For the protection of ancient buildings, should they be repaired or retain their original appearance?

I just want to say that Nazi Germany during World War II also destroyed some relics, and various previous wars also destroyed some relics, but they have all restored their revival, and only the Old Summer Palace is regarded as a shame column.

China already has enough pillars of shame.

This is a very good topic!

This sentence is particularly important:

“The general principle is found in Article 22 of the Cultural Relics Protection Law. If the immovable cultural relics have been completely destroyed, the site protection shall be implemented. However, if it is necessary to rebuild at the original site due to special circumstances, the cultural relics administration department of the people's government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall report it to the people's government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government for approval; the national key cultural relics protection units must If it is rebuilt at the original site, the people's authorities of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government must report to the State Council for permission."

Reconstruction must also be in accordance with the fundamental law, right?

Then you and I will talk about Europe:

But before talking about it, there is one thing, and once again exaggerate: this topic is very huge! The environment of each European country is different, and even if it is rebuilt, people's attitudes towards the practice of rebuilding solitude are also very different!

Don’t generalize, don’t generalize! Don’t generalize! Say important things three times!

During the Second World War, approximately 460,000 buildings were damaged in France alone. 15% of the buildings on the protected list were damaged, half of which were seriously damaged. Many important ancient cities were destroyed by tension, including London, Berlin, Dresden, Hildesheim, Warsaw, Saint-Malo and Florence.......

Warsaw:

People decided to rebuild Warsaw. There are good reasons for reconstruction because of its importance to the national identity of the Polish people; reconstruction is also possible because of the existing survey maps, photos, conversations (for example, Bernardo Bellotto) and other pre-war literature. ..."By restoring ancient structures, you and I can at least protect the true remains of the original structures"...

Leuven, Saint-Malo:

Completely replicate the damaged structure

St Paul's Cathedral area in London:

Renovate using contemporary architectural styles

Coventry Cathedral, England:

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The ruins are preserved and a new church is built using contemporary plans

Rotterdam, the Netherlands:

Redesigning the city using contemporary plans

Orléans, France:

Old streets were widened and some ancient facades were rebuilt.

Hildesheim:

On the basis of the restoration standards in front of the venerable station, the important Roman church was rebuilt in a simplified form; the ruins of the ancient city were rebuilt according to the contemporary situation. part, keeping the pattern of the old streets solid.

Nuremberg:

The church and the fortress were restored as monuments, while the city center was rebuilt according to contemporary architecture.

Berlin, East Germany:

Some areas of great political significance were demolished, such as the Berlin Royal Castle

Dresden:

Relics such as the Church of Our Lady were "sealed" for future reconstruction

Italy:

To a certain extent, the post-war confrontation with the issue of heritage protection serves as a link between the past and the future. , triggered a discussion on the principles of revitalization of heritage restoration, and developed the Italian modern restoration theory. The destruction of World War II was staggering for the Italians. The first reaction of many people is that the destroyed historical buildings and historical towns should be repaired or rebuilt, even though this method seems to go against the established protection standards.

The ideas of two people influenced Italy's post-war conservation policy:

Giovanni Carbona emphasized the use of heritage value to describe the observation and treatment of objects.

Argan distinguishes between traditional restoration and artistic restoration. The latter implements a series of measures based on the evaluation of works of art by historical critics. "If the work itself has been disturbed, surrounded by repainting, crumbled by botched restorations, has its paint oxidized, stained or missing, etc., it will be necessary to restore the aesthetic quality of the work."

In the postwar period, Once again, the principles of architectural restoration were revived and discussed. The difference is that this discussion is based on a new basis of recent huge damage, so neither historical or scientific restoration and revival can no longer convince the public.

In this discussion, Robert Pane emphasized aesthetic restoration: elements with historical or artistic characteristics of all periods should be preserved.

The above content comes from the history of architectural conservation, Yoga Yukiletto, Zhonghua Book Company, 2011

In the examples cited above, from complete reconstruction to various principles and techniques There are various arrangements from protection to replacement with modern structures to complete protection of the ruins. This is closely related to the post-war economic level, ideology and other reasons, but I think there are a few points that can be discussed about the Old Summer Palace.

1. Detailed original information

I am not a superficial expert, but I guess that the Yuanmingyuan did not have as complete planning information as in the modern West.

This is a map of a small town in the United States drawn by an underwriter in 1877 that I consulted when I was a sophomore in college. A map of a small town in the United States drawn by an underwriter, 1877

FromSanbornmaps

2, the urgency of reconstruction

Most of the examples are complete The center of the town was destroyed, and a large number of public buildings were destroyed. Normal life cannot be restored without reconstruction, but Beijingers will live well even if the Old Summer Palace is not rebuilt

3. The destroyed water temperature Reason

What is important is that the appearance of the Old Summer Palace today was not caused by a war. After being abandoned by the British and French allied forces, it went through many battles and civil wars, and the people's appreciation of it during that period was Infringement cannot be underestimated. The smashing environment is huge.

4. Tension

The Old Summer Palace is not an isolated example of the imperial hometown of the Qing Dynasty. In addition to the Old Summer Palace, there are also a large number of royal relics, including countless cultural relics in the Forbidden City. Needs protection and repair.

5. The seriousness of the restoration

The Old Summer Palace is the imperial home, and the cost is not huge. If people today want to rebuild it, can they really spend such a large amount of money?

”The so-called 1:1 replica of the Statute Bridge of the Old Summer Palace in Hengdian New Garden and the Statute Bridge of the Old Summer Palace in history! Whether it is the craftsmanship or the shape, I believe everyone can tell at a glance which one is the Imperial Garden. Construction, which one was built by the village! "

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The protection and restoration of architectural heritage is very complex and controversial. In actual practice, there are many theories and opinions. Probably at the same time. At the same time, politics, budgeting, trade and countless other factors will affect this practice.

There is no absolute value system that can be applied to the problem once and for all to resolve all disputes

As far as China is concerned, real estate development is an example. What I just saw this morning:

"To the east of where Premier Zhou studied as a child, an immovable cultural relic in Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province - an ancient residence at No. 16 Yishun Lane, Qinghe District, was demolished. Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Qinghe District, Huai'an City The Housing Expropriation Office wants to forcibly expropriate this century-old house in the name of building a "characteristic neighborhood around the Prime Minister's childhood reading place". Some people use methods such as destroying the house at night, cutting off the water supply, cutting off the circuit, and even multiple people breaking in directly to bully the landlord into giving in. . Now the landlord is still struggling to support..."

What do you think, the ideal state is that the "dead" will make the old look like the old, and the "living" will make the old look like the new

< p>Construction is ultimately a condensed history, and history can actually be divided into ending history and history being copied. For the history that is being copied, we should not force people to stop writing and seal it up. This is as weird as putting a living person in a coffin and burying it alive to protect it

Is this just in practice... in many places It will become like tearing up the previous ones and rewriting them randomly ╮(╯_╰)╭

Me:

I think it is simply not to use it decisively while using it. The repair methods are not suitable. It is more appropriate to think about what the cost of building a legacy is. For example, the Independence Memorial Hall in Philadelphia is important because of the historical events that happened here. It does not have extraordinary artistic value in itself (my teaching words), so its interior is based on the historical decoration of the time when the Declaration of Independence was drafted. The revival. Among them, the original preserved structural components only account for 70% of the current independent memorial hall. However, for places like the Old Summer Palace, the Burning of the Old Summer Palace, as a historical event that occurred in the Old Summer Palace, is included in its core value. In this way, the historical traces related to this historical event are more important than the practical value of the garden itself as a park and the aesthetic value of the park. Because I was nervous, I chose the original location and preserved it as it was.

Is it important that the burning of the Old Summer Palace is an invaded historical event, or is it the countless ancient architectural structures, religious culture, home furnishings, art designs, and the modern advanced technologies they represent in the Old Summer Palace?

According to your statement, any destroyed cultural relics have historical events of their destruction and do not need to be restored.

Me:

My opinion is that if you read my reply carefully, you will find that I have been emphasizing that heritage protection is a very relative term and full of controversy. In the field of restoration, even in the same restoration activity, there will be multiple covering theories, concepts and techniques playing a role at the same time. So I think the words you said "only" and "all" are meaningless in this context.

For the example of the Old Summer Palace, if its value is clear, it would be meaningless to discuss it without placing it in the context of Chinese nationalism and modern history. It is precisely against this background that the Old Summer Palace seems to have a meaning similar to the Pillar of Shame, and this meaning is complete and cannot be expressed by the beautifully restored Old Summer Palace. Most importantly, architectural restoration is often a manifestation of an ideology, also known as ideology.

It is precisely because of this nationalist interpretation and core historical significance that the Old Summer Palace will be used by generations of rulers as an example of patriotic education, rather than exaggerating its artistic value (although this value cannot be Negative)

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What kind of build needs protection? What kind of cover is necessary?

The answers to these two questions are not fixed. From the birth of modern protection concepts to the present, they have continued to change with social changes.

The first topic is from the protection of Gothic monumental buildings in the early period, to the inclusion of buildings before the Gothic period, to the inclusion of civilian buildings.

The United States is an example, starting from the relics of the Civil War, to the colonial period, and then gradually including the relics of the indigenous people, then the relics of black people and civil rights activities, and then the relics of various immigrants. .

Take Italy as an example. The Italian Communist Party’s rule in Bologna expanded the scope of heritage protection to workers’ housing.

From this perspective, this field is constantly changing, but overall it is expanding.

As far as the American protection standards I have learned are concerned, the buildings that need to be protected can be due to 1. their own architectural or artistic value, 2. relevance to important people, 3. relevance to important events. , 4 has important representative significance

Therefore, the reasons for being protected are different, the methods and restrictions of protection are also different, and their core values ??as cultural heritage are also different.

Thus, the differences between different strategies for dealing with built heritage, such as conservation, preservation, renovation and restoration, are not entirely related to the care of built heritage. The difference in nurses’ ideas is also related to the building itself. Therefore, I have always emphasized that architectural heritage restoration is a complex and comprehensive science that cannot be simply generalized.

I will add examples and detailed pictures when I have time

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The problem in China today is , a lot of restoration happiness comes from temperament. But in fact, architectural heritage restoration is a huge comprehensive science, which includes various disciplines from material science to historical philosophy. There are countless discussions and controversies in every discipline. Let me add a little bit below

1. Architecture and restoration have been closely related to nationalism since the 19th century. The restoration of the Parthenon is directly related to Greek independence. The restoration of the Forbidden City cannot help but have similar considerations

3. Construct a discussion of authenticity in the restoration. I think this is what you really want to ask. Regarding formality, there have been two major divisions in construction and restoration since the early days, namely Violet in France and Ruskin in England. The ideas of these two guys later formed the French and British factions of cultural relic protection. The French school values ??bold and bold restoration, which is closer to the restoration of the Forbidden City. Restore the structure to its most glorious appearance. Although this will damage the "documentary value" of the building, this kind of restoration will also require very detailed historical research, practice and recording, which is different from the practice in many countries in the country. . . . In contrast, the British faction believes that the building should be preserved as it is today. What you and I should do is to protect its "historical traces", use necessary support structures to extend the life of the building, and protect tourists. life is silent. The two factions are still quarreling to this day. . . .

4. Discussion of authenticity in framing restoration: Venice Declaration and Nara Declaration. The Venice Declaration is a guide on how to protect the authenticity of buildings in the practice of conservation. It is stipulated that all restoration work must be carried out under strict records. All newly added protective structures must be clearly identifiable as new at a glance and must be strictly distinguished from other structures. Repainting the surface or sanding the surface for the surface of the structure is an absolute no-no.

But after entering modern times, the Western world has become more and more exposed to the values ????of different parts of the world (or it can be said to be the decentralization of Europe in the post-colonial period), and people have begun to discuss authenticity. At this time, the Nara Declaration made another statement about authenticity. The most famous example is the Ise Jingu Shrine in Japan. Starting in the 7th century AD, the entire shrine was dismantled and rebuilt every twenty years. In terms of material, this structure is completely new and does not meet the definition of authenticity. However, in terms of the cultural content conveyed and the inheritance of tradition, Ise Shrine is undoubtedly authentic. This more personal and spiritual authenticity is considered more suitable for Asian wooden architecture.

Since the material of wooden structures is more susceptible to damage, damaged parts will be replaced individually while living as a whole. However, I don’t think the spirit of the Nara Declaration is more suitable for China. Chinese people and managers generally lack respect and professionalism for building heritage! I think we should use stricter requirements to restrain them. The spirit of the Nara Declaration is based on strict inheritance. In the current situation of the Chinese people, it will only become an excuse for some experts and leaders to modify it according to their own preferences!

Finally, the differences in each country’s architectural heritage protection policies will also have a great impact on local protection practices. Moreover, in the same protection project, different protection ideas will appear at the same time. Therefore, the restoration of architectural heritage is a huge comprehensive science, and many of the questions in it are still being debated and there are no answers.

If anyone is interested, I will post some pictures and examples

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Of course not Calculate! ! ! !

The prerequisite for the Venice Charter, and all other strict protections, is that there must be sufficient research and accumulation of knowledge about the history of the building (although this is theoretically required), Even an aggressive restoration such as Violet's requires that the restorer's plan must be based on evidence, and the decision-making process must be rigorous and conscientious (although this is required in theory). However, it is obvious that many domestic restorations do not meet this point. Please take a look at the following chestnut:

This is the restoration work of the Acropolis of Athens. As you can see, there is a clear difference between the new marble addition on the left and the original column base on the right, but you can assume that they are the same thing. This is an addition to restore the integrity of the building components, or to ensure the safety of the structure above (if there is any, I don't know here).

But what about the Celestial Dynasty:

Of course, this chestnut is not very consistent, because this is a newly built antique building, not a restoration, and it is not directly related to the tiles below. But this shows how rigorous domestic treatment of ancient architecture is, as well as the construction materials and quality. . .

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In case anyone else is interested, here are a few examples.

One curious and interesting thing about authenticity is, does absolute truth really exist? If it exists, then what is the reality of time? Even before contemporary times, most churches in Europe were built in the late Romanesque-Gothic-Classical-Baroque style. A church usually consists of a combination of layouts from several periods. The most criticized thing about Violet's style restoration is that due to his personal preference for Gothic style (although there are also nationalistic elements involved), he likes to restore the restored buildings. "Purification" removes those additions that are not Gothic. Therefore, even before the rise of cultivation, the so-called "reality" is a vague and sensitive thing. It is precisely because of this that later generations have to revise, change and debate the definition of "authenticity" again and again.

Here are a few examples of structures that are often carelessly repaired but have actually been restored:

1 Villa Savoye

Before restoration< /p>

After restoration

Villa Savoye was abandoned after the outbreak of World War II. By the time everyone realized its value again, it had become what it looked like in Figure 1< /p>

Before restoration:

After restoration:

During the Ottoman Empire, due to its strong walls, the Parthenon became an ammunition depot and a refuge for women and children. So (very similar to its original purpose, the Parthenon originally had a treasury containing tributes). On the evening of September 28, 1687, after discovering that there was an ammunition depot in the Parthenon, the Venetian fleet bombarded the temple. The side of the temple was hit and exploded, and the middle part collapsed. Later, the Turks fortified the Acropolis, demolished the Temple of Victory, and built a small mosque in the middle of the temple.

Picture 2 was drawn in 1787. It can be seen that the mosque in the middle of the temple is still there, and a small village has grown on the acropolis. Of course, during the restoration in the 19th century, these later structures were all demolished. Of course, some people may now agree that these structures of foreign peacekeepers also have historical value, but no one cared about them at the time.

At the same time, a huge change in the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century was the reconstruction of the Temple of Victory using invented materials. Yes, it was the Temple of Nike. The time for reconstruction has disappeared 200 years ago for many years. But at least during the restoration, most of the structural components of the original Temple of the Goddess of Victory were discovered during the archaeological process.