The Historical Evolution of Sakhalin Island

Sakhalin Island was originally the territory of China. In the history of geographical discovery, China is the first country to know Sakhalin Island. Shan Hai Jing, a geography book in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, recorded in the chapter Overseas East longitude that the resident of Sakhalin Island was "Shi Mao". "There are Mao people on the ocean continent" refers to the Fayeka people living on Sakhalin Island, that is, Gillette is charming. It is further recorded in the Biography of the Eastern Han Dynasty that there is a female country in the sea in the north. Later, there were similar records in history books, such as New Records of Kaiyuan in Yuan Dynasty and Special Records of Zhou Zi in Ming Dynasty, all of which recorded that Ji Lie, who lived on Sakhalin Island, was charming and hairy, and mentioned that there were more women living on the island than men. Therefore, Wankao clearly pointed out: "Sakhalin Island is an ancient daughter country, also known as the Maoren country". These records prove that as early as 2000 years ago, China already knew that Sakhalin Island was an offshore island and had a certain understanding of its residents.

China was also the first country to manage Sakhalin Island. Since the Tang Dynasty at the latest, China has been under the jurisdiction of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, including Sakhalin Island. At that time, the wandering ghost country (Ainu people) in sakhalin island paid tribute to the Tang government, and the Tang king also named his envoy Shezhi as a captain on horseback. The Japanese believe that the wandering country is more likely to be a country on kamchatka peninsula farther than Sakhalin Island, and the people living on Sakhalin Island are more likely to be the cave department of Mohong people. Anyway, sakhalin island at least at that time had contact with the Central Plains Dynasty.

According to the historical records of East Asia, since the Tang Dynasty, China has exercised effective direct jurisdiction over Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, including Sakhalin Island.

In 725 AD, the Tang Dynasty established Heishui House in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, which effectively ruled Mohong, Heishui Mohong and Cave Theory.

10 century, Sakhalin Island was under the jurisdiction of five Liao Dynasties in China.

/kloc-in the 0/2nd century, Sakhalin Island was under the jurisdiction of the rulers. 1246, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered an expedition to the east, asking the tower box to attack the bones of Sakhalin Island (Ainu people), but failed. Since then, four large-scale crusades against bones have never been successful. The scrawny people plundered across the sea many times, and the Yuan army was helpless. In the first year of Dayuan (1308) and 1264, the Mongolian Empire sent 3000 troops to capture Sakhalin Island, and the local residents "Bai Gu" paid tribute to the Mongols.

1284 "bone" is reversed.

1285, the Mongolian Empire set up Marshal's Mansion in Nurgan to strengthen the management of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island.

1308, Wang Shannu and others sent people to surrender and pay fur tax every year, making contributions to Haidongqing, mink, otter and seal skin.

The Yuan Dynasty placed it under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province. This is the first time that China has brought Sakhalin Island into the administrative scope. 1368, the Yuan Dynasty perished and lost control of Mobei.

14 12 years, the Ming dynasty conquered Kuwu, and set up South Havel in the northern coastal area of Sakhalin Island, Boluo Hewei in the central Bolonai River basin, and Wulie Hewei in the eastern Bolonai River basin, which belonged to Nurgandus.

In order to manage the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River and Sakhalin Island more effectively, the Ming government sent eunuchs to visit the slave land in  for 10 times, and established Yongning Temple, and set up two stone tablets, namely "Repairing Yongning Temple Monument" and "Rebuilding Yongning Yongning Temple Monument", to record the local management situation.

1430, Ming Xuanzong sent the capital to command Kang Wang, Wang Zhaozhou, Tongan Saiha, etc. Go to Nur to support the soldiers and civilians. 16 16 according to Wei Yuan's Wu Shengji, "Qing Taizu sent four hundred soldiers to the seaside, and the people in distress on the island took it in two hundred ships. The library page is attached to the old tribute mink, surnamed Long, and the children of the township head are unified. " After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Sakhalin Island was managed by the deputy capital of Ningguta. After 17 15, it belongs to the jurisdiction of the three surnames. Every year, residents of Sakhalin Island go to Pulu Township in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province to pay tribute to the Qing government.

1635, Saemon, the minister of Murakami, was sent to visit Sakhalin Island before the edo shogunate. Since then, 1650, 1689 and 1700 have sent ministers to inspect the island three times.

1644, Matsumae proposed to draw a map for Japan's national territory, with the aim of "drawing for the protection of the kingdom". In this picture, Hokkaido and Sakhalin Island, which were originally inhabited by local aborigines, were first included in the Japanese territory.

1679, Song built a temporary fisherman's residence in Kuchungudan, sakhalin island, and began to trade with local Ainu residents.

1689, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, which stipulated that the south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains was the territory of China, and China's understanding was that Sakhalin Island was included. Sakhalin Island legally belongs to China, but due to the extreme fatuity of the Qing rulers, Sakhalin Island was actually controlled by the Russian Expeditionary Force.

1709, Emperor Kangxi sent three Jesuits to survey the national territory, and the Jesuits learned that there was a big island. The following year, the second survey team composed of Manchu successfully crossed tatar strait and arrived at Sakhalin Island.

From 1738 to 1739, Russian captain Spanbirk learned about the existence of Sakhalin Island from Xia Yiren when he was looking for Japanese routes.

1742, Russian sardines surveyed almost the whole east coast of Sakhalin Island, making Russia realize the strategic value of Sakhalin Island in the Far East.

1783 to 1787, French navigator La Perus discovered Zonggu Strait while exploring the estuary of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island.

1785, the edo shogunate sent five people from the Ministry of Industry, including Tiegoro, and his entourage to investigate the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island in two ways, and reached the conclusion that "the northern part of Sakhalin Island belongs to the Qing Dynasty in China" and "all belong to the Yi area under the jurisdiction of Manchuria".

1789, Russian invaders slaughtered Hezhe residents on the island and deported them back to the mainland, and built halls, churches, prisons, schools and other buildings in the mother-child berth, completely occupying sakhalin island.

1858 and 1860, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Sino-Russian Peace Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and/kloc-0,000,000 square kilometers of China territory, including Sakhalin Island, was ceded to Russia. Since then, sakhalin island has been completely separated from China in law and practice. Ainu, an early resident of Sakhalin Island, came from the Japanese archipelago.

1295, the second generation of Ri Dairen, the founder of Japanese Rilian Sect, went to Sakhalin Island to preach and set up a stronghold of Rilian Sect on the island.

1297, Anton, the leader of Xiayi, who was stationed in Tsugaru, Japan, led Gu to invade the Heilongjiang River Basin.

1485, the local Ainu leader in Sakhalin presented a bronze sparrow terrace to Takeda Shingo.

1593, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent general Seiji Matsumae to seize all the land of the Xia Yi people (Ainu people), including the part of Sakhalin island controlled by Ainu people.

1635, Saemon, a village sweeper sent by Matsumaemiya, inspected Sakhalin Island.

1645, participants in the Amur March led by Bojar Kov saw the northwest coast of Sakhalin Island for the first time. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, Russia sent Cossacks to harass the Heilongjiang River Basin, including Sakhalin Island.

1679, Jiuchun Gudan, who came from Fandong Array House in Songqian, set up Dabo Town on Sakhalin Island, and the Japanese began to explore fishing grounds on Sakhalin Island.

1689, the Qing government and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar. Since the Qing government did not formally station troops on Sakhalin Island, Russia sent an expeditionary force (consisting of soldiers and prisoners) to attack the northern end of Sakhalin Island, killing Hezhe residents, building camps and mining coal mines. After that, Russia began to conquer Sakhalin Island, and launched a fierce struggle with local aborigines and Japanese troops occupying the south.

1790, Matsui Qian Fan sent Matsui Ganfan and Inoue Takasuke to spy on the island and set up a market in Baizhu at the southern tip of sakhalin island. On the other hand, Japan sent people to discuss the division of islands with Russia.

From 65438 to 0799, the southern part of Sakhalin Island became the direct jurisdiction of the Edo shogunate.

1799, Russia officially approved the establishment of "Russian-American Company", whose task was to consolidate Russia's territory in the North Pacific and seize the Heilongjiang River estuary and Sakhalin Island.

1806 10 June10, the fleet of Khvostov, an officer of Russian and American companies, attacked the tax office of Matsuzaka's former vassal in Kuchungudan at the southern tip of sakhalin island, burned down the warehouse and declared sakhalin island to be owned by Russia. There is an armed conflict between Russia and Japan over the ownership of sakhalin island.

1807, the edo shogunate sent Takayama to Sakhalin Island, reverted the jurisdiction of Sakhalin Island to the shogunate and ordered Sendai and Huijin to send troops to Sakhalin Island.

1808, the edo shogunate issued a "Russian ship expulsion order", instructing all coastal areas that "any Russian ship found at sea in the future will be strictly expelled, and those who dare to land will be arrested or executed immediately". In the same year, the edo shogunate sent shinya yamanaka, Song Tian, Shiloh and Miyagi to Sakhalin Island for investigation, and initially determined that Sakhalin Island was an island.

During the period of 1808, the Japanese edo shogunate sent Nobunaga, Song Tian Chuanshiro and Miyagi to this place. Kawashiro of Song Tian established the "Great Japanese Border" boundary pillar at the westernmost tip of Sakhalin Island (52 degrees north latitude).

1809, Gong Jianlin visited Sakhalin Island again, and went upstream along the Heilongjiang River to visit the local government of Delingha in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River. Therefore, the Japanese clearly knew Sakhalin Island was an island for the first time. Officially named "North Shrimp". At this time, the Ainu people on Sakhalin Island have been incorporated into the Japanese territory, and the southern part of Sakhalin Island has been basically under Japanese control since then.

18 14, the edo shogunate withdrew its troops from Sakhalin Island and restored Matsumae's jurisdiction over Sakhalin Island.

182 1 year, South Sakhalin Island (called Huatai in Japan) belongs to Songqian.

On August 1850 and 1 day, Newels Koy arrived at Cuegeda Point in northern sakhalin island, raised the Russian flag, and announced: "Now the amur river estuary, Sakhalin and the coastal areas of tatar strait have been incorporated into the Russian territory, which is inviolable and protected by force."

1852 In May, the Russian Far East Policy Committee sent Pu Jingting to Japan for negotiations.

1853 in April, tsar Nicholas I ordered Russian and American companies to immediately occupy Sakhalin Island, and ordered Newels Coy to set up outposts on the east and west sides of Sakhalin Island. In August of the same year, Newels Coy landed on the east coast of Sakhalin Island and established an outpost named after Russian Governor of Eastern Siberia Muraviev. And openly declared that "Sakhalin Island belongs to Russia". Russia raised the Russian flag at the northern end of sakhalin island, declared possession, and sent troops to attack Kuchungudan. Russia sent envoys to Japan to discuss the ownership of Sakhalin Island, but the result was unsuccessful.

At the beginning of 1854, Russia was busy with the Crimean War and temporarily withdrew its troops from Sakhalin Island.

1855 On February 7th, Japan and Russia signed the Shimoda Treaty, also known as the Lu Qin-Japan Treaty. The treaty stipulates that the southern part of the islands in the Kuril Islands belongs to Japan and the northern part belongs to Russia; Sakhalin Island remains intact and has no other national boundaries.

1855, according to the provisions of the Japan-Shandong and Intimacy Treaty, by 1852, the land inhabited by Japanese (Yamato people) and Ainu people was owned by Japan, and other borders were uncertain.

1856, when the Crimean War ended, Russia used the second opium war launched by Britain and France in China to send troops to reoccupy Sakhalin Island, and put Sakhalin Island under the direct jurisdiction of Russian Governor of Eastern Siberia, Muraviev.

1859 In August, Muraviev, Governor of Russian Far East, led nine warships to Japan and proposed to demarcate Sakhalin Island with the 48th parallel. The whole Sakhalin Island was owned by Russia, but the Edo shogunate refused.

After the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty went into decline. After tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Love Faint Treaty, 1860 forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty on the pretext of mediating the Second Opium War between China and Britain, and ceded about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island, to tsarist Russia.

1862165438+10. In October, the edo shogunate sent a delegation from Takeuchi Baode to St. Petersburg to negotiate, and proposed to divide the Japan-Russia border with the line of 50 north latitude. The Russian side insisted on taking the line of 48 north latitude as the boundary, and the negotiations failed.

1865, Kensuke Okamoto set up the post of "Grand Japanese Collar" in the northernmost part of Sakhalin Island (55 degrees north latitude).

1866, the edo shogunate once again sent the box museum to Russia for negotiations.

1On March 30th, 867, Japan and Russia signed the "Interim Provisions on Sakhalin Island", stipulating that Russia ceded four islands, including Telford Island, to Japan; Allow Japanese fishermen to live in Sakhalin Island; The border between the two countries is still bounded by the 48 north latitude line and continues to maintain the original mixed state.

1867, under the background of strong military strength, Russia forced the Japanese shogunate to sign the Huatai Anti-Regulation, and officially determined Sakhalin Island as a Japanese-Russian territory. However, the residents of the two countries live together and disputes continue.

From 65438 to 0868, after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the national strength became stronger and began to compete with Russia in the Far East.

On February 1870 and 13, Japan separated the "Huatai Pioneering Ambassador" from the "Pioneering Ambassador" and opened it by Jiu Chungu Dan.

187 1 On August 7th, Japan cancelled "Huatai Pioneering Ambassador" and reorganized it into "Pioneering Ambassador". 1On May 7th, 875, Japan and Russia signed the Kuril Islands Exchange Treaty, and Russia gave Japan the northern part of the Kuril Islands in exchange for Japan's sovereignty over Sakhalin Island. Japan, on the other hand, announced that it would completely abandon the sovereignty of Sakhalin Island, and the whole island was ruled by Russia. During this period, sakhalin island was the place where the czar government held criminals and fugitives. On this prison island, all prisoners are political prisoners and "thugs".

1904, the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was defeated, and the following year Japan occupied the whole island of Sakhalin. 1On September 5th, 905, according to the Portsmouth Peace Treaty after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia ceded the area south of Sakhalin Island to Japan, and Japan set up Huatai Civil Affairs Department in the ceded area.

1907 March 15, Huatai Civil Affairs Department was upgraded to Huatai Hall.

1909, Russia established Sakhalin state in the northern part of Sakhalin Island, with its capital in Alexandria Rovsk. Since then, except for 19 18 ~ 1925, Japan occupied the southern part of Sakhalin Island, and the northern part of Sakhalin Island was firmly controlled by the Russians.

1965438+On June 26th, 2005, Japan issued "No.10 1 7 on the establishment of Huatai county, town and village", and established 17 county in South Huatai.

19 18, Japan took advantage of the Russian October Revolution to occupy the whole island, and did not withdraw its troops until 1925. 1 942165438+1October1,Towu Province of Japan and other provincial offices were merged into Greater East Asia Province due to the unified plan. Huatai Hall was changed to the Ministry of the Interior.

1945 On August 8th, the Soviet Union launched the August Storm military action to attack Sakhalin Island, and took full control of the island on August 28th. Later, Japan handed over the functions of Huatai Hall to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1On February 2, 946, the Soviet Union issued a declaration saying that they occupied the whole island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. South Sakhalin Island was established in the south of Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands. 1947 65438+1On October 2nd, the Soviet Union merged North sakhalin island and South Sakhalin into Sakhalin, and changed it to direct federal jurisdiction. According to the "State Administrative Organization Law" which came into effect in June 1949, Huatai Hall was abolished.

195 1 On September 8, 2008, Japan issued a declaration, announcing that it completely renounced its sovereignty over Sakhalin Island. Since then, Japan's pioneering history in Sakhalin Island has ended. Soviet Russia formally controls the whole territory of Sakhalin Island.

Soviet Russia divided the administrative units of Sakhalin Island into 17 districts, 9 state-owned cities, 10 subordinate cities, 34 towns and 66 administrative farms. Sakhalin, where sakhalin island is located today, has a total area of 87 100 square kilometers and a population of 546,695, most of whom are Russian immigrants.