Evaluation of Geological Ecological Environment and Related Economic Indicators in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

(A) Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration geological-ecological environment overall quality evaluation

The comprehensive carrying capacity of water and soil resources in Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was evaluated and ranked. Referring to the relevant bulletin of the National Bureau of Statistics, we can also make a corresponding ranking in energy, mineral resources and biological resources. Among them, the energy sources are mainly oil and gas and coal energy, which can be judged together, as shown in Table 37.

Table 37 Comprehensive Evaluation and Ranking of Energy and Mineral Resources in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

The evaluation of biological resources is mainly based on the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in 2005, as shown in Table 38.

Table 38 Evaluation of Biological Resources Output Value in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

The gross output value of large-scale agricultural production reflects the development of biological resources of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in eight cities of Shandong Peninsula, and its order is: Weifang; Yantai; Qingdao; Jinan; Weihai; Sunshine; Zibo; Dongying.

According to the evaluation of the main geological disasters of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration by the Department of Land and Resources (Table 39), the order of disasters (from less to more) is: Jinan; Weifang; Qingdao and Zibo; Sunshine; Weihai; Dongying; Yantai.

Table 39 Comprehensive Evaluation Outline of Geological Hazards in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

The total quality evaluation of geological-ecological environment, including water resources, land resources, energy-mineral resources, biological resources, geological disasters and other factors, is calculated according to the following formula:

Study on Geological Ecological Environment and Sustainable Development in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

Where: AE-total quality of geological ecological environment; AI-the evaluation value of various geological disaster factors; The weight of pi-I factor is usually 1, which is 2 for both water resources and disasters.

The comprehensive evaluation results of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration are shown in Table 40.

Table 40 Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Geological and Ecological Environment of Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration

If water resources and disaster factors are emphasized, the overall evaluation value AE of geological ecological environment of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration is: Weifang, 7.8; Yantai, 7.6; Jinan, 7.2; Zibo, 6.6; Qingdao, 6.4; Weihai, 5.6; Sunshine, 5.0; Dongying, 4.8.

If water diversion resources and disaster factors are not strengthened, AE value is Weifang, 6; Yantai, 5.8; Jinan, 4.8; Qingdao and Zibo, 4.4; Dongying, 4; Weihai, 3.6; Sunshine, 3.

On the basis of the overall quality evaluation of geological ecological environment, considering the economic development and the bearing capacity of geological ecological environment, multi-factor evaluation is carried out. Multi-factor evaluation has the following indicators:

Z 1: including water resources utilization rate, per capita GDP, overall labor productivity, per capita retail sales of consumer goods, number of doctors per thousand people, number of telephones per 10,000 people, proportion of science and technology expenditure in fiscal revenue, urbanization level, etc.

Z2: Including per capita ecological indicators, involving per capita grain output, per capita green area, per capita water consumption, per capita industrial wastewater discharge and per capita SO4 discharge.

Z3: It reflects the relationship between population, economic growth and natural resources, chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, forest coverage rate and the carrying capacity of the environment to the population.

Z4: the index between industrial development and environmental protection.

See table 4 1 for the evaluation results of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration using the above indicators.

Table 4 1 Evaluation of Geological Ecological Environment Carrying Capacity in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

sequential

On the basis of the above evaluation, the geological disaster (Z5) is evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 42.

Table 42 Comprehensive evaluation and ranking of sustainable development factors of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration

According to the above results, the geological ecological environment and sustainable development are comprehensively evaluated, as shown in Table 43.

Table 43 Comprehensive Evaluation of Geological Ecological Environment and Sustainable Development of Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration

The comprehensive evaluation of geological ecological environment and sustainable development is calculated according to the following formula:

Study on Geological Ecological Environment and Sustainable Development in Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration Area

Where: ST-evaluation value of sustainable development of geological ecological environment;

AI-the main factor of geological ecological environment;

EJ-J factor groups that the environment can support;

The weight of pi-I factor group.

The evaluation shows that Yantai, Weifang, Zibo, Jinan and Qingdao are in the forefront of sustainable development. Of course, these cities also have important disadvantages, so we still need to consider their best development mode and measures to be taken. Other cities also have the prospect of sustainable development, because some natural conditions are poor, there are many disasters, or the basic conditions that have been developed at present are still very poor, so the evaluation score is low. The whole Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration needs to cooperate together, learn from each other's strong points and realize sustainable development.

(B) Geological and ecological environment problems of major cities in Shandong Peninsula

The following is a brief discussion on the main problems existing in the geological and ecological environment of several important cities in Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration.

1. Jinan City

Jinan (the whole city covers an area of 8227km2 with a population of 6,428,800 (at the end of 2005)) is the capital of Shandong Province, mainly a political and cultural center, and also an important economic and commercial city. The main problems in Jinan are the development of water resources and underground space.

(1) water resources problem

See Table 44 for water resources in Jinan.

Table 44 Comparison of Total Water Resources between Jinan City and Shandong Province

The proportion of water resources in Jinan is relatively small. Groundwater resources are mainly karst fissure water in carbonate rocks. The development and utilization of karst water resources in Jinan involves karst water resources in mountainous areas in central and southern Shandong (Figure 25).

The karst water-rich area in south-central Shandong Province covers an area of 3062.90km2, accounting for 13.9% of the distribution range of carbonate rocks in the whole region, and the karst water exploitation resources account for 75.6% of the karst water exploitation resources in the whole region. Karst water-rich areas are mostly located in densely populated areas with developed industry and agriculture. In order to meet the needs of local industrial and agricultural production and life, karst water in central and southern Shandong Province has been developed in large quantities.

In 1950s, karst water in south-central Shandong was mainly discharged by spring water. At that time, there were 36 karst springs, the flow rate was 10000m3/d, the spring flow rate was (30 ~ 35) × 104m3/d, and the largest was 50×104m3/d. Since the 1970s, with the increase of water consumption for people's life and industrial and agricultural production, 1972 In dry season, the spring water is cut off.

In recent years, the amount of karst water exploitation in central and southern Shandong has exceeded 17× 108m3/a, accounting for more than 60% of the total karst water exploitation resources in the whole region. It can be seen that the development and utilization of karst water resources is very high, and about 75% of the total amount of karst water resources actually exploited is in karst water-rich areas. In other words, nearly 80% of karst water resources are artificially concentrated in karst water-rich areas in central and southern Shandong.

Fig. 25 Schematic diagram of distribution and profile of karst springs in Jinan, Shandong Province (according to the data of Shandong 80 1 Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Brigade)

Jinan is a famous spring city with karst springs. Due to the extensive exploitation of karst water resources, the phenomenon of karst spring cutoff appeared in the mid-1970s. In the early 1980s, a national symposium on hydrogeology was held in Jinan, focusing on the problem of spring water cut-off in Jinan. At that time, experts agreed that the direct exploitation of karst water resources in the urban area where the spring is located should be saved and reduced, and exploration and research can be carried out in the west of Jinan to open up new water sources, and the funnel formed by pumping groundwater can also be moved westward. As to whether the karst aquifers in Jinan and the west are different spring areas, or whether there are some branch basins in a large spring area, further investigation and study are needed, which can also provide a strong demonstration basis for the rational development and utilization of karst spring water resources in Jinan. However, this proposal has not been well implemented. Therefore, during the climate drought, Jinan spring water has been continuously cut off, and the longest cut-off reaches 926d d. In order to make Jinan spring water flow continuously, according to the monitoring data of groundwater for many years, the karst head value of Jinan spring water discharge area should be kept above 27.9m m m. Therefore, to ensure the continuous flow of spring water, it is necessary to comprehensively control the development and utilization of Jinan karst spring water. See Figure 26 for the relationship between karst spring water in Jinan and water level and precipitation.

Fig. 26 Changes of karst spring water resources in Jinan (according to Shandong Geological Environment Monitoring Institute)

1999-200 1, China Institute of Engineering is responsible for the State Council's major consulting project "Study on Sustainable Development and Water Resources Strategy in China", and has also made a preliminary study on Jinan's water resources in the study of karst water resources. The research results put forward the following opinions (Lu Yao et al., 2002):

According to the analysis of the previous investigation results, if groundwater and surface water resources can be rationally allocated in 20 10, the demand can still be met. However, in dry years, some important cities such as Jinan and Zibo have water supply gaps. In 2030, the population will reach its peak, the people's living standards will be greatly improved, the industry will be quite developed, and the water demand of all sectors of national economic development will be very large. As far as the water supply capacity of water resources (including groundwater and surface water) in central and southern Shandong Province is concerned, it is difficult to meet the water demand of this area in 2030. Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward for the rational development and utilization of karst water in central and southern Shandong in the future:

1. tap the development potential of karst water and increase the water supply of karst water.

As mentioned above, although the karst water resources in the karst areas of central and southern Shandong Province are highly developed and utilized, the development and utilization levels in different regions are quite different. By calculating the water balance of water-rich areas with water supply significance, it can be found that there are still many water-rich areas with development prospects (the remaining mining resources are more than 2000× 104m3/a).

2. Reasonably adjust the layout and quantity of karst water exploitation to protect the karst water environment.

Geological environmental problems such as karst collapse and spring water cut-off in karst areas are mainly caused by long-term over-exploitation of karst water. Therefore, in order to prevent the occurrence and development of geological environment problems in karst areas, it is a very direct and effective measure to rationally adjust the mining layout and mining volume. Next, in view of Jinan city, where the environmental geological problems in karst areas are more prominent at present, some concrete countermeasures for rationally adjusting the development of karst water are discussed.

Jinan is known as the "Spring City" in the world. The natural landscape of "every family springs, every family hangs on a tree" and the spectacular scene of "soaring into the sky" make Jinan an important tourist city in the north. However, since 1970s, the spring water has been cut off or even dried up, which has seriously damaged the beautiful image of Jinan. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the countermeasures to protect Jinan's tourism resources and develop the urban economy. To this end, it is suggested that:

(1) Adjust the mining layout to reduce groundwater exploitation near the spring area.

The construction of groundwater recharge source in spring area is the direct reason for the phenomenon of water shortage in Jinan's "four major spring groups" From 1959 to 198 1 year, the groundwater exploitation in the spring area increased from 7.2 1× 104m3/d to 31.22×104m3. According to the analysis, if the spring water flows out all the year round, the average groundwater level in the spring area must be above 27.9m, and the corresponding spring flow is14×104 m3/d; If the spring landscape spews all the year round, the groundwater level must be above 28.3m, and the corresponding spring flow is17.49×104m3/d. At present, the groundwater exploitation in the spring area is17.48×104m3/d. If the "spewing" is maintained, it will be.

(2) Spring water should be seen before use.

For the spring water in the spring area, it can be extracted and purified after viewing and continued to be developed and utilized. This measure is more economical and feasible. Because there are three waterworks in the spring area, the water supply management is ready-made, and it can be put into operation with a little modification.

According to the discharge of spring water, a spring water treatment plant shall be built at the spring water collection place, and sewage shall not be discharged along the way. If the availability of spring water reaches 80%, the daily water supply can be increased by (10 ~14) ×104m3/d, which is a considerable water supply source.

(3) Water storage reservoir on construction site

In the alluvial fan area of various rivers in front of the monoclinic mountain in Jinan, there are large-area and thick coarse sandy pebble strata. It can make full use of its huge water storage space and close hydraulic connection with karst water for artificial replenishment, and transfer some surface fresh water and unused surface water to the ground to increase groundwater reserves.

According to the analysis, by building underground reservoirs, the exploitation resources can be increased by 1.54× 104m3. At the same time, transferring surface water to underground storage can reduce surface evaporation and be beneficial to water resources protection; After the reservoir is completed, it can raise the regional groundwater level, which is very beneficial to protect the spring water supply.

(4) Rational allocation of water resources in various districts and counties of Jinan.

Jinan has jurisdiction over five districts (Shizhong, Lixia, Tianqiao, Huaiyin and Licheng), four suburban counties (Shanghe, Jihe, Pingyin and Changqing) and 1 city (Zhangqiu). In view of the uneven distribution of water supply demand and available water, various water resources can be rationally allocated among districts and counties to bring greater economic, environmental and social benefits into play.

(5) Reuse of sewage.

Water supply by quality after sewage and wastewater treatment is another way to expand water resources. As far as the five districts of Jinan City are concerned, the current annual sewage discharge is 1.4× 1.04 m3/d, and the utilization rate is only 4%. Therefore, there is great potential for sewage resource utilization in this district.

3. Reasonable storage and joint dispatching of surface water and groundwater.

South-central Shandong Province is rich in groundwater and surface water resources. In view of the high degree of development and utilization of groundwater and the low utilization rate of surface water, reasonable regulation and storage of groundwater and groundwater can bring greater economic benefits to water resources in this area.

In some areas, surface water and groundwater have been preliminarily regulated, and corresponding measures should be further planned to achieve better regulation and storage effects of surface water and groundwater and solve the water shortage problem. These areas include Qiaojiadian Reservoir, Yangjiaheng Reservoir and Pengshan Water Source in Laiwu, and Taihe Reservoir and Dawu Water Source in Hezi River.

Of course, it should be emphasized that the further development and utilization of karst water resources need to prevent and control adverse geological and environmental problems such as karst collapse. At present, the first thing that needs to be studied is the karst hydrogeological conditions in the east and west of Jinan and the corresponding systematic division and rational development of karst water resources.

In addition to karst water resources, Jinan City is located in the piedmont alluvial plain from the northeast of Licheng District of Jinan City to the middle of Zhangqiu City, with an area of 453km2, and the thickness of the Quaternary gravel aquifer is 40 ~ 80m. The water inflow of a single well exceeds 100t/d, and the production conditions are good. However, due to the over-exploitation of groundwater resources for many years, the groundwater level has dropped, and the groundwater depth has reached 30m, which has also caused groundwater pollution. The groundwater in the piedmont alluvial fan gravel layer is not only replenished by atmospheric precipitation, but also closely related to the hydrodynamic conditions and karst discharge of the aquifer in mountainous areas. Therefore, the decline of groundwater level in the piedmont sandy pebble layer is also closely related to the change of water resources in karst aquifers in mountainous areas, which should be analyzed and studied in a unified way.

For example, the relationship between the alluvial fan of Rufu River and the karst aquifer in mountainous area is shown in Figure 27.

Fig. 27 Schematic diagram of longitudinal section of Yufu River alluvial fan and analysis of limestone groundwater recharge relationship (according to relevant information of Jinan water conservancy department)

(2) the development of underground space

Jinan is a famous karst spring city at home and abroad, so it must be protected. With the development of Jinan city, the population is also increasing, so solving the space for urban traffic development is also a prominent problem in Jinan city.

According to the planning of relevant transportation departments, the passenger flow development in Jinan is shown in Table 45.

Table 45 Traffic Demand of Jinan Central District in Corresponding Years

1999 according to the traffic situation in Jinan, the preparatory office of Jinan urban rail transit put forward the preliminary scheme of Jinan urban rail transit network. The initial scheme of the network consists of three lines.

At that time, experts from relevant parties had exchanges and discussions. Geologically, we think (Lv Yaoru, 2000; He Keqiang, 2005):

First, in order to develop the underground traffic in Jinan, we should investigate the geological-karst development in depth, and consider the planning of underground space from the geological conditions in combination with the future development of the city.

Second, the protection of karst springs in Jinan should be the primary evaluation standard for the development of underground space in Jinan. The planning of the line and the setting of the project must be closely considered in combination with the karst conditions, which requires in-depth research on scientific basis.

Thirdly, to build a subway transportation network in Jinan area, we should adopt a reasonable design scheme adapted to the local karst situation according to the requirements of geology and spring protection, and rationally arrange the connection layout between underground and ground light rail.

Fourthly, the development of underground space in Jinan should be based on the long-term engineering geological environment effect, and the construction scheme and related measures should be decided, because if the long-term effect is not considered, irreparable losses may be caused in the future, and special attention should be paid to the adverse effects on spring water and induced collapse after completion and operation.

On the one hand, the construction of rail transit is an important issue, whether to build ground light rail or develop underground space, mainly by subway, or to combine ground light rail with subway. If we focus on the development of underground space, we must study the influence on groundwater movement, recharge and groundwater quality of karst aquifer in Jinan city. The most fundamental problem is the influence on the flow and water quality of Jinan spring. On the other hand, to solve the traffic problem, urban development also needs to develop rail transit.

Combining these two contradictory factors, starting from the basic principle of protecting karst spring city, in order to make Jinan traffic construction meet the needs of future urban development, the following suggestions are put forward:

First, control the development of spring water exposed in the old city. Self-provided wells and tap water supply wells within the Second Ring Road were closed in the old city, and unified management was implemented. This is conducive to reducing the indiscriminate exploitation of karst water in the old city. In addition, the old city can no longer develop water enterprises, which is convenient to reduce the demand for water resources in the old city.

Secondly, the old city mainly focuses on the development of above-ground rail transit. In the old city, some people advocate that the buried depth of rail transit should be within 8m. Even so, it will still destroy the drainage route of karst water, because karst water is pressurized water flowing from the surface of Jinan City, and shallow tunnels will still have an important impact on karst drainage. Other cities have proved that concrete piles and underground buildings that go deep into aquifers have great influence on the seepage and flow of groundwater, and also obviously affect the quality of groundwater.

Thirdly, the rail transit line should be based on Quancheng West New District. In the newly developed western region of Jinan, rail transit can be considered more, and it should be built in Quaternary and non-carbonate zones as far as possible, connecting with the eastern urban areas, but the underground depth should also be based on the law that does not affect the discharge movement of karst water. Rail transit in the west can also be built on the interface between Quaternary and limestone as far as possible.

In a word, the urban construction of Jinan needs rail transit, but from the perspective of protecting Jinan karst spring, we should study the comprehensive effects of geology, ecology, environment and underground space development in Jinan more deeply.

2. Qingdao City

Qingdao has an area of 10655km2 and a population of 8195500 (at the end of 2005). The main geo-ecological environmental problems are water resources, cadmium pollution and sea level rise.

(1) water resources problem

The problem of water shortage in Qingdao existed in the early 1960s. Later, in order to alleviate the water supply difficulties, water was diverted from the Yellow River to the Qinghe River. See Table 46 for water resources in Qingdao.

Table 46 Total Water Resources in Qingdao in 2005

The average annual water resources in Qingdao are13.9/kloc-0 /×108m3/a, 9.7× 108m3/a at P50% and only 7478× 104m3/a at P95%. In 2005, the water consumption in Qingdao exceeded 10× 108 m3/a, while the water resources in that year reached 23.70×108m3/a. However, considering that the ecological water flow only accounts for about 40% of the local water resources, the water consumption in Qingdao in 2005 has reached 42.6% of the water resources in that year. If there is a dry year, Qingdao's water resources will be very tight.

The water quality of Qingdao is not very good. The number of evaluated river sections in Qingdao is 9 15.2km, while the number of over-standard river sections in the whole year is 660.2km, with an over-standard rate of 72.2%. Water quality of reservoirs in Qingdao, 10, of which 4 reservoirs are Class II water, 2 reservoirs are Class III water and 4 reservoirs are Class IV water. See Table 47 for the water quality of reservoirs in different seasons in Qingdao.

Table 47 Water quality types of reservoirs in Qingdao area

As far as groundwater is concerned, the groundwater quality in Weimi Bailang Plain and Dagu Plain in Jiaolai City of Qingdao is HCO-3-SO2-4-Na2+-Ca2+, which is not suitable for drinking water.

See Table 48 for groundwater pollution in Qingdao.

Table 48 Statistical Unit of Groundwater Pollution in Qingdao: km2

ⅴ water accounts for 2 1.6% of the plain area in the plain area. Therefore, from the quantity and quality of water resources, water resources are still the primary problem that restricts the development of Qingdao.

(2) cadmium pollution problem

Among environmental pollution, cadmium (Cd) pollution must be mentioned, and its toxicity ranks third. The Clark value of cadmium is 0.2× 10-6, and the average content of cadmium in rocks is 0.058× 10-6.

Cadmium has important economic value in industry and occupies an important position in the national economy. It is this reason that leads to environmental pollution of cadmium. For human body, cadmium is a harmful element second only to aflatoxin and arsenic. This element does not exist in the human body itself, which means that cadmium is not an essential element for the human body. No matter how much it exists, it is a kind of harm, but when the intake is small, it has less impact on the human body, and when the intake is large, it is more harmful. The harm of cadmium to human body is manifested in interfering with the metabolism of beneficial elements such as copper, cobalt, zinc and calcium, and inhibiting the activation of enzyme system, thus causing damage to kidneys, bones and lungs. Therefore, the state has strict requirements on the environmental problems of cadmium, and has limited standards for industrial emissions such as air and smoke, especially for the content of people's daily necessities (such as food, water, meat and fish). See Table 49 for the cadmium content in rocks, soil and seawater in Qingdao and the national standard (GB 18668—2002).

Table 49 Contents of Cadmium in Rock, Soil and Seawater in Qingdao Area and National Standards

(According to Xu Jianmin, 2005)

As can be seen from Table 49, cadmium exists in rocks, soil and seawater, but the content is not too high. It is found that the content of cadmium in marine shellfish is high, as shown in Table 50.

Table 50 Cadmium content in marine organisms and national standard unit: 10-6

Note: * refers to the Philippine clam. (According to Xu Jianmin, 2005)

Previous studies show that the cadmium content in human body is relatively low, and the cadmium content in various water bodies in Qingdao is listed in Table 5 1. Table 5 1 shows that only the pore water in Jiaozhou Bay has a high cadmium content of 0.023× 10-6, while others are less than 0.n×10-9.

Table 5 1 cadmium content in water in Qingdao unit: 10-9

(According to Xu Jianmin, 2005)

Cadmium in Qingdao is mainly concentrated in the surface sediments in the east of Jiaozhou Bay, with the maximum value of 1× 10-6. The high content is concentrated in the north of Dagang, the north of Haibo Bay and the south of Licun Bay.

At present, the cadmium content in vegetables in Qingdao is (0.004 ~ 0.045) × 10-6, which is relatively within the allowable range. Only marine shells and fish have high cadmium content, so the consumption of seafood should be controlled. The high cadmium content in seabed sediments is mainly caused by the accumulation of cadmium in pollutants.

Cinnamon soil, the soil with high cadmium content in Qingdao, is the same as metamorphic rocks that form the soil. Although its content is not enough to affect the growth of plants, it should be paid attention to. First, we should improve the accuracy of the survey in the future. On the basis of existing regional surveys, conduct detailed surveys in key areas of human settlements, separate plants and crops with high cadmium content, and classify, identify and effectively treat fertilizers, pesticides and feeds that cause cadmium pollution; Second, in areas with high cadmium content (such as brown soil), farming, grazing and breeding are prohibited. Plants such as poplar, willow, elm and mulberry can be planted artificially, and ramie can be planted in paddy fields with sufficient water, so that these plants can carry out their own soil remediation, which can prevent toxic cadmium from entering the human body through the food chain; Third, closed acid-base precipitation is carried out in areas with high cadmium content, and organic substances that promote reduction are applied to make cadmium form sulfide precipitation and reduce cadmium content in soil. For example, the application of phosphate substances can make cadmium form insoluble phosphate precipitation.

(3) sea level rise

Qingdao is a coastal city with rocky coast, flat beach and plain coast.

The seawater intrusion in Qingdao began in 1970s, and was the most serious in 1980s. Due to the measures taken to control the exploitation of groundwater resources in coastal areas, it was relatively stable in the 1990s.

The total area of seawater intrusion in Qingdao is 159.64km2, accounting for about 2% of the total area of Qingdao. It is mainly distributed in coastal areas with concentrated population and developed industries, such as the lower reaches of Dagu River, Baisha River-Liuyang River, the lower reaches of Yanghe River and Xin 'an, Huangdao, which is extremely harmful.

Global greenhouse effect will lead to climate warming and sea level rise, which will do great harm to the development of Qingdao. As mentioned above, in the last glacial period of Quaternary, the sea level of Bohai Sea and Yellow River was more than 100 meters lower than the current sea level, while the sea level rose rapidly in the Holocene warm period (5000-7000 years ago), with an average rising rate of 0.02 m/a, and the sea level may rise by 0.5-1century due to the greenhouse effect.

During the period of 1880 ~ 1998, there were two significant warming periods. During 19 10 ~ 1942, the global temperature rose by 0.4℃, and during 1976 ~ 1998, the global temperature rose by 0.

From 197 1 to 1975, the sea level in China rose from-3.9m to 7.5m, up by11.4m. ..

As the sea level rises and the temperature rises, the disaster of storm surge will also intensify. Therefore, we should take precautions. In the future development of Qingdao, we need to consider the impact of sea level rise.

In addition, according to the investigation, the X-ray radiation level in granite in Qingdao area is basically the normal background value, with an average value of 9.36× 10-8Gy/h, and the man-made radioactive pollution is not obvious, while the natural radiation is the background value. In addition, on the granite with high X-ray radiation level in the late Yanshan period, the national average X-ray dose rate is 6.2× 10-8Gy/h, and that in Shandong Province is (6 ~ 7 )× 10-8Gy/h, which is on the high side, but still within the natural radiation background radiation range.

The detailed measurement results of ground radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) in Qingdao showed that the average concentration of 238U was 28.60Bq/kg, slightly lower than the national average of 33.0Bq/kg and the provincial average of 30.9Bq/kg. The average concentration of radioactive 232Th is 60.25Bq/kg, which is obviously higher than the national average of 4 1.0 bq/kg and more than twice that of Shandong province of 25.6Bq/kg. At 40K, the average concentration of radionuclide is 1083Bq/kg, which is more than twice the national average of 440Bq/kg and the provincial average of 599.2Bq/kg. The high radioactive nuclide at 232Th is related to Qingdao-Licun fault zone, and the high radioactive nuclide at 40K is directly proportional to the potassium content of granite. Although the value is high, there is no background area with high radionuclide.

3. Zibo City

Zibo covers an area of 5,938 square kilometers and has a population of 4,424,400 (2005). Zibo City is located in the south-central part of Shandong Province and is rich in coal resources. The petrochemical industry and ceramic industry have developed well. The main problems in Zibo area are water resources development and utilization, mine environment and geological disasters.

(1) development and utilization of water resources

The annual average water resources in Zibo area is 12.4× 108m3/a, and the runoff depth in 2005 is about 190mm, which is lower than 220mm in 2004, but higher than the annual average 130mm. In 2005, the groundwater resources were 10× 108 m3, the total water resources were about15.55x108m3/a, and the average water resources for many years were only about16×108m3. According to the calculation of water conservancy department, the groundwater resources in Zibo area in 2005 were only 5.38× 108m3/a except being discharged into the surface and calculated as surface water. The rational development and utilization of underground karst water resources should be considered from the data of underground karst water resources10×108m3/a.

In 2005, groundwater was the main water supply in Zibo, and the city's annual water supply was 10.2× 108m3/a, of which groundwater accounted for 2/3. At present, the exploitable water resources in Zibo are close to the limit. Based on the average water resources 16× 108m3/a and the water supply in 2005 10.2× 108m3/a, the water supply in 2005 accounted for 63% of the average water supply for many years. From the upstream and downstream of ecological requirements, the amount of development cannot be increased. In order to meet the demand for water resources in dry years, we should reduce underground water storage, increase the utilization of rainwater resources and store water in underground reservoirs (discussed earlier).

The length of the assessed polluted river in Zibo is 148.8km, and the over-standard rate is 100%. According to the investigation by the environmental protection department, the water quality of three reservoirs in Zibo area in non-flood season is Grade VI.

Judging from the present situation of water quality, the groundwater quality in Zibo area is mainly Grade I-III, and that in plain area is Grade IV (Table 52). Zibo refinery and chemical plant once caused local groundwater pollution, and the situation has improved after treatment. Zhangdian Sewage Treatment Plant can carry out tertiary treatment of 17× 104t/a sewage.

Table 52 Statistical Unit of Groundwater Quality Type in Zibo Area: km2

The problem of groundwater overexploitation still exists in Zibo.

Groundwater funnels in Zibo-Weifang mining area are distributed in the alluvial-diluvial plain in the north wing of Yimeng Mountain, from Qingyang Town, zouping county, Binzhou City to Buzhuang, Dongchangping County, Weifang City, involving Binzhou, Dongying, Zibo and Weifang, with a total area of 4289 1km2. See Figure 28 for the equivalent zoning of groundwater overexploitation in Zibo-Weifang.

The groundwater funnel area is located in Fu Xiao, He Zi, Weihe River, Mihe River, Bailang River and its alluvial fans. The thickness of water-bearing sand layer is greater than 10m, and the gravel fine sand layer changes. The water inflow of a single well can reach 500 ~ 1000 m3/d, and it can reach more than 3000 m3/d in some areas.

Due to over-exploitation, the groundwater level drops, and the maximum buried depth of groundwater reaches 40 meters. Seawater intrusion also occurred in coastal areas, covering an area of 482km2.

(2) Mine environment and geological disasters

In 2000, the mining output value of solid, liquid and gas mineral resources in Zibo reached 654.38+647 billion yuan, ranking third in Shandong Peninsula after Dongying, which is dominated by oil and gas, and Yantai, which is dominated by solid minerals. In 2004, the output value of minerals reached 365.438+0.94 billion yuan, still ranking third.

The subsidence area of Zibo Coalfield, Fangzi Coalfield and Longkou Coalfield has reached 42. 1 13km2, and the depth of subsidence center has reached 0. 1 ~ 12m. The reclamation rate of Hefangzi Coal Mine in Zibo City has reached 84.0% ~ 99.3%, which is in the leading position in China.

Miao Zi goaf in Zhu Ya mining area of Heiwang Iron Mine, Zibo, has a subsidence surface of 3 10m, a width of 8 ~ 12m and a depth of 6 ~ 8m, and once collapsed houses 12. In the future, the collapse of this iron ore area can not be ignored.

Fig. 28 Zibo-Weifang groundwater table over-exploitation equivalent zoning map (according to Shandong Geological Environment Inspection Institute).

4. Other cities

Several other cities also have important geological and ecological environment problems.

Dongying has seawater intrusion, insufficient water resources, groundwater funnel, land subsidence, Yellow River changes and storm surge hazards.

Yantai mainly has seawater intrusion, storm surge and geological disasters.

There are seawater intrusion, earthquake disaster threat and storm surge disaster in Weihai.

In the south bank of Laizhou Bay, the damage of storm surge will be more serious, especially the rise of temperature and sea level caused by global greenhouse effect in the future, which will cause serious harm to Dongying, Yantai and Weihai.

On August 9th, 2005, Typhoon Mai Sha made two landings in Lushunkou, Dalian. In response to the typhoon disaster, Shandong Province mainly transferred 56,000 people to the south bank of Laizhou Bay (Figure 29). This situation will intensify in the future. Combined with the seismic activity in Weihai, the earthquake-storm surge disasters in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea need effective defense. Although the typhoon and storm surge in Shandong coastal cities in 2005 did not cause great losses, this danger cannot be ignored.

Rizhao and Weifang also have water problems. The seawater intrusion in Rizhao, the big funnel caused by groundwater overexploitation in Weifang, and the harm caused by sea level rise in the future all need to be considered.

Fig. 29 Landing sites and distribution of affected areas of typhoons that landed in Chinese mainland in 2005 (data of Taiwan Province Province is not available at present) (according to the bulletin of the National Disaster Reduction Committee in 2006).