Sichuan's position in the historical trend

More than 2 million years ago, human activities began in Sichuan, and civilization began to appear 25,000 years ago, forming a highly developed ancient Shu civilization represented by Sanxingdui civilization. After the Qin Dynasty ruled Sichuan, Sichuan gradually merged into the Central Plains culture and occupied an important position in the history of China. According to archaeological findings, the ancient Shu civilization began to have human activities in Sichuan in the early Paleolithic period more than 2 million years ago. There are four named paleolithic cultural sites in Sichuan. Seven or eight thousand years ago, Sichuan gradually entered the Neolithic Age. Neolithic sites are widely distributed. At present, more than 200 sites have been discovered, the most representative of which are Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Yingpanliang site in Guangyuan and Lizhou site in Xichang. About 4~5 thousand years ago, Sichuan entered the ancient legend period, which was similar to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains. At this time, the content of ancient history legends is mainly about the lineage and activities of ancient Sichuan kings, among which Dayu Daojiang, Yi and Changman are famous. Although there is no historical record, archaeological excavations and oral legends of Sanxingdui, Jinsha and Shiqiao prove that Chengdu Plain has entered the slave society at the latest in Shang Dynasty. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the slave regime established by Shu in Chengdu Plain may be related to the "three kings of Shu" in ancient legends-Can Cong, Guan Bai and Yu Fan. About Xia and Shang Dynasties, Shu tribes migrated from this area to Chengdu Plain. After the "three generations of Shu kings", it is equivalent to the establishment of Du Yu Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains. During this period, the capital of Shu moved to Yi Yun (now Pixian County), and Tu Yuchao adopted a hereditary monarchy, which was powerful and covered the whole Sichuan Basin. About equivalent to the early Spring and Autumn Period, Du Yu's Zen was located in Guiling of Shu, which made great contributions to water control, and Guiling established an enlightened dynasty. From the Warring States to the Three Kingdoms, the enlightened dynasty made its capital in Guangdu (now Shuangliu), and its national strength was strong at first. Around the 4th century BC, Ming Kai IX began to imitate the ritual and music system of China, and moved the capital from Chengdu to Chengdu. In the ninth year of Qin Huiwen's reign (3 16 BC), the State of Qin attacked Shu from the road and prepared to unify the world. After Qin captured Shu, Shu and Hanzhong counties were established. Sichuan gradually implemented the Qin system and began to enter the feudal society. During the period from Qin Xiang to Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang (from 227 to 247 years ago), Li Bing served as the magistrate of Shu County and took many important measures to develop Shu State, such as building Dujiangyan and dredging two rivers (now Nanhe and Jinjiang), which made Chengdu Plain increasingly rich and provided important material guarantee for Qin Shihuang to unify China. After the Western Han Dynasty, Sichuan's society, economy and culture developed rapidly, and its prosperity surpassed that of Guanzhong area, so it was called "Land of Abundance", and its reputation continues to this day. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Wen Weng became the magistrate of Shu County, and founded the first official school in China, Wen Weng Poetry History. Since then, the style of study in central Sichuan has flourished, which can be compared with Qilu area. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Gongsun Shu occupied Yizhou, with the title of "married" and its capital in Chengdu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yizhou was divided by Ada and his son (189 ~2 14). Later, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, known as "Shu Han" in history (22 1 ~263). The territory of Shu and Han includes most of Chongqing, Sichuan and Yunnan, all of Guizhou and a small part of Shaanxi and Gansu. Form a situation in which Wei, Shu and Wu are divided into three parts. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, ruled the country and greatly developed the social economy of Shu. From the Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shu was destroyed by Wei in the first year of Yan Xing (263). Soon, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, in the third year of Yongxing (306), Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of "Dacheng". In the 4th year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (338), Li Xiong's nephew, Li Shou, changed his name to "Han" and was called "Cheng Han" in history. Han Cheng is the earliest established country among the sixteen countries, and its territory covered the Sichuan Basin and some surrounding areas in its heyday. From the third year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (347 years) to the first year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (58 1 year), Sichuan was incorporated into the territory of Sui Dynasty, and was ruled by eight regimes: Eastern Jin Dynasty, former Qin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Southern Qi Liang Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty. Due to political turmoil and frequent wars, the social economy is basically at a standstill. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Sichuan's society was stable and its economy entered its heyday. There was a saying that "Yang (now in the south of the Yangtze River) benefited from one thing and two things". During the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took refuge in Shu. Later, many monarchs in the Tang Dynasty took refuge in Shu, such as Tang Dezong, who fled Zhu Qi's rebellion, and Tang Xizong, who fled Huang Chao's uprising. In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (907), when the Tang Dynasty perished, Wang Jian and Meng Zhixiang successively established the pre-Shu regime and the post-Shu regime in Sichuan, which lasted 18 years and 3 1 year respectively. Both pre-Shu and post-Shu adopted the policy of recuperation, and Sichuan was once the most prosperous area in China because it was not involved in the Central Plains struggle. In the third year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (965), Song Jun destroyed Houshu. During the Song, Yuan and Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many large-scale peasant uprisings in Sichuan, such as Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun. Nevertheless, compared with other parts of the country, Sichuan is relatively stable, which makes the social economy develop continuously and becomes the rear area of resisting gold and Mongolia in Song Dynasty. The half-century-long war in Sichuan at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty caused huge economic losses. In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (137 1), the Ming Dynasty sent troops to bring Sichuan into the territory of the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang, a peasant uprising soldier, established the "Great West" regime in Sichuan (1644 ~ 1646), with Chengdu as Xijing. For more than 30 years in the early Qing Dynasty, Sichuan was in a state of war until the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1). In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), An Baili Uprising broke out in Sichuan, and it took the Qing court nine years to suppress it. From the end of Song Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, under the unprecedented war, the population of Sichuan dropped sharply and the economy was depressed. Among them, in the late Ming Dynasty, Manchu entered Sichuan, killing almost all the people in Sichuan. As a result, the imperial court carried out two large-scale immigration movements in the early Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, which was called "Huguang filling Sichuan". The two migration movements have enabled Sichuan, which is sparsely populated, to acquire a large number of laborers, and its social economy has been rapidly restored. From modern times to 1840, the Opium War kicked off the modern history of China, but it was not until 1895 that Li Hongzhang and Japanese government representative Ito Bowen signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which stipulated that Chongqing, the gateway of Sichuan, was opened as a trading port. Sichuan social natural economy gradually collapsed and semi-colonized, and national capitalism began to sprout in Sichuan. In the 65438+60s of 2009, Shi Dakai entered Sichuan, followed by the Chengdu Religious Plan and the Boxer Uprising. The movement of protecting roads in Sichuan became the fuse of the Revolution of 1911. 19 1 1 year, Chengdu established a military government independently; 19 12, Sichuan officially became a province of the Republic of China. After that, Sichuan fell into a period of warlord melee for 265,438+0 years, until Liu Xiang invited Chiang Kai-shek to fight back against the Sichuan rebellion in 65,438+0933.