Where did the ancestors of Jiangsu people come from?

What do you think of first when you mention Jiangsu? Land of Fish and Rice, Taihu Lake, Suzhou Garden, Grand Canal, Wuyu, Jiangnan Sizhu, Huaiyang Cuisine, Qinhuai River, Kunqu Opera, Yangcheng Lake Hairy Crab, Ming Tombs, Yuantou Pig ... If you want to say the most typical Jiangnan water town in China, it is only Jiangsu. Whether it is longer than history or the current economy, Jiangsu is doing its part.

In the history of thousands of years, Jiangsu successively belonged to Wu (Spring and Autumn Period), Yangzhou/Xuzhou, Wu (Three Kingdoms), Jiangnan East Road/Huainan Road, Wu/Wu Yueguo (Five Dynasties), Jiangnan East Road/Huainan East Road, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, Nanzhili and jiangnan province. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Jiangsu was founded by jiangnan province. The name of Jiangsu Province comes from the names of Jiangning (Nanjing) and Suzhou.

Jiangsu has always been divided into three geographical plates: south of Jiangnan, between Jianghuai and north of Huaibei. Before the Ming Dynasty, Huaibei and Jiangnan never belonged to the same "provincial" administrative entity, so the customs, diets and dialects of southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu were very different. On the contrary, southern Jiangsu is very close to Hangjiahu in Zhejiang.

Let's get into the theme of this article: Where did the ancestors of Jiangsu people come from?

1. Who was the earliest "Jiangsu people"?

During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the southern part of China was undeveloped and still a wild land. Jiangsu is only in the Xuzhou area in the north, on the periphery of the Huaxia civilization circle. From the end of Shang Dynasty, the advanced civilization in the Central Plains began to enter this land of Jiangsu. The initial civilization in Jiangsu was related to "Taibo rushing to Wu".

According to Records of the Historian, "Wu Taibo, an uncle, is the son of King Tai of Zhou, and is the same clan as the younger brother of King Tai. Sage, and son often, want to stand and often, so Taibo and wild, tattooed and broken, to show different uses, to avoid. For the king of the season, but often for the king of literature. Taibao is a human being, calling himself Wu. Man Jing is just, so more than a thousand people have returned to make Wu Taibo. "

In short: At the end of Shang Dynasty, the leader of Zhou tribe was called Gu Gongqi, and he had three sons: Taibo, Zhong Yong and Li Ji. Taber learned that his father wanted Ji Li to succeed to the throne, so he fled to Wuxi and Suzhou with his family and entourage, saying that he had lost his tattoo. Ji Li is Zhou Wenwang's father, and Taber is King Wen's uncle. After Taibo conquered the south, he became a local leader, established and became the founding father of Wu.

The China people who moved from Weishui (now Shaanxi), headed by Wu Taibo, became the earliest "Jiangsu people" together with "Man Jing" and "* * *" in Taihu Lake, and the language they spoke became the earliest source of Wu dialect. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, He Lv and Fu Cha were kings of Wu, and Wu entered its heyday. He Lv, the king of Wu, was chosen as the "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period", and Wu became one of the most powerful vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period.

After entering the Warring States Period, the State of Wu was first annexed by the State of Yue, then by the State of Chu and finally destroyed by the State of Qin. Qin Shihuang unified China, and Jiangsu belonged to Huiji County, Donghai County and Surabaya County. In the Western Han Dynasty, Jiangsu belonged to Huiji, Danyang and Linhuai counties. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yangtze River in Jiangsu belonged to Yangzhou to the south and Xuzhou to the north.

Sun Ce, founder of Sun Wu

By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world and heroes rose up. Sun Ce led an army of five or six thousand men, quickly defeated the Yangzhou secretariat and occupied Jiangdong. The main force of Sun Ce's army is northerners, and these military immigrants have become the core force of the founding of Soochow. Due to the war in the Central Plains at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the natural barrier of the Yangtze River in Jiangdong, many small landlords and ordinary people in Jiangbei also fled to Jiangdong.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms, these military immigrants and northern refugees became the second batch of large-scale northern Han immigrants to Jiangsu. The real large-scale migration of Han people to Jiangsu took place in Yongjia Du Nan at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Second, Yongjia Du Nan

The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty ended the war of the Three Kingdoms. However, the good times did not last long. After Sima Zhong, the second emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" lasted for more than ten years in the second year. As a result of the chaos, the northern frontier nationalities invaded the south on a large scale, and Xiongnu, Miao, Qiang, Wuhuan and Xianbei crossed the Great Wall and moved into North China. Immediately, the "Yongjia funeral" broke out and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.

In addition, an unprecedented drought and locust plague broke out in North China, resulting in "all the bones are hidden in the wild and nothing remains". In order to avoid wars and disasters, the first large-scale wave of Han people moving south appeared in the history of China, which was called "Yongjia South Crossing". Even the prosperous Chang 'an and Luoyang in the past have become two empty cities under the attack of war, disaster and immigration. ...

Tan Qixiang pointed out in "Ethnic Migration after the Jin Yongjia Riot": "Yongjia Riot caused 1 of the average eight people in the north to migrate to the south; As a result of the migration, within the territory under the jurisdiction of the Southern Dynasties, 5/6 of its population were local elderly people, and 1/6 were northern expatriates. "

The population of "Yongjia Du Nan" moved to the south was as high as 900,000, accounting for 1/8 of the total population in the north at that time, which led to an increase of 1/6 in the population in the south. The southward migration route can be divided into three parts: migrants from Shaanxi and Gansu migrated to Hubei and Hunan in the west, migrants from Henan migrated to Anhui in the middle, and migrants from Shandong and Hebei migrated to the south bank of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu in the east. Among the three routes, the eastern route is the largest. According to the statistics of scholars, the immigrant population is as high as 260,000.

When talking about Jiangsu immigrants, Tan Qixiang pointed out: "Shandong accounts for the vast majority, followed by Hebei, followed by Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi, but Gansu is absent. In this province and Anhui province, there are many people in the north of Huainan and many overseas Chinese in the north of Jiangnan. Where foreigners gather, Jiangning, Zhenjiang and Wujin are the most in the south of the Yangtze River, and Jiangdu and Huaiyin are the most in the north of the Yangtze River. "

Jiangsu dialect map

Because in Zhenjiang, Nanjing and the northwest of Changzhou, the number of immigrants has exceeded the number of local aborigines. Before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, these areas were originally pure Wu dialect areas, but due to the large scale of immigrants, a large number of northern mandarin poured in at that time, forming a new dialect-Xiajiang Mandarin (Jianghuai Mandarin), which has the characteristics of both northern mandarin and Wu dialect.

Because Nanjing has been the center of China's southern regime for many times, it later formed an inclusive "Jinling culture". Together with the "Wu culture" centered on Suzhou, * * * formed an important part of Jiangsu's "Wu style".

Third, the northern immigrants after the Anshi Rebellion

After "Yongjia South Crossing", there were no large-scale immigrants in Jiangsu after the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. Until the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out in the mid-Tang Dynasty, the state of war in the Central Plains lasted for eight years, which led to the second population migration in the history of China, with a population of 6,543.8+0 million, exceeding the scale of "Yongjia Du Nan".

The main battlefields of "An Shi Rebellion" were distributed in Hebei, Shandong, northern Henan and Guanzhong area of Shaanxi, which were most affected by the war, so the scale of migration to the south was also the largest. As for the place of immigration, unlike Yongjia Du Nan, this immigration involves almost all southern regions, and some are as far away as Lingnan and Fujian. On the whole, most of them moved to Jiangnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei, especially Jiangnan, and received the most immigrants, accounting for 20% to 30% of the local population.

In the vast southern areas, the development time of Jiangnan area is the earliest. Before that, a large number of Han people moved in, and it can be easily reached from the north through the Grand Canal and the Yangtze River. Therefore, Jiangnan area became the first choice for immigrants in the "An Shi Rebellion". "The Book of the Whole Tang Dynasty" records: "The world is dressed in clothes, avoiding Wu Dong, and Yongjia moving south is not here." Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Suzhou in Jiangsu, Xuanzhou and Zhangzhou in Anhui and Shaoxing in Zhejiang accepted the most immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River.

The area along the Yangtze River with Nanjing as the center has always been the center of northerners' southward migration. Zhenjiang is just at the intersection of the Grand Canal and the Yangtze River. Many northern immigrants moved south from the Canal and moved here. Suzhou lies between the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake. At that time, there were 76,000 households, of which about 1/3 emigrated after the Anshi Rebellion.

Compared with previous immigrants, although the scale of immigrants after the Anshi Rebellion was large, the number of immigrants did not exceed that of indigenous people. Therefore, compared with "Taiwu" who shaped the Wu culture and "Yongjia" who shaped the culture of the Six Dynasties, these new immigrants gradually integrated into the local culture, but did not "assimilate" the local inherent cultural customs.

Fourth, Jingkang Du Nan.

After the war in the late Tang Dynasty, China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Most of Jiangsu originally belonged to Wu State, and later to Southern Tang Dynasty, while Suzhou always belonged to wuyue. From the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no large-scale immigration in China, but from the "Jingkang Rebellion" at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, China ushered in the third large-scale immigration in history-"Jingkang Du Nan".

The large-scale migration of northern population to the south lasted for a century and a half, which was divided into three periods: "Jingkang Rebellion", the confrontation between Jin and Jin in the Southern Song Dynasty and the confrontation between Mongolia and Yuan in the Southern Song Dynasty. According to Wu's book "History of Chinese Immigrants", the "difficulty of Jingkang" led to a sharp drop of 6,543,800 people in the north. In addition to those who died in the war, 78 million people fled to the south. According to the statistics of immigrants in historical documents, there are 808 cases in Jiangnan, 2 15 cases in Jiangxi and 144 cases in Fujian, which means that Jiangnan (including Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui and Shanghai), Jiangxi and Fujian have the largest number of immigrants.

Kaifeng was the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. People in the Central Plains, including the royal family, courtiers, nobles and troops in the Song Dynasty, can easily go south to the south of the Yangtze River through the Yellow River and the Grand Canal. After entering the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu belonged to two countries: Jin State to the north of Huaihe River and Southern Song Dynasty to the south.

After this great migration, Jiangnan has become the undisputed economic center and the region with the highest population density. Hangzhou and Suzhou in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have become "first-tier cities" in China. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the popular proverb "There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below" later became "There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below". However, the impact of this immigration on southern Jiangsu and Hangzhou is different. Northern immigrants did not change Suzhou's position as the center of Wu language. However, due to a large number of Kaifeng immigrants, the local dialect of Hangzhou has been seriously impacted and has obvious characteristics of northern mandarin. So far, Hangzhou dialect is closer to Mandarin than Suzhou dialect.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Ming and Qing immigrants

After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, China re-entered the period of "great unification", but the good times did not last long, and chaos reappeared at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Peasant uprisings led by Han, Zhang Shicheng, Xu Shouhui, Zhu Yuanzhang and Ming attacked each other, causing massive population losses.

The Central Plains and Sichuan, in particular, are at the core of the war. After the war, they became uninhabited, so the Ming government organized a large-scale population migration: there were "Sophora japonica" immigrants in the north and "Jiangxi filling lakes" in the south, moving from Shanxi and Jiangxi, which were less affected by the war, to neighboring provinces. In Jiangsu, large-scale immigrants from Jiangnan to northern Jiangsu were also organized. Today, there are still many people in northern Jiangsu who go to Suzhou Nagato to find their roots and ancestors.

Suzhou Nagato

Many people in northern Jiangsu call sleeping "going to Tiger Hill" and dreaming "going to Suzhou". This strange phenomenon is closely related to immigrants 600 years ago. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the population in northern Jiangsu dropped sharply due to the war, while the people in the south of the Yangtze River once supported Zhu Yuanzhang's rival Zhang Shicheng. In retaliation, Zhu Yuanzhang forcibly moved 400,000 people from Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Hangzhou to northern Jiangsu.

"One respect for heaven and earth, two respect for ancestors and three respect for Nagato's hometown!" Su Beiren never stopped looking for his ancestors in Nagato, Suzhou. In fact, like Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Suzhou Nagato is just a transit point for immigrants. These immigrants come from southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, Huizhou and northwestern Jiangxi ... It is the best route to migrate from Suzhou to northern Jiangsu and enter the Grand Canal from Nagato.

After entering the Qing Dynasty, there appeared a wave of immigrants in China, such as "Huguang filling Sichuan", westward, Kanto, and southward to Southeast Asia, but it had little to do with Jiangsu. The immigrants who had a great influence on Jiangsu were the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

Because southern Jiangsu is the core area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the population loss also ranks first in the country. After the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Li Hongzhang visited southern Jiangsu:

"Check the people in Jiangsu, mostly half of the village, three miles a town, smoky, chicken and dog hear each other. Looking at Pingwu and Jingzhen Road today, there are people who have no residents for several miles, and there are people who have no residents for twenty or thirty miles. Broken walls, lonely and powerless, knowledgeable person. They are all pale and groaning and dying ... "

After the movement, some exiles who took refuge in a foreign land returned to southern Jiangsu. However, due to the loss of too many people, the land is vast and sparsely populated, and many fertile fields have become landless. So in southern Jiangsu, especially in Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Changzhou in the west, the local government vigorously recruited farmers from northern Jiangsu to open up wasteland and recruit people to recognize the land as ownerless. Immigrants from northern Jiangsu are far from enough, and a large number of immigrants from Hubei, Henan and Anhui are attracted to southern Jiangsu. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the number of immigrants accepted by southern Jiangsu reached 6.5438+0 million.

After the reform and opening up, thanks to the location advantage close to Shanghai, the economy of southern Jiangsu has been at the forefront of the country. Suzhou, Wuxi and Nanjing have become star cities in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, and more and more migrants choose to settle permanently in the Yangtze River Delta region. Read here, where did the ancestors of Jiangsu people come from? I believe every reader has an answer!