What achievements did Alexander achieve in the wars he led?

Perhaps under suspicion of being plotted, Marco returned to western Sicily, but was pursued by the Carthaginian authorities there and forced to commit suicide. Timoleon immediately came to Syracuse with 4,000 soldiers the next day, and Sisetas and his mercenaries retreated to Leontini. In the autumn of 343 BC, Syracuse was finally liberated from the dual threats of tyrant rule and Carthaginian occupation. Under the orders of Timoleon, the citizens demolished the castle, the royal palace, and the tombs of the tyrants.

Morleon enjoyed the peaceful years from Carthage's attack for almost two years. During these days, he had little effect in fighting the tyrants of the city-states in Sicily, but he strengthened the The strength of Lacus was that he took in exiles, attracted new immigrants and changed the constitution. He made peace with Sisetas, and borrowed from him some mercenaries in case the Carthaginians should come back. The Carthaginian expeditionary force that came to attack this time consisted of 70,000 people, including the most elite Carthaginian citizen troops known as the "Holy Regiment" and a chariot unit, as well as Elibion. Backed by a large fleet from the base, it was obvious that the purpose of the expedition was to annex the Greek areas of Sicily.

Timoleon could only recruit 12,000 troops, 3,000 of whom were Syracusans, some from Corinth and other colonial city-states, and the rest were mercenaries. Taiji challenges the fleet. He boldly invaded Carthaginian territory. During the march, he lost 1,000 mutinied mercenaries, but his preemptive strategy succeeded in forcing the Carthaginians to retreat inland, possibly toward Entela. There he happened to catch up with the Carthaginian army just as they were crossing the River Crimissus. Before the main force had finished crossing, he attacked the forward troops headed by the Holy Regiment and the Chariot Soldiers. At that time, there was a thunderstorm, and the strong wind carried hail and hit the enemy head-on.

Timoleon's cavalry passed over the chariot troops and attacked the flanks of the Holy Legion, while his heavy infantry formed a dense formation and attacked from the front. The enemy troops were driven back to the river, and a flash flood broke out. The Holy Legion was wiped out, and the auxiliary troops of Spanish, Gallic, Italian and African mercenaries also suffered heavy casualties. Timoleon's victory finally ended with the capture of the intact Carthaginian military camp full of gold and silver (about May 341 BC). Some of the armor was sent to Corinth to commemorate the victory of the Corinthian forces against Carthage.

Timoleon's victory over Carthage caused Hysetas, Mamelchus and other tyrants to form an alliance against him and ask Carthage for help. Now Carthage also For the first time large numbers of Greek mercenaries were recruited. In 339 BC, Timoleon negotiated peace with Carthage; he accepted the Halicus River as the border, on the condition that Carthage withdrew its support for the tyrants. The war between Timoleon and the tyrants lasted until 337 BC, with both sides using mercenaries until the last tyrant was defeated and the Campanian mercenaries of Etna were driven away. To show that this terrible chapter in Sicilian history was over, the tyrants who had fallen into the hands of Timoleon, such as Sisetas, Mamelchus and others, were all publicly tried and executed.

Gather immigrants to enrich each city. Syracuse received at least 40,000 people and Agerion 10,000 people. They may also exchange citizenship with each other in a "federal" way. Guerra, Akragas and other cities rose from the ashes. The number of immigrants who came to these Greek cities in Sicily should be more than 100,000 if their families were counted, which highlighted the huge floating population in various parts of Greece. At Syracuse, coinage ceased for perhaps ten years. From 342 BC, Timoleon minted Syracus and Leontini silver coins with a Pegasus image, and after the victory at Crimissus issued a gold coin showing the head of Zeus the Liberator. and silver coins. A bronze coin with a warrior's head may represent Timoleon, here regarded as the second founder of Syracuse.

In order to prevent the tyrants from rising again in Syracuse, Timoleon and his Corinthian advisers abolished extreme democracy and established a eclectic constitution. The senior civil servants were called Olympians (priests of Zeus [amphipolos]) and were chosen from among the three family members by election followed by drawing of lots. A council of 600 people, probably elected from wealthy citizens, manages all administrative departments; the People's Assembly only discusses and resolves major state affairs. The military was in charge of an elected council of generals, who were sworn to accept the leadership of a supreme commander sent from Corinth when fighting foreigners.

Although we know very little about the details of this constitution, its purpose is clearly to avoid class strife by giving each class equal political power. A similar constitution was probably adopted throughout Sicily, with the exception of Tolominin, and the city-states formed a kind of confederacy headed by Syracus.

After completing his mission of liberation, Timoleon retired from politics. His eyesight was greatly reduced, his body was weak, and he died soon after in Syracuse. The citizens of Syracuse buried his ashes in the market place and established games in his honor. Timoleon admired Epaminondas throughout his life and was a sincere idealist loyal to the city-state's tradition of freedom. He is an outstanding commander of mercenary troops, using cunning and brutality to achieve ends far nobler than those of his opponents.

His victory over the tyrants and Carthage saved Sicily from self-destruction due to internal party strife and from being annexed by foreign tribes. His constitution and alliance were for the future security of Sicily, but their effectiveness depended on the spiritual transformation of the Sicilian Greeks and the improvement of the social conditions of the Greek city-states in Sicily. Because the neighbors of the Greeks in Sicily were eyeing it, they only wanted to annex it rather than cooperate with it.

In southern Italy, the invasions of the Lucarians and Messapians forced Taras to seek help from his mother state, Sparta, who sent an army around 343 BC. Army and fleet, led by one of the kings, Archidamus (son of Akislaus). Taras, once very powerful, was now weakened by the extravagant indulgences of its citizens, and had to rely on mercenaries to fend off the incursions of the Italian tribes.

Archidamus was killed in battle in 338 BC. It is said that the battle in which he died happened to occur on the same day as the Battle of Chaeronia. The Taras refused to mourn him, probably because he was believed to have been bribed by the Phocians while at Delphi. The Spartans dedicated a statue to him in Olympia, and the relationship between Sparta and Taras deteriorated. By 334 BC, Taras asked Alexander, king of Molossia, for help.

The King of Molossia, with the help of Philip, had united the tribes of Epirus into a confederation, and he was elected as the wartime commander (hegemon) of the alliance. The Molossians, like the Macedonians, may have descended from the Greek race, and their royal family claimed to be descended from Neptolemy, son of Achilles. The territory of Molossia extended to the Gulf of Ambrasia, and the small Greek city-state of Kasopia in that area became a client of Alexander. The tribes of northern Epirus, half Greek and half Illyrian, could provide excellent armies and had more free inhabitants than any city.

There was no chance of expansion in mainland Greece, but the conquest of southern Italy would provide land for immigrants and control of the entrance to the Adriatic Sea. Alexander led a large army of cavalry and infantry across the sea to Taras, served as the commander of the Italian alliance of Greek states, and attacked the Italian tribes. After conquering Messapia and allying himself with the Psitians, he protected the Greek city-states on the Adriatic coast. After cutting off the communication between the Lucalians and the Brutians, he occupied Concentia, liberated Tierina, and fought from the Lucalian region to the Gulf of Salerno. He was now close to the borders of Campania and in contact with Rome (about 332 BC).