Information about Bauhaus. Status influence, etc

Bauhaus explored in practice and established the basic viewpoint and educational direction of modern design: ① The purpose of design is people, not products. ② Design must follow objective and natural laws. Its educational system, design theory and design style have gradually matured and perfected in practice. Bauhaus's main teaching content is composed of art and technology. Its early teaching system can be called "factory apprenticeship", with students as "apprentices", teachers who take art form courses as "form tutors" and teachers who take technology and handicraft production courses as "studio masters". Each course is undertaken by both teachers. The school has also set up carpentry, ceramics, weaving and printing studios for students to practice, so that they can have both artistic and technical abilities.

one of Bauhaus's most important achievements is to lay a basic education system of plane composition, three-dimensional composition and color composition in design education, which is based on scientific and rigorous theory. From August to September, 1923, Bauhaus held a large-scale exhibition called "New Unity of Art and Technology". The works of teachers and students attracted famous European artists and designers, thus conducting various academic exchange activities, publicizing Bauhaus's design ideas and pushing the European modernist design movement to a climax. At that time, Gropaiz Uss gave a speech entitled "On Comprehensive Art" and sent his book "Bauhaus's Imagination and Organization". Later, he made a great reform in teaching, taking mathematics, physics and chemistry as compulsory courses, making the teaching system develop in a more rational and scientific direction and more suitable for the needs of large-scale industrial production. Due to the persecution of the right-wing political forces, Bauhaus moved to Dessau in March 1925 and began the second stage of its development. In 1926, the name of the school was added with the name of "School of Design", which further clarified the nature of the school. Teaching is no longer carried out by the form tutor and the studio master, but by hiring skilled craftsmen to assist the professor. Bauhaus is the cradle of modern design. The functional, rational and simple, concise industrial design style advocated and practiced by Bauhaus is regarded as the classic style of modernist design, which has exerted an indelible influence on the design in the 2th century.

Bauhaus's educational enlightenment

The development of modern design education has inherited the theoretical system of Bauhaus's design education in Germany. From Bauhaus's educational practice in Germany, we can sum up some enlightening things for today's design education. This is the trinity modern design education mode of teaching, research and practice. While completing normal teaching tasks, teaching serves research and practice; Research provides theoretical guidance for teaching and practice; Practice provides verification for teaching and research, and also provides possible economic support for modern design education. This virtuous circle education system has been adopted by modern design education in western countries almost without exception since Bauhaus. In recent years, we learn from foreign advanced education experience and advocate quality education, and begin to realize the importance of this education system for quality education.

in the face of today's student groups, it is not only necessary to implement the trinity model, but also to cultivate qualified talents urgently needed by society and the market. In this mode of education, students can not only learn more professional knowledge, but also have a profound theoretical accomplishment and a relatively skilled practical operation ability, so that they have strong competitive strength in society. In today's social development and economic market conditions, what is needed is not bookworm students, but compound talents with strong comprehensive ability. Our school education has not reached the standard of social or market demand, and the cultivation of students' practical application ability should be completed by schools, but in fact it is completed by a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises instead of schools. In the investigation, we found that these small and medium-sized enterprises complained bitterly and thought that they had become the staff training base and talent pool of large enterprises. However, the rules of the market economy make these small and medium-sized enterprises helpless. This phenomenon has existed for a long time, and it continues to heat up, reflecting the serious defects in our school education system.

Today, we have entered the information age, and the emergence of a large number of high and new technologies can also enable us to directly adopt high and new technologies for practical teaching activities. Today, in order to meet the needs of the times, we have gradually established a trinity education model of teaching, research and practice in the educational reform, which not only meets the objective needs of talent training in the information age, but also fully embodies the Bauhaus art design education principle.

Bauhaus is the first college in the world established for the development of modern design education, which opened a new era for design education in the industrial age.

Bauhaus's three development stages:

The first stage (1919-1925)

During Weimar period, Gropius (1883-1969) served as the principal, put forward the lofty ideal of "new unification of art and technology" and shouldered the sacred mission of training designers and architects in the 2th century. He recruited talents, hired artists and craftsmen to teach, and formed a new education system combining art education with handcrafting.

in the second stage (1925-1932), during the disao period,

Bauhaus was rebuilt in disao, Germany, and the curriculum reform was carried out, and the teaching method of integrating design and production teaching was implemented, which achieved excellent results. This period is its peak period. In 1928, Gropius resigned as the principal of Bauhaus and was succeeded by HannesMeyer (1889-1954), head of the Department of Architecture. This party member architect expanded Bauhaus's artistic radicalism to political radicalism, which made Bauhaus face more and more political pressure. Finally, Meyer himself had to resign in 193 and be succeeded by Mies van de Rohe (1886-1969). Meese, who took over, faced the pressure from Nazi forces and tried his best to maintain the operation of the school. Finally, after the Nazi party occupied Diso in October 1932, he was forced to close Bauhaus.

The third stage (1932-1933) During the Berlin period

Mies Van Delow moved the school to an abandoned office building in Berlin in an attempt to regroup. Because the spirit of Bauhaus was not tolerated by the German Nazis, Mies was finally powerless in the face of the Nazi government that just officially took office in 1933, and announced that Bauhaus was permanently closed in August of that year. In November 1933, Bauhaus was closed and had to end its 14-year development. The Berlin period lasted only six months.

New Bauhaus School Building

On April 1st, 1925, the new Bauhaus College opened in the small industrial city of Deso. Gropius believes that the architecture and planning of the new school itself is a silent "manifesto", so he personally designed the new school building of Disuo based on the principle of Bauhaus. This building, which is known as a milestone of modern architecture, was designed in full accordance with Bauhaus's design concept. Different use functions, such as classroom, practice workshop and student dormitory, are freely combined to form a plane similar to a windmill. Each different part is also different in appearance, and the height is scattered. The whole body is simple and lively, without any decoration. The practice workshop facing the main street is a large area of glass curtain wall with mechanical window opening device, with dark gray gables and seven vertical letters "Bauhaus" written on it. The rest are all white powder walls and black steel frame windows. The interior of the building is decorated with steel tube leather furniture designed by MarcelBreuer. Reinforced concrete buildings, all buildings are cubic in shape, with white surface and no unnecessary decoration, and rely on simple block space to form surface ups and downs and bumps, which is full of rhythm. Because of their simplicity, these buildings also created the lowest construction cost at that time, 2 cents/square foot.

comparison with traditional architecture:

the traditional architectural concept is to consider the appearance first, and then put the requirements of different functions into the shell, "outside first, then inside". Gropius, on the other hand, is "from the inside to the outside". First, the space determined by the functions of each part is determined, and these spaces form a reasonable overall appearance, and the function determines the shape.

Symmetry principle is adopted in traditional architecture, while flexible and irregular plane layout, multi-direction, multi-volume, multi-axis and multi-channel methods are adopted in modern design, resulting in a patchwork, criss-crossing, varied and lively artistic effect.

The frame structure is adopted in the new building, which separates the wall from the load-bearing position, thus expanding the area of the window and making the window an important part of the appearance. The glass and geometric order of windows are the most striking features of new buildings.

Bauhaus teaching:

Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus, put forward the slogan of "the new unity of art and technology" in view of the situation of "the confrontation between technology and art" in large-scale industrial production since the industrial revolution, and this theory gradually became the core of Bauhaus's educational thought. Bauhaus education pays attention to the cultivation of students' comprehensive creative ability and design quality.

Bauhaus's previous design schools focused on the teaching of artistic skills, such as the design school formerly known as the Royal Academy of Art, which offered three courses, namely, form, color and decoration. Most of the students were artists and very few were artistic designers. In order to meet the requirements of modern society for designers, Bauhaus established a modern design education system of "new combination of art and technology", initiated modern design education courses such as basic courses, technology courses, professional design courses, theoretical courses and engineering courses related to architecture, and trained a large number of modern designers with both artistic skills and scientific and technological application knowledge and skills.

Bauhaus's whole teaching reform is an impact on the classical tradition that dominates the college and puts forward the "factory apprenticeship system". The whole teaching lasted for three and a half years. The first half year was preparatory course, and three courses were studied, namely "Basic Modeling", "Material Research" and "Factory Principle and Practice". Then, according to the students' specialties, they entered the "apprenticeship" education in the last three years respectively. Those who pass the exam will be issued with a "mechanic graduation certificate". Then, after practical work training (internship), those with excellent grades will enter the "research department" and graduate from the research department to obtain the Bauhaus diploma. In schools, teachers and students are not called each other, but called "master", "mechanic" and "apprentice". What is done not only conforms to the function but also expresses the author's thoughts-this is Bauhaus's requirement for students' works. Its teaching emphasizes direct experience. Bauhaus's main courses have been changing and developing.

Bauhaus course

Practical instruction

Materials research

Working methods

Formal instruction

Observation class: Research of nature and materials

Painting class: Geometry research, structural practice, drawing and model making

Composition class: Research and design of volume and color

Each course is initially composed of one person.

in order to implement the Bauhaus teaching system, the college has set up relevant factories for the practice of various courses, which are not only classrooms, It is also a workshop:

Weaving factory: mainly focusing on the weaving design of metal materials and fiber materials

Ceramic factory: Tangbao Ceramic Factory, 2 kilometers away from Weimar, as an internship factory

Woodworking factory: the products of this factory pursue strict geometric structure

Metalworking factory: established after moving to Disuo in 1925

Textile factory: established after moving to Disuo in 1925

. Wa-ssily Kandinsky, Paul

Klee, who teaches textile design, and Farninger are recognized as masters of painting in the 2th century. Laszlo Mo-holyNagy, a member of the school of composition, changed the teaching of Bauhaus from handicraft to industrial design. In addition, john eaton, the painter, Mies Van Derlow, the architect, Hannerz Meyer, Marcel Brewer, the furniture designer, and William Wagenfeld, the lamp designer, are all the backbones of Bauhaus.

Basic courses:

Kandinsky's courses: 1) Analysis and research of nature; 2) analysis and drawing

paul klee's courses: 1) analysis of natural phenomena; 2) research on modeling, space, movement and perspective

john eaton's courses: 1) natural object practice; 2) Textural exercises of different materials; 3) Analysis of Ancient Famous Paintings

laszlo moholy nagy's courses: 1) Suspended body exercises; 2) Volume space exercises; 3) Balance exercises of combining different materials

4) Structure exercises; 5) texture practice; 6) Practice of combining iron wire and wood; 7) Composition and Painting

Albers's courses: 1) Combined exercises; 2) Paper modeling practice; 3) Paper cutting modeling practice; 4) iron plate modeling practice;

5) wire modeling practice; 6) illusion practice; 7) Glass modeling exercises

Other basic courses: color basis, painting, sculpture, pattern, photography, etc.

Process basic courses: carpentry, furniture, ceramics, sheet metal work, stained glass, weaving, wallpaper, printing, etc.

other specialized design courses: exhibition, stage, architecture, printing design, etc.

Engineering courses and various special studies are specially selected for architectural research classes

These courses basically cover the knowledge of modeling, design and skills included in modern design education.

This curriculum system has laid an important foundation for modern design education.

In p>1927, the Bauhaus Department of Architecture was formally established, which was presided over by the outstanding Swiss architect HannesMeyer (1889-1954) and offered courses such as structure, statics, drawing, architecture, urban and regional planning, etc. Their planning and design for the workers' residential area in Deso and the Bainuo Trade Union School near Berlin were highly praised.

In view of the above-mentioned Bauhaus teachers, Bauhaus has also brought the basic principles of the development of various schools of modern art into the track of Bauhaus plastic education; But also made all kinds of modeling thoughts gather at that time, and further formed a system, and finally contributed to the emergence of visual language. As people commented at that time, "Bauhaus's work made people understand the new ideas hidden behind modern painting. Bauhaus's research is based on an exploration of new space. This kind of exploration first began with comprehensive cubism. In the early 2th century, Russian supremacism and de stijl in the Netherlands were all reflections of this aspect. It is Bauhaus who improved this local visual language arrangement into Bauhaus modeling theory with international visual language characteristics. Bauhaus's theoretical works-laszlo Mo-holyNagy's series of works such as Building according to Materials and Dynamic Vision. Laszlo moholy nagy's theory was put into practice in Bauhaus, Chicago, and thus formed the foundation of modeling teaching materials in the 2th century. Bauhaus can systematize visual language because all people are surrounded by the tangible and colorful living environment around them, and are constantly stimulated by these shapes and colors to arouse various feelings and moods. These feelings that emerge from people's hearts must be expressed in some way. Therefore, visual language is a fundamental experience for everyone in the world. This is a broader and more important concept of life design.

the principle of Bauhaus