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The Course of Rural Poverty Alleviation Policy in China

Since the reform and opening up, China's rural poverty alleviation policy has generally gone through four stages.

(a) Structural reforms to reduce poverty

The rural economic system reform, which started at 1978, has played a great role in alleviating rural poverty and reducing rural poor population. The reform of rural economic system has greatly stimulated and mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, and the output of agricultural products has been greatly improved. The rising prices of agricultural products and the falling prices of agricultural means of production have led to a rapid increase in farmers' income. In addition, the state has taken measures to gradually tilt the distribution of social wealth to farmers.

(b) Large-scale development-oriented poverty alleviation

In the mid-1980s, the central government decided to adopt special policies and measures to comprehensively develop areas with poor natural conditions, deteriorating ecological environment and low level of economic development, so as to solve the problem of food and clothing for the population in poverty-stricken areas and create conditions for their all-round development. At the same time, the leading group for economic development in poverty-stricken areas, a specialized leading organization for poverty alleviation and development in China, was established. Since then, China has started an organized, planned and large-scale rural poverty alleviation and development. The government's poverty alleviation policy has changed the previous poverty alleviation model, from simple relief poverty alleviation to development poverty alleviation, and established the development poverty alleviation policy.

(3) Focus on poverty alleviation.

Starting from 199 1, we will focus on helping the rural poor in places where production and living conditions are extremely harsh and it is difficult to get rid of poverty. During this period, the central government held the first national conference on poverty alleviation and development, and made comprehensive arrangements for poverty alleviation and development. The State Council has promulgated the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" for poverty alleviation and development (1994-2000). This is the first poverty alleviation and development action plan with clear objectives, targets, measures and deadlines in China's history. In order to implement the poverty alleviation plan, the central government has held several poverty alleviation work conferences. Through hard work, in May, 20001year, the Central Poverty Alleviation and Development Work Conference announced that the plan for tackling key problems was basically completed.

(d) Participatory poverty alleviation and development

Entering the 2 1 century, China's rural poverty alleviation and development is facing new difficulties. It is an urgent and urgent problem to solve the problem of food and clothing for a few poor people and improve the basic production and living conditions in poor areas. Therefore, in May of 20001year, the Central Committee held a national poverty alleviation and development work conference to sum up the achievements and experiences of poverty alleviation and development in the past and plan the poverty alleviation and development work in the future1year. According to the spirit of the meeting, the State Council promulgated the Outline of Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development in China (2001-2010). The new outline pays attention to the development of science and technology, education, culture and health, and recognizes that disease is the main factor that makes farmers fall into poverty. The poverty alleviation plan emphasizes participatory poverty alleviation and comprehensive development with villages as units. The new outline recognizes that the migration between urban and rural areas is an important way to help the poor, and adopts new policies and measures to make rural residents more likely to benefit from the new employment opportunities in cities and towns.

According to the statistics of the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office, the absolute poverty population in rural areas of China decreased from 250 million in 1978 to14.79 million in 2007, and the low-income population also decreased from 62130,000 in 2000 to 284 100 in 2007. At the same time, education, medical care, health and other social undertakings in poverty-stricken areas have also developed by leaps and bounds, and infrastructure conditions have improved significantly.

Second, the current rural poverty alleviation policy in China faces new challenges

(A) The development of market economy has brought new challenges to rural poverty alleviation and development.

In the market economy, poor rural areas and developed areas are in an unequal market competition position. The loss of funds and resources and the inclination of investment make the scarce resources in poor areas flow to developed areas in large quantities, and the problem of brain drain in poor areas is more prominent.

(B) The transformation of the mode of economic development has caused many contradictions in the economic development of poor areas.

The transformation from extensive to intensive is the direction of economic development in poor areas. However, compared with developed areas, poor areas are not only different in economic scale, economic foundation, economic strength and development stage, but also inferior in economic development quality and economic benefits. In addition, it is very important to change the mode of economic development, which requires that the quality of poor people should be improved accordingly, and poor farmers should have certain self-development ability, which is relatively backward and lacking in rural poverty-stricken areas. Moreover, under the dominant ideology of pursuing economic benefits and getting rid of poverty as soon as possible, poor areas often cannot correctly handle the relationship between resource development and environmental protection, and often make economic development based on resource waste and environmental destruction. The limitations and problems of government-led poverty alleviation are increasingly apparent.

With the transition of economic system and the changes of environmental conditions in various aspects, the defects and problems in the government-led poverty alleviation model and its implementation are increasingly exposed. First, the government's capital supply capacity is limited, and it is difficult to meet the social demand for poverty alleviation funds. Second, the participation of multiple departments and the existence of departmental interests will easily lead to uncoordinated contradictions in the government's poverty alleviation and development, which is likely to weaken or even offset the work results. Third, because the government's management of poverty alleviation funds is too macro, it is difficult to form an effective supervision system, which affects the use effect of poverty alleviation funds, especially paid funds. Fourth, the high mobility of government officials is not conducive to the continuity of poverty alleviation policies, nor can it guarantee that officials can ensure the implementation of poverty alleviation tasks in a responsible manner, resulting in short-term behavior of poverty alleviation projects.

(D) The contradictions in special poverty-stricken areas are prominent.

At present, among the148,000 poverty-stricken villages, absolute poverty and low-income population account for 33% of the total rural population; In rocky mountainous areas, desert areas, alpine mountainous areas, loess plateau areas and areas with high incidence of endemic diseases, ethnic minority areas with less population and 42 key poverty alleviation counties along the border, it exceeds 40%. With the decrease of the total number of poor people, the proportion of farmers who need to emigrate in these areas has increased significantly. In addition, the development of the old revolutionary base areas is relatively backward. At present, the per capita net income of farmers in 237 old revolutionary base areas is 57% of the national average.

(E) The problem of rural poor people returning to poverty has become increasingly prominent.

It shows that the rate of returning to poverty is high, and the regional centralization and decentralization of returning to poverty coexist and occur frequently. Returning to poverty erodes the achievements of poverty alleviation and development, and often makes the hard work of the broad masses of cadres and people vanish in an instant. At the same time, it also dealt a great blow to the poor's economic base, their desire and self-confidence. Once they fall into poverty again, not only will their original efforts be wasted, but they will have to pay a higher price for getting rid of poverty again.

(vi) The impact of globalization has intensified.

Especially after China's entry into WTO, China's traditional agriculture has been greatly impacted, and the sales of low-tech agricultural products mainly planted and raised in poor areas will bear the brunt, and farmers' income will probably be greatly reduced.

Third, the new requirements of rural poverty alleviation policies

(a) to speed up the innovation of poverty alleviation policy management system, operation mechanism, development model and poverty alleviation ideas.

In the management system, it is necessary to strengthen the responsibility of poverty alleviation work, have special institutions and special funds, and have a corresponding legal system to guide and restrict the activities of these institutions and the use of funds. The operation of the project should be completed on schedule, and the use of project funds should be supervised. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the focus of poverty alleviation work, adapt to the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration of poor people in the new stage, and transfer from key poverty alleviation counties to key townships, key villages and key households.

In terms of operational mechanism, improve the poverty alleviation and development model, further improve the poverty alleviation and development model of "government-led, social participation, development and poverty alleviation, and market operation", focus on enhancing poverty alleviation ability, cultivate diversified poverty alleviation and development subjects, realize the optimal combination of various poverty alleviation resources, and improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation and development. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the investment and operation mechanism of poverty alleviation funds, establish a diversified investment mechanism, give full play to the basic role of the market in fund allocation, and gradually establish a multi-channel and diversified poverty alleviation investment mechanism with farmers' own investment as the main body and credit, foreign capital and social investment as supplements. In addition, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and assistance mechanism, which is the main content of departmental cooperation and social participation in the operational mechanism of rural poverty alleviation and development, and is a powerful supplement to the government-led poverty alleviation and development. Collaborative assistance is conducive to reducing the government's poverty alleviation pressure, as well as regional exchanges and regional economic cooperation.

In terms of development mode, one is industrial support. Low industrial level and unreasonable structure are the characteristics of poor areas. We should focus on the focus and breakthrough point of local leading industries, take science and technology as the driving force, vigorously improve the level of technical equipment, eliminate backward production capacity, put an end to low-level redundant construction, take the market as the guide, strive to develop potential products, extend the industrial chain, increase added value, and take industrialized operation as the main direction of poverty alleviation and development in the new period. The second is to focus on characteristics and vigorously develop the characteristic economy. Give play to comparative advantages, integrate superior resources, improve scientific and technological content, turn resource advantages into economic advantages, optimize the structure of agricultural and sideline products, develop leading processing enterprises, develop green and pollution-free high-quality agricultural products, improve the service market system, and promote agricultural industrialization. The third is to take the project as the carrier. It is necessary to change the thinking mode of focusing on grain in the past, pay attention to supporting short-term, fast-paced and quick-win projects, highlight the development of rooted infrastructure construction and pillar industries for sustainable development, focus on improving production and living conditions and increasing farmers' income, and take improving grassroots organizations' ability to lead modern agriculture and the scientific, technological and cultural quality of workers as the starting point, and adhere to a two-pronged approach and comprehensive management.