zheng He’s voyages to the West were also a cultural exchange and civilizational dialogue between China and relevant countries. When Zheng He's fleet passed through Mount Ceylon, he respected the Buddhist beliefs of the local people, donated money to build temples, and gave incense. His "Alms Tablet" in three languages ??is still preserved in the National Museum in Colombo. Zheng He himself was an Islamic believer, and Zheng He's fleet finally completed the pilgrimage to Mecca, which played an important role in developing the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and Western Islamic countries at that time.