A complete collection of knowledge points in Chapter 1 of Geography Compulsory Course 2.

Chapter 1 Population Growth, Migration and Reasonable Capacity

Section 1 Population Growth Pattern and Regional Distribution

1. General Trend of World Population Growth Characteristics : Characteristics of sustained growth: stages, before the industrial revolution: slow growth; after the industrial revolution: accelerated growth; after World War II: rapid growth. The decisive role in population growth is the development of productivity

2. Modern population growth Model and Characteristics Model Characteristics Distribution Examples Pros and Cons High Low High Model High birth rate, low death rate, high natural growth rate Developing country, early stage of industrialization Population reproduction model Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya have fast population growth, sufficient labor force, young population, and demand for material materials Large, resource shortage, environment, employment, housing pressure, three low models, low birth rate, low death rate, low natural growth rate. Developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany (negative growth), Singapore, and China have overcome the problems of excessive and too fast population growth. Problems: Aging population, labor shortage, insufficient national defense forces, increasing pension costs, and heavy burden on young people. Transition model. Developing countries that are close to or reaching the level of developed countries. Turkey and Argentina

4. China’s population change model The stage of accelerated population growth (1949-1957): reasons, economic development and social stability after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Negative population growth (1957-1961): three years of natural disasters. The stage of rapid population growth (1961-1970): high economic level, compensation Stage of decelerating growth of the population having sexual births (1970-1980): Stage of fluctuating growth of the population under family planning (1980-1991): Stage of population lag effect Low-speed growth stage of the population (1992-present): Three-low model, the decline in China's natural growth rate depends on Decline in the birth rate (family planning)

Section 2 Population Migration

1. Move to a certain distance (across administrative boundaries) and change the behavior of the place of settlement Population movement ( Spatial location changes) include: ① Population mobility: temporarily leaving the place of permanent residence (such as tourism, business trips) ② Population migration

2. Classification: According to whether the scope of population migration crosses national boundaries, it is divided into: domestic population migration and International population migration is divided according to the direction of migration: rural-to-urban migration (historical in developed countries, current in developing countries) and urban-to-rural migration (new trend in developed countries); migration from developed to underdeveloped areas: international refugees (including environmental refugees) The number increases and the duration is long; the immigration of outstanding talents from developing countries

3. Characteristics of internationalization: ① Before the discovery of the New World: migration was concentrated in the Old World, with more cross-border migration and less intercontinental migration ② After the discovery of the New World: inter-continental migration European migration, from the Old World Asia, Europe, and Africa to the New World South, North America, and Oceania ③ After World War II, foreign workers (labor export) became the main form of international population migration. Population migration flow, Europe: out-migration changed to in-migration; Latin America: in-migration changes to out-migration; North America and Oceania: always in-migration; Asia and Africa: always in-migration. Domestic: The most direct reasons for migration are: immigration, war and natural disasters. Before the Qing Dynasty: from the Yellow River Basin The reason for moving to the Pearl River and Yangtze River basins was due to the war. - New China: Passing through the east of the Guandong and taking the west entrance. The reason was the economy. After the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the reform and opening up: in response to the national call to develop Xinjiang, etc., there was less migration. The reason was the planned economy and strict household registration management. After the reform and opening up: migration from backward areas to developed areas, population movement is frequent and the scale increases

4. Reasons: Economic reasons (main factors): For example, Three Gorges immigration (developmental immigration) Political factors: Politics Persecution (Uganda), war (Palestinian-Israeli war), state-organized immigration (immigration to guard the border) Social culture: religious persecution (Partition of India and Pakistan), ethnic discrimination (Indians), cultural traditions (China's fallen leaves return to their roots) Ecological environment: ecological environment Differences, environmental degradation (Irish flood immigrants) Others: family, marriage: marriage of men and women, separation in two places 5. Gender, age: men are more likely to migrate than women, and young people are more likely to migrate than children and the elderly

Third Environmental Carrying Capacity and Reasonable Population Capacity Environmental Carrying Capacity

①Definition: the maximum number of people to feed (survival) ②Influencing factors: resources (main factor, determined by the most scarce resources, barrel effect), Economic and other ③ characteristics: uncertainty and relative certainty.

The world has a reasonable population capacity of 10 billion and China has a reasonable population capacity of 1.6 billion. Definition: the maximum number of well-maintained population (development) influencing factors: ① Natural environment: positive correlation (the actual population indirectly reflects the size of the reasonable population capacity) ② The degree of regional openness: positive correlation ( Japan, the Netherlands, and Belgium use resources from other countries) ③Natural resources of the country: positive correlation ④Quality of life and consumption level: negative correlation ⑤Level of scientific and technological development: when the more developed resources are greater than the more needed resources: positive correlation; when more developed resources Less than the required resources: negative correlation ⑥The gap between rich and poor: negative correlation