Please ask the Education Edition to review the outline of the mid-term exam in the first semester of Grade One.

History review outline of the first volume of the ninth grade

The formation of mankind

First, the emergence of human beings

1. Modern humans evolved from Australopithecus africanus (a "human being in the making").

Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference of any animal.

Walking upright is a decisive step in the history of human evolution.

4. The representative figures in the stage of "fully formed person":

① Early ape-man: an "able man" in Oduwe Gorge Valley, Tanzania; (2) Late ape-man: China Yuanmou and Beijinger, (Javanese); ③ Early Homo sapiens: Dingcun, China (German Neanderthal); (4) Late Homo sapiens: Neanderthals in China and farmers in Kroma.

5. At the same time as the late Homo sapiens appeared, the differences of modern races also appeared.

6. Three major races (yellow race, white race and black race)

The reason: the ethnic difference is the result of many factors such as different natural geographical environment for a long time.

Second, clan society.

1. Different stages of clan society: matrilineal clan? Patriarchal clan

Matriarchal clan: women play an important role in gathering and housework and occupy a dominant position in society.

Patriarchal clan: With the progress and development of social productive forces, agriculture and animal husbandry developed, men gradually replaced women as the main labor force and began to rule the society, while paternal clan gradually replaced matriarchal clan.

2. The emergence of the state: In the late patriarchal society, with the intensification of social contradictions, the ruling class set up a series of institutions and facilities such as the government, the army, prisons and city walls. Their appearance marks the disintegration of primitive society and the emergence of the country.

Lesson 2 The Great River Basin-the Cradle of Human Civilization

First of all, the country of the pyramids-ancient Egypt

1, the emergence, unification and demise of the country

(1) in 3500 BC, dozens of small slave countries appeared along the Nile; (2) In 3500 BC, the original unified ancient Egyptian country was established; (3) in the 6th century BC, Egypt was destroyed by Persia in West Asia.

2. Pyramids (tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs)

The pyramid is a symbol of the power of the Egyptian king.

Second, the ancient country bred by the new moon-Babylon, Cuba

After/kloc-0 BC and 3500 BC, Sumerians established many small slave countries in the south of the two river basins.

2. In the 8th century BC, King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the two river basins and established a centralized slave country.

3. code of hammurabi: It is the first relatively complete ancient written code in the world.

Third, ancient India

In BC 1 and 2500, some small countries began to appear in the Indus Valley. Later, Aryans invaded ancient India, conquered the local residents and turned them into slaves, and successively established slave countries in the Indus Valley and Ganges Valley.

2. The hierarchy in India

(1) Ruling class: Brahmins (priests, nobles), Khrushchev (kings, warriors, officials);

② Ruled classes: Vishnu (farmers, herders, craftsmen and businessmen) and sudra (the conquered, the poor who lost their land and the bankrupt);

(3) Impact: The caste system intensified the social contradictions at that time, which brought adverse effects to the later development of Indian society.

4. Why did the ancient civilization appear in the big river basin?

A: ① The big river basin has humid climate, sufficient light and heat, and flat terrain, which is suitable for human survival; (2) The regular flooding of rivers provides abundant water sources and fertile soil, which is conducive to the development of agricultural production and further promotes the development of handicrafts and commerce.

Lesson 3 The Origin of Western Civilization

First, around 2000 BC, the early Greek civilization-Aegean civilization was born in Crete;

Second, the prosperity of Athens city-state.

1. Economy: Athens offshore, with convenient maritime transportation and developed industry and commerce; 2. Politics: Perikles has expanded the efforts of citizens, and all adult male citizens can participate in the citizens' assembly of the highest authority; 3. Culture and education: Perikles encourages academic research, develops literature and art, and attaches importance to education.

Third, the prosperity of the Spartan city-state.

1. Economy: Sparta is located inland, with agriculture as its main industry; 2. Politics: autocracy of a few slave owners; 3. Culture: advocating force and paying attention to military training.

Four. Rome and the Rise and Fall of the Republic (founded in 509 BC)

1, Punic War:

① Time: 3rd century BC to 2nd century BC; ② Reason: Competing for Mediterranean hegemony; 3 against the country: Rome? Carthage

2. The demise of Western Rome and the establishment of the Roman Empire.

① Background: In BC 1 century, a serious social crisis occurred in Rome, and the * * * system was no longer ruled, and slave owners tried to establish dictatorship to stabilize the regime;

② Process: In 49 BC, Caesar seized power? Octavian monopolized the state power and became the de facto emperor in 27 BC, and Rome was replaced by the Roman Empire.

Five, the division of the Roman Empire and the demise of the Western Roman Empire

(1) In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West. (2) In 476, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire was abolished by the Germans, and the Western Roman Empire perished, marking the end of the slave society in Western Europe.

Lesson 4 The Establishment of Asian Feudal Countries

I. Japan

/kloc-Around the 20th century, Japan began to have a slave country. Yamato continued to conquer and expand, and unified Japan in the 5th century.

Second, great changes (time: mid-7th century)

1. Background: Japanese social contradictions are very acute, slave owners in big noble are powerful, and the political situation is chaotic, so reform is imperative.

2. Content: Politically, establish a centralized imperial feudal country, abolish the aristocratic hereditary system, and select officials by talents; Economically, many aristocratic lands were nationalized and the people became national citizens; The state regularly distributes land to farmers for farming and collects taxes from them.

3. Significance: The transition from slave society to feudal society is the symbol of Japan's transformation.

Third, the establishment of Arab countries and the birth of Islam (Muhammad)

1. Background: At the end of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century, most parts of the Arabian Peninsula had not yet formed a unified country. Tribes kill each other for water and pasture. There are many internal contradictions, and the business road is not smooth, resulting in commercial decline, production stagnation and external invasion. In this situation, the Arab people are eager to establish a unified country.

2. Process:

In 6 10, Muhammad established Islam and preached in Mecca? In 622, Muhammad led his followers out of Medina, and established a country with the integration of politics and religion? In 630, Muhammad came to Mecca, which accelerated the unification of Arabian Peninsula? In 632, the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified.

Lesson 5 Medieval European Society

First, the hierarchical European feudal society.

1, The Rise of the Frankish Kingdom: After the demise of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Germans established the Frankish Kingdom on its ruins.

2. Charlie Matt's reform-feudal hierarchy of monarch and minister.

Content: In the early 8th century, Charlie? When Matt was a court minister, he changed the previous practice of unconditionally rewarding aristocratic land and implemented conditional land enfeoffment. Those who get the fief must do military service for it.

3. Features: Although there were hierarchical aristocrats in the feudal society of Western Europe, there was no strict relationship between the upper and lower levels of aristocrats.

4. The position and influence of the Roman church: During the feudal society in western Europe, the Pope and the church were not only the largest landlords in western Europe, but also the spiritual pillars of the feudal system in western Europe.

Second, the re-emergence of western European cities.

1. Location: Most cities rise in places with convenient transportation, relative safety and easy access to cheap raw materials and products for sale.

2. Famous representative cities: Venice, Italy, Oxford, England, Manchester, England.

3. Significance: In the process of the re-emergence of cities in Western Europe and the rapid development of industry and commerce, a citizen class has been formed. It further distinguishes industrialists from businessmen and bankers. Wealthy businessmen and bankers developed into the early bourgeoisie. Their appearance prepared the conditions for the rise of capitalism.

Third, the demise of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)

1. Prosperity: The commerce and handicrafts of the Byzantine Empire were quite developed, and the ancient Greek and Roman culture was preserved here. The famous St. Sofia Cathedral is the crystallization of Byzantine architectural and artistic achievements.

2. Decline: ① Imperial militarism, conquering everywhere, leading to the emptiness of the national treasury and the poverty of the people; (2) foreign invasion; (3) Autocratic rule has intensified class contradictions in China.

3. Death: 65438+mid-5th century. Constantinople was captured by the Turkish army, and the Byzantine Empire, which lasted for more than 1000 years, finally perished.

Lesson 6 Wars and Conquest in the Ancient World

I. The Greek-Persian War

1, the formation and expansion of the Persian Empire: In the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire was formed in ancient Iran. The Persian Empire frequently went out to expand and conquered Egypt and other countries and regions.

2. Persian War

① Process: At the beginning of the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire went to Greece for three times, which was known as the Greek-Persian War.

Results: In the middle of 5th century BC, Greek soldiers and civilians won the war.

Second, Alexander the Great Crusade to the East.

1, Kingdom of Macedonia: In the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Macedonia in northern Greece became powerful, defeated the Greek allied forces and took control of Greece in the late 4th century BC.

2. Route: Alexander the Great sent troops eastward, swept across Asia Minor and invaded Egypt. Then Li Li occupied the two river basins, wiped out the Persian Empire as far away as India, and established the Alexander Empire across Europe, Asia and Africa, with Babylon as its capital.

3. Impact:

① Positive aspects: promoting cultural exchanges between the East and the West; ② Negative: War brings disaster and is full of violence.

Third, the expansion of the Roman Empire and cultural exchanges.

1. Expansion: After 27 BC, under the rule of Octavian, the Roman Empire launched many wars of aggression. By the 2nd century, it will reach the largest scale. The Roman Empire spanned Europe, Asia and Africa, and the vast Mediterranean became its inner lake.

2. Cultural exchange and its influence: On the one hand, the conquest and rule of the Roman Empire were full of violence; On the other hand. Roman culture penetrated into the vast area under its rule.

Lesson 7 The Messenger of Cultural Exchange between East and West

First, the origin of Arabic numerals

Indians created a counting method of tens from 0 to 90, and Arabs reformed it. /kloc-spread to Europe at the beginning of the 0/2nd century and was called "Arabic numerals". The writing of16th century is basically the same as the current writing.

Second, Arabs have made great contributions to the development of world culture.

(1) translated and preserved many Greek works; (2) A complete algebra is established; (3) medical integration of latsis, according to this? Siena's Classic of Medicine has long been regarded as an authoritative work by European medical circles.

Third, the Silk Road-an important road connecting cultural exchanges and economy between the East and the West.

Fourth, the Italians in the court of the Yuan Dynasty

1 Kyle? Poirot and Kyle? Polo's travels

12 17, Kyle? Polo came to China (under Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu), lived in China for 17 years, and returned to Italy by sea. Later, he dictated his experiences and knowledge in the East, which was recorded by one of his cellmates as "Kyle? Adventures of Poirot

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the meaning of peaceful communication

A: Peaceful communication is the main theme, spreading the world's advanced culture and productive forces. Maintaining the diversity of world culture has had a lasting and far-reaching positive impact on the progress of the whole human civilization.

Lesson 8 Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)

First, ancient and mysterious words

1, hieroglyphics-ancient Egypt; 2. Cuneiform-Sumerians;

3. Phoenician letters? Greek letters? Latin alphabet (Rome)

Second, the three major religions in the world

1, Buddhism

Founded in the 6th century BC; Location: Ancient India; Founder: Gautama? Siddhartha

2. Christianity

Founded in 1 century; Location: Palestine; Founder: Jesus

3. Islam

Founded in the 7th century; Location: Mecca; Founder: Muhammad

▲ * * * Same features: All three religions originated in Asia, and their teachings all advocate "patience and obedience".

Lesson 9 Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

First, outstanding scientists

1, Archimedes

① Quality: Archimedes is good at thinking and likes to argue since childhood;

② Main discoveries and inventions: lever law, buoyancy law and spiral waterwheel.

2. Aristotle-"an encyclopedic scholar"

Second, literature and drama.

1, Homer's epic

(1) country and author: Homer of ancient Greece;

② Value: This is an immortal masterpiece of world literature, which reproduces the picture of ancient Greek society and is an important historical material for studying early Greek society.

2. King Oedipus

(1) country and author: Sophocles in ancient Greece;

(2) "the father of tragedy"-Aeschylus; "The Father of Comedy"-aristophanes

3. Arabian Nights-Collection of Arabian Folk Tales

Third, famous buildings.

1. Representative of Arabic Architecture: Mecca Mosque (the largest holy mosque in Islam)

2. Gothic architecture representative: Notre Dame de Paris (built in the 2nd century with a history of 180 years).

The beginning of the capitalist era

I. Renaissance

1. Time and place:14th century, Italy? From 15 to16th century, it expanded to other European countries and regions.

2. The root cause: the bud of Italian capitalist economy (economic base)

3. Essence: emerging bourgeois culture 4. Features: Publicity through classical culture 5. Guiding ideology: humanism.

6, on behalf of the task and its works:

(1) Dante (Italy), a pioneer of the Renaissance, whose masterpiece is the long poem The Divine Comedy;

(2) Renaissance artists-da? Finch (Italy), representative work: Mona Lisa and the Last Supper;

(3) Shakespeare (England), a literary master in the Renaissance, whose masterpieces include Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.

7. Significance: Renaissance destroyed the spiritual dictatorship of the medieval church, promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields, laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society, and effectively promoted the transition of Western European society from feudal system to capitalist system.

Second, the opening of new routes.

1, root cause and other reasons

① Roots: the capitalist economy is budding and the commodity economy is active;

② Other reasons: Kyle? Polo's adventure, the progress of shipbuilding technology, the popularization of earth circle theory and the wide application of compass.

2. Process:

(1) Diaz-Portuguese-1487-1488-opened the route from Europe to the Indian Ocean and found the Cape of Good Hope;

(2) Columbus-Spain funded-1492- opened the air route to the United States;

3 gundam? Gamma Portugal Fund? -1497- 1488- opening up new sea routes from Europe to the Indian mainland;

(4) Magellan-funded by Spain-1519-1522-completed a round-the-world trip across the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean and then returned to Europe.

3. Impact: ① The traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa is getting closer and closer, and the world is becoming a whole; (2) The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism; (3) It opened the way for colonial plunder, primitive accumulation of capital and the establishment of a capitalist world market, which brought disaster to Asia, Africa and Latin America.

western bourgeois revolution

I. The British-British bourgeois revolution under the "divine right of monarchy" (time: 1640- 1688)

1, the root cause: Britain's feudal autocracy hindered the development of capitalist economy.

2. fuse: Scottish people's uprising 3. The mark of the beginning: the parliament reconvenes (or the struggle between parliament and the king)

4. Leader: the bourgeoisie, new noble; Leader: Cromwell

Second, Charles I was killed by the guillotine.

1649, Charles I was guillotined and the United Kingdom was founded.

Three. The promulgation of the bill of rights

1, the restoration of charles ii, made a crazy counterattack.

2. 1688, the bourgeoisie and new noble launched a palace coup, overthrew the autocratic rule and established a new king.

3. Time, purpose and significance of promulgation

① Time:1689;

② Purpose: to restrict the rights of the king;

(3) Significance: (1) The king's rights are clearly restricted by law; (2) The bourgeois rule of constitutional monarchy began to be established.

Fourth, the significance of the British bourgeois revolution: the British bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal monarchy through the revolution, established its dominant position, cleared the way for the development of capitalism and promoted the process of world history.

The birth of America

First, the development of British North American colonies

North America 1 and 13 Colonists: Native American Indians, British and European immigrants, and African blacks.

2. The root of American War of Independence: British colonial oppression hindered the development of capitalist economy in North America.

Second, the American War of Independence (time:1775-1783)

1, fuse: 1773, Boston Tea Party; 2. Starting:1April 775, Lexington shot;

3. Army Building: 1775 In May, Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army;

4. People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded:1July 4, 776, and the Declaration of Independence was issued; 5. Turning point: 1777, Saratoga;

6. Victory: 178 1 year, the British army in Yorktown surrendered;

7. Peace Treaty: 1783, (Anglo-American Peace Treaty of Paris), Britain recognized American independence.

Third, the publication of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States 1787

1. Publication of the Declaration of Independence (Date:1July 4, 776)

Significance: ① Expressed the bourgeoisie's demands for national independence and national freedom; (2) The declaration also declared that the North American 13 colony was independent from Britain, and the United States of America-the United States was born.

2. 1787 Constitution-Establishment of the federal government.

1787, the United States promulgated the Constitution. The constitution establishes that the United States is a federal state, and stipulates that the president is both the head of state and the head of government and enjoys executive power; Congress and the Supreme Court have the legislative power and judicial power of the state respectively.

Fourth, the significance of the American War of Independence: The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, achieved national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which was conducive to the development of American capitalism and promoted the future revolutions in Europe and Latin America.

French Revolution and Napoleon Empire

I. The French Revolution (time: 1789—1794)

1, the root cause: the feudal autocracy in France hindered the development of capitalist economy.

2. The fuse: 1789, the third-level meeting was held.

3. Opening sign:1July, 78914th, Paris citizens captured the Bastille.

4. Promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

① Content: Declare that people are born free, have equal rights and that private property is inviolable.

② Significance: It embodies the progressive thought of opposing feudal hierarchy and absolute monarchy.

5. The establishment of the First Republic of France and the guillotine of Louis XVI (1792).

6. Under the dictatorship of jacobins, robespierre was guillotined in July 1794.

7. Significance of the French Revolution: The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule in France, impacted the feudal order in Europe as a whole, spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great impact on the development of world history.

Secondly, Napoleon and his empire.

1, Napoleon's coup and the establishment of the first empire of France:1At the end of 799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. Five years later, he was crowned emperor and established an empire-the first French empire in history.

2. Napoleon's internal and external policies: during his reign, Napoleon consolidated bourgeois rule internally and promulgated codes; Defeated the troops of the European anti-French alliance for many times, attacked the feudal forces in Europe, expanded the territory of France, controlled many parts of Europe, and harmed the interests of the people of the invaded country.

Lesson 14 The arrival of age of steam

I. British Industrial Revolution

1, political premise: the establishment of bourgeois rule.

2. Direct cause:/kloc-In the 8th century, Britain became the largest colonial empire.

3. Process: ① In 1960s, Hargreaves invented a loom called Jenny Machine; (2)1785, watt improved the steam engine.

Second, the development of transportation industry.

1, 1807, Fulton, USA, used steam as power to build the world's first ship (then called "the ship").

2. 1825, Stephen sun of Britain invented the locomotive voyager with a steam engine.

Third, the impact of the industrial revolution: the great productivity created by the industrial revolution has brought about earth-shaking changes in the social outlook. After the industrial revolution, capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and the western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world began to form a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward.

Bloody capital accumulation

First, the evil "triangle trade"

1. Background: After the new sea route was opened, Portugal and Spain, then Britain and France embarked on the road of colonial expansion.

2. route: going to Europe (carrying inferior goods)? Medium-range Africa (exchange inferior goods for blacks)? Middle-range America (selling blacks as slaves and sending gold, silver and raw materials back to Europe)

Impact: "triangle trade" made Africa lose nearly 100 million lean laborers, but slave traders made a windfall, with profits as high as tens of percent. Many people returned to Europe after getting rich and invested their hard-earned money from slaves in industry and commerce, which promoted the development of local capitalism.

Second, "no empire" is in India.

1, formation process: defeated Spain in 65438+6th century? /kloc-beat the Netherlands in the 0/7th century? /kloc-defeated France in the 0/8th century

2. Expansion and aggression against India (time:17th century)

① organization: British East India Company ② expansion steps: establishing coastal strongholds? Expanding in the mainland? plunder wealth

3. Impact: The British use these robbed wealth to develop the domestic economy; These colonies also provided a huge overseas market for British industrial production and further stimulated industrial development.

The war of the colonial people

First, the Indian national hero-Queen Zhang Xi

1. Background of India's Great National Uprising:1In the middle of the 9th century, two-thirds of India's land was occupied by Britain.

2. Time:1857 ——1859.

3. 1858, Queen Zhang Xi led an uprising army, which was used to fight against the British troops invading Zhang Xi. After Zhang Xi's realization, she led the army to other places, vowed to die unyielding, and finally died heroically.

4. Influence: Queen Zhang Xi's heroic struggle with the Indian people showed the determination and courage of the colonial people to resist violence and aggression, which dealt a heavy blow to the British colonists.

Second, the "liberator of South America"-Bolivar

1, Latin American independence movement background: after the opening of the new air route, Portugal monopolized Brazil; Spain occupied all Latin America except Brazil.

2. Overview:

① Time: 65438+end of 2008+beginning of 2009;

(2)1816 years, bolivar swept the Spanish army from north to south and liberated the Spanish colonies in America.

3. Result: The ruler of Portuguese colony Brazil was forced by the general trend to declare independence.

The International Labor Movement and the Birth of Marxism

I. Charter Movement in Britain (Time: 1836- 1848)

1. Background: With the development of the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie is getting richer and richer, but the treatment of workers is poor.

2. Procedure: People's Charter

3. Nature: It is the first mass proletarian political revolution in the world.

Second, the birth of Marxism.

1, production conditions:

The development of the workers' movement and the proletariat provided the political foundation for the birth of socialism. (2) Marx and Engels personally participated in the workers' movement and constantly summed up their experience; ③ Absorb the essence of predecessors.

2.* * * Producers' Party Declaration

Content: The Manifesto of the Producers' Party analyzes the role of class struggle in the historical development of class society, reveals the objective law that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, and calls on the proletarians all over the world to unite and fight for their own liberation.

② Influence: The publication of the Manifesto of the Productive Party marks the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.

Three. Paris Commune

1, background: 1870, France and Prussia went to war. When the French were defeated, Pu Jun came to Paris at the gates. The bourgeois government bowed to the outside world and prepared to suppress the domestic people.

2. What happened: ① 187 1 March, 2008, there was a conflict between the government forces and the garde nationale, which led to the outbreak of the workers' uprising in Paris; (2) Soon, the people elected their own political power-the Paris Commune; (3) From May 2/Kloc-0 to May 28, commune soldiers fought fiercely with the enemy who broke into Paris, which was the famous "May Bloody Week".

3. Significance: The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. The fearless spirit of the commune in the face of powerful enemies will always inspire future generations.

4. "Internationale" (Lyrics: Ou Ren? Pottier composer: Degeyter)

American civil war

I. The outbreak of war (time: 186 1 April)

1, root: the contradiction between two economic systems (plantation economy) and the north (capitalist industry)

2. Contradictions: ① tariff issues; ② insufficient labor force; (3) Whether slavery is practiced in the new land in the west.

3. The focus of contradiction: the abolition of slavery.

4. fuse:1861March, Lincoln was elected president.

Second, the victory of the North.

1, the course of the war: ① 186 1 In March, eleven southern states seceded from the Union and formed the "Southern Union"; (2)1861April, the confederate army began a civil war; (3)1In September of 862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which led to a major turning point in the war. (4)1865, the northern army captured Richmond, the capital of the confederacy, and won the war.

Shortly after the end of the civil war, Lincoln was assassinated in the theater by fanatics who supported slavery.

3. Significance of American Civil War: The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. After this war, the United States abolished slavery, cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism, and created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future.

The historical turning point of Russia and Japan

First, Russia abolished serfdom-186 1 year reform

1, the root cause: serfdom seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalist industry.

2. Process: 186 1 year, Tsar Alexander II carried out the reform of abolishing slavery.

3. Content: According to the law, serfs are "free men" in law; Landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; After the serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but they must pay the price for it.

4. Significance: 186 1 Reform is a bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. Although this reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.

Two. Meiji Restoration in Japan (time: 1868)

1. background: ① internal: closed and backward feudal country; ② Diplomacy: The national crisis initiated by the United States.

2. Inverted curtain movement (time: 1868)

3. Content: Politically "abolish vassals and set up counties" and strengthen centralization; Economically, land sales are allowed, western technology is introduced, and the development of modern industry is encouraged; In social life, we advocate "civilization", that is, we should learn from Europe and America and strive to develop education.

4. Nature: bourgeois reform.

5. Significance: Meiji Restoration gradually transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country, and got rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. However, after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.

Mankind has stepped into the "electrical age"

First, the arrival of the "electrical age"

1. political premise: capitalism is universally established in the world.

2. Logo: Invention and use of generators and motors.

3. New energy sources: electricity and oil.

4. The influence of the second industrial revolution: Driven by the second industrial revolution, the productive forces of capitalist countries have developed by leaps and bounds. At the same time, capitalist countries began to transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, that is, imperialism.

The second is Edison, the "king of invention"

1 and 1879, American scientist Edison successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb, which brought light to the world.

2. Edison invented many electrical products, and there are more than 300 officially registered inventions/kloc-0, which is known as the "king of inventions".

1March, 876 10, American inventor Bell invented the world's first telephone.

Third, the emergence of cars and airplanes.

1, car

(1) 65438+in the 1980s, German Carl? Ben Ci and others designed the internal combustion engine. Powered by internal combustion engine, Ben Ci successfully trial-produced the automobile in 1885.

② Impact: The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced people's production capacity, changed people's lifestyle and expanded people's activities. Strengthen the communication between people.

2. Aircraft

Inventor: the Lyle brothers in America.

② Logo and Time:190365438+In February, the Wright brothers in the United States made a plane through continuous efforts and successfully tested it.

(3) Impact: The ideal of human beings has become a reality, and airplanes have become a convenient and fast air transportation tool for people.

World War I

First, imperialism's hegemony over the world-the root cause

1, the time when imperialism came into being: the end of 20th century 19.

2. The root cause of the war: the economic and political development of imperialism was unbalanced, and later imperialist countries demanded a new division of the world.

3. Three-country alliance and three-country agreement.

① triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy ② Treaty of Britain, France and Russia.

Second, the outbreak of war.

1, fuse:1965438+June 28, 2004, Sarajevo incident.

2. 19 14 At the end of July, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and World War I broke out.

3. Overview

(1) 19 14 In August, Japan joined the Allies to fight; ②1965438+In March 2005, Italy announced its withdrawal from the Allies and joined the Allies. (3)1965438+In April 2007, the United States joined the Allies to fight; (4)1965438+In August 2007, China joined the Allies to fight; ⑤1917165438+10, Russia announced its withdrawal from World War I.

Third, unprecedented disaster.

1, 19 16, the battle of Verdun, with more than 700,000 casualties on both sides, was called "Verdun meat grinder".

2. War result:191811. 10, Germany surrendered, and the First World War, which lasted for more than four years, ended in the defeat of the Allies.

3. The nature of war: imperialist war.

4. The influence of the First World War: The First World War was the first war of unprecedented scale in human history, which caused great losses and destruction. This imperialist war has brought great suffering to people all over the world. More than 30 million people were killed or injured in the participating countries, of which10 million people died of war, hunger and disease.

Lesson 22 The Power of Thought and Science

First, the fire of ideological enlightenment (time:18th century)

1, representative figures: Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu in France.

2, ideological theory:

Voltaire: opposing feudal autocracy, advocating enlightened monarchy and emphasizing bourgeois freedom and equality;

(2) Rousseau: Denying feudal monarchy, thinking that if rulers violate public opinion, violate human rights and tear up the contract that everyone should abide by, people will learn the 23rd lesson of world cultural masterpieces.