Why were there so many national uprisings in the Ming Dynasty? Like many chiefs rebelled, the Miao Great Wall was built to prevent seedlings from growing.

In the Ming dynasty, Miao people were regarded as wild animals, and they were rewarded for catching alive, killing and taking heads. It is no exaggeration to say that it is genocide.

History of blood and tears of Miao nationality in Ming Dynasty

Hongwu collected 36 scattered Miao points in five years. In the sixth year of Jingtai, Huguang Miao and Meng surrendered, and Longli, Huaihua and Tonggu were surrounded. In the five years of Tianshun, the army went deep into the scenic spot, broke through hundreds of villages, burned 3 thousand, and beheaded 3.3 thousand people. In the third year of Tianshun (AD 1459), after the failure of the Miao uprising in central Guizhou, 4,490 people were killed and 5,500 women were taken into exile. During the Wanli period, when the Ming Dynasty sent troops to quell the rebellion of Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, many Miao and Gelao people were slaughtered and forced to flee, and only two out of ten survived after the war. In order to "expand the territory", the Ming Dynasty built a large number of forts in eastern Guizhou, Guiyang and Anshun, forcing many Miao people to migrate. ("Qiubei County Records" Volume II) The passbook of Bai Gui, the right deputy commander of Guizhou military affairs, was beheaded by 10,000 on the left and 3,000 on the right. According to the records of Fenghuangtang and luxi county, the population of Miao area was "extinct several times" because of its rich experience. "After the slashing and suppression, the village was empty and uninhabited."

The indomitable struggle of the Miao people shocked the rulers of the Ming Dynasty. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty not only mobilized officers and men to annihilate them, but also actively built a military defense system. The Ming Dynasty not only built the Great Wall in the north, but also built the Great Wall in the border areas of Hunan and Guizhou where ethnic segregation was practiced. It is the product of the repression of southern minorities, mainly Miao, by the rulers of Ming Dynasty in order to consolidate their rule. In order to continue to rule and suppress, I came up with this deadly plan, building a wall to station troops and divide and rule. Separate the north and south of the Miao area in Xiangxi, stipulating that "Miao people do not leave the country and Han people do not enter the cave"; Trade and cultural exchanges between Miao and Han nationalities are prohibited. This is a checkpoint composed of flood fort, watchtower, tongka, sentry post, battery, closed gate and compartment to isolate and conquer Miao nationality.

Wuling mountain area at the junction of Hunan, Guizhou and Chongqing is a relatively large and stable Miao community gradually formed after Tang and Song Dynasties. The Miao people in this area are full of fighting spirit. During the Ming Dynasty, due to unbearable oppression and bullying, resistance broke out constantly, which was regarded by the rulers as a "nursery area" for people outside China. At that time, their geographical boundaries were defined as "300 Li, 120 Li and 1200 Li" at the junction of Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces. In order to strengthen the control of the "seedling" area, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty chose important places after each conquest, built blockhouses and checkpoints in the "seedling" area, and gradually formed a blockade line, artificially separating "seedling" from "mature seedlings" and Han Chinese areas. According to historical records, in the thirty-three years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, in order to further control the "Confucian Temple" area, the rulers spent more than 40,000 taels of silver, and built 380 miles of earth walls along the border from Tongren, Guizhou to Baojing, Hunan. As early as the Xuande period, Governor Xiao ordered people to build 24 castles such as Wanxi, "guarding 7,800 officers and men" and "keeping them by the side", and began to form a circle in the "seedling raising" area of La 'er Mountain, which is located at the border of Hu, Guangxi and Sichuan provinces and where Miao uprisings frequently occurred. Due to the collusion between the civil and military officials sent to the Miao area and the local local officials, "the southwest garrison commander can't declare his kindness and insult others, so far the Yi Miao people are embarrassed and angry" (Record of Emperor Wu of Hong, Volume 255). Coupled with the occupation of farmland by chariot troops, the post station sent horses to harass the Miao people, which constantly caused the Miao people to resist. The rulers of the Ming dynasty resorted to force many times, carried out large-scale military repression and slaughter, and awarded awards. Those who capture Miao alive will be rewarded with five taels of silver, and those who kill Miao will be rewarded with three taels of silver (Volume 59 of Guo Qianji).

1426 (the first year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), drought and famine in Hunan and Guizhou were serious, and the Miao people in La 'ershan broke out in an uprising, but the Ming army failed to quell it.

143 1 year (the sixth year of Xuande), the Miao people in Huziping, Hunan Province and Pingtou Temple (now Songtao County) in Tongren, Guizhou Province joined forces and fought with the Ming army120,000 people for eight years.

After Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne in 1436, he launched three campaigns to conquer Luchuan. The troops passed by and sent troops to recruit husbands along the way, arousing the resistance of people of all ethnic groups.

145 1 In the spring of, tens of thousands of Ming troops fought fiercely with the insurgents in Luxiangshan (now Kaili County, Guizhou Province). After shelling the cliff, the loyalist troops moved to the ground (Ming History 172). Wei Tonglie, the Miao king, was captured, the censer mountain was breached and the uprising failed. Later, Li Tianbao, a Miao people from Zhijiang and Macheng in southwest Hunan, took Chang 'anping in Chengbu as the base area and called it "Wu Wanglie" (1455). Wu Wan, Li Zaiwan, Chengbu Miao, known as "Heavenly King" (1501); Miao people in western Hunan and northeastern Guizhou are led by Long Mayang and Long Bao Tong (15 1 1); The Miao people in Caoziping (now Jishou City, Hunan Province) in western Hunan, led by Long Mumou, Long (1538), Long and Wu Heimiao (1545), launched uprisings of different sizes. Among them, the struggle between Yilong and Bao Xu lasted for 10 years. In the struggle, they put forward the tactics of "the official has a thousand troops, and I have ten thousand caves in Qian Shan", "Zhuge Liang has seven vertical and seven captures, and my Miao people are three tight and three slow" (Gu: The Book of Human Diseases, Volume 77) to fight against the Ming government. When the enemy enters and hides, the enemy retreats and I go; A clever struggle in which the enemy is strong and I retreat, and the enemy is weak and I attack.

During Jiajing period, when the Ming Dynasty mobilized Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces in 18, and besieged the rebel army in two ways in 10 for two years, the Miao uprising army led by Long in15,565,438+0 (Ming Dynasty) Finally, Long Bao Xu was betrayed by a traitor. After the governor Zhang Yue suppressed the uprising of the Miao people in La 'er Mountain, he set up 13 outposts around the edge of the Miao area in La 'er Mountain, forming an arc defense line against La 'er Mountain.

1605 (thirty-three years of Ming Wanli) In the summer, Miao people in Wei, Pingyue, Xintian, Longli, Qingping, Bafan and other places in Guizhou were forced to give up their husbands, horses, food and the famine in the Ming Dynasty to "rob merchants" and "rob officials" and attack Wei Station as a sign of resistance. In the forty-three years of Wanli (16 15), Hu Guang's political participation in Cai "experienced frontier fortress, measured the dangers and obstacles, urged Chen to guard against robbery, and the Miao road was rugged, so it was difficult to stop him from peeking." Please pay 40 thousand yuan to build a wall at the border. From Tongren to Baojing, there are mountains and waters, and the "earth wall along the border" built by Cai was built on the basis of the "twenty-four castles" and "three out of ten" outposts. This is the historical side wall of Miaojiang described above, which is divided into "raw seedlings" and "mature seedlings" by the side wall. The Miao people outside the "side wall" are called "raw seedlings" and the Miao people inside are called "cooked seedlings".

Although every time the ethnic minorities revolt, or because the border officials "bother themselves and kill the Miao people", "invade the cave and get suspicious", or because of uneven taxes, the people are struggling, or because of the "traitors and rogues" among the Hakkas, the invasion of Hakkas is getting worse and worse. The imperial court actually offered a reward of "killing one person with a head of 1,000 yuan" and "those who lose the city are guilty, and those who violate the thief are killed without forgiveness".

At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the population of Han nationality in Central Plains surged. In order to solve the contradiction between population and land, Miao nationality was occupied and no way back Miao nationality was occupied, which led to the struggle between Han nationality and Miao nationality for living space from time to time. The Miao people were forced into the alpine zone in the southwest mountainous area step by step, and their living environment became worse. According to the Survey of Miao Customs: "The four seasons climate of Miao nationality is different from that of the mainland. It is often filled with black fog, and it is slightly cheerful at noon. When I am in a daze, people and animals don't meet each other, and it is difficult to move their toes. It's rainy in spring and summer, and it's hard to stay in the mud for ten days or months at a time. As soon as it rained, the steam soaked into the bones and muscles. Its spring water is cave magma, which is extremely cold and biting, making people feel sick. The soil and water are not good, and people living outside often have plagues. "

Ling Chunsheng and Rui Yifu thought in the Investigation Report of Miao Nationality in Xiangxi published by the Commercial Press 1947: "Miao people are hardworking all the year round, and they are only protected from freezing injury in good years; In case of famine, you can't be self-sufficient The weak exchange food for their children, while the possessors rob them together. A company that pursues too fast often leads to chaos. Therefore, as the saying goes,' five years of small chaos in the scenic area, ten years of chaos'. This is not the confusion of Miao people's nature, but forced by the narrow land and dense people. Judging from the development of productive forces, due to the long-term exploitation, oppression and slaughter of the Miao people, the social economy of the Miao people has been seriously damaged, and the development of productive forces is extremely slow, sometimes even stagnant and retrogressive. In order to promote "Wang Hua", the Ming Dynasty launched a crazy attack on "Miaojiang", and 70-80% of Miaojiang people died in the war. It has brought devastating damage to the agricultural production in the "Miaojiang" and the productivity cannot be improved. In Miao areas with poor natural conditions and poor economic environment, such as Moon Mountain in southeastern Guizhou, western Guizhou and western Guangxi, Miao people are still struggling on the hunger and cold line, and their livelihood is very difficult.