1994 Massacre, Haiti, Rwanda

Rwanda

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Historical Focus

On September 19, 1994, the United States sent troops to Haiti.

On May 6, 1994, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution imposing comprehensive sanctions on Haiti,

banning almost all trade exchanges except food and all commercial activities except civil aviation

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All planes flew to demand that the military government of Cedras step down and allow the exiled Aristide to return to power and restore Haiti's democratic constitution. Haiti's military authorities, in tit-for-tat terms with the Security Council's new sanctions and demands, appointed the 81-year-old president of the Supreme Court, Emile Jonasan, as interim president on May 11. , on May 22, the United Nations decided to impose a comprehensive trade blockade on the Haitian military government and sent a special team to the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic to supervise and investigate. Land blockade enforcement. At the same time, U.S. warships stepped up maritime patrols in Haiti

. The Organization of American States and the United Nations mission sent representatives to mediate, but they were declared persona non grata by the Haitian military authorities and ordered to leave within 48 hours. The Security Council believes that this is a serious escalation of provocation by the Haitian military authorities to the international community. U.S. President Clinton emphasized in a statement that "military intervention is an option that should not be ruled out." At the same time, elite troops from the U.S. Army and Navy conducted military exercises near Haitian waters.

On July 31, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 940, authorizing the multinational force led by the United States to "use all necessary measures" to remove the military regime in Haiti. Haiti's interim President Jonathan immediately declared a state of martial law in Haiti. To this end, the United States issued a warning to the Haitian military government through the Security Council, asking them to hand over power and strive for a peaceful solution to the Haitian crisis. On September 15, US President Clinton issued a final warning to the Haitian military government, asking them to step down immediately and leave Haiti. The army pressed on the border, and the Haitian military government had to agree to negotiate with the United States. On September 16, former US President Jimmy Carter, Senator Sam Nunn

and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell arrived in Port-au-Prince to meet with the Haitian military and government

Government talks. The two sides finally reached an agreement, and the Haitian military government was forced to agree to voluntarily step down before October 15th, agreed to the immediate entry of multinational forces into Haiti, and promised to cooperate with the multinational military during the transfer of power. . On September 19, the U.S. military occupied Port-au-Prince without firing a shot, took control of the airport and port, and occupied the army headquarters. On September 26, President Clinton announced the lifting of unilateral economic sanctions against Haiti. On October 11, the main leaders of the Haitian military government, Commander-in-Chief Cedras and Chief of Staff Philippe Biombi, left Haiti to live in exile in Panama. Police Chief Michel Francois went to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge, and interim President Emile Jonathan resigned and left Haiti. The Prime Minister appointed by Haitian President Aristide

Marvar and his ministers officially took office, preparing to welcome Aristide.

On October 15, President Aristide, who had been in exile for three years, returned to Haiti to take office accompanied by US Secretary of State Christopher

. The United Nations passed a resolution to lift the embargo on Haiti, and the United States

announced the withdrawal of 7,000 of its 21,000 officers and soldiers stationed in Haiti on December 1, and pledged

At the end of February 1996 Withdraw all troops before. On November 8, Prime Minister Smucker Michel, who was unanimously appointed by the Haitian Senate and House of Representatives, and his new cabinet were sworn in, and Haitian refugees began to return to their homes. The four-year-old crisis in Haiti has temporarily subsided.

Aristide and his new government, with the help of the United States, formulated various policies to restore the economy

, tightened government spending, reduced civil servants, and eliminated the elimination of corn, rice, and soybeans.

Add tariffs on all trade except bulk products, promote exports and increase commercial and property taxes; privatize large state-owned enterprises. In order to help Haiti recover economically, the United States

is ready to provide US$250 million in aid, and the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have also agreed to provide US$770 million in aid within 15 months. .

However, Haiti’s economic recovery will be very arduous. It is already the poorest country in Latin America. After three years of political turmoil and trade blockade, the economy has completely collapsed. , It will take some time for social stability and economic recovery across the West.

Sent troops to Haiti (1994)

(2001-10-08 13:58:58)

In 1991, after the crisis in Haiti, the United States led American countries and their organizations have adopted various channels to exert pressure on the Haitian government. In particular, the United States has held high a "big stick" and ordered the Haitian military to hand over power.

On September 30, 1991, a military coup occurred in Haiti. The democratically elected President Aristide was overthrown and fled to the United States. Under the mediation of the Organization of American States and the United Nations, the Haitian military government and the fugitive president reached an agreement on July 3, 1993, requiring the United Nations to send military and political personnel to assist Haiti in restoring order, train and establish security and police forces, and prepare for Aristide's return. Prepare for reinstatement.

On September 23, 1993, the Security Council passed Resolution 867 and decided to establish the "United Nations Mission in Haiti". However, the Haitian military government failed to fulfill the agreement. On October 12, the US Navy tank landing ship "Harlan County" carried 200 US and Canadian soldiers (UN advance force) to Haiti. Due to protests by the Haitian people, it failed to carry out the "Harlan County" Landed in Hong Kong and was forced to return. ?

In October 1993, the United States actively supported the use of force against Haiti to implement an oil and weapons embargo, and joined forces with Britain, France, Canada and other countries to send naval forces to implement a naval blockade. On the 15th, US President Clinton announced the dispatch of six naval ships to blockade Haiti.

Between June and July 1994, a large number of Haitian refugees flocked to the United States by boat. The United States took advantage of the Haitian military government's expulsion of the United Nations civilian investigation team to prompt the Security Council to pass Resolution 940 on July 31, deciding to form a multinational force of 15,000 people headed by the US military and use all means to force the Haitian military government to step down to ensure that Aristide returned to his country and resumed his duties.

On August 15, US President Clinton issued an ultimatum to the Haitian military government and ordered US troops to prepare to send troops to Haiti.

On September 18, under the pressure of the US military, the Haitian military government reached an agreement with the United States, stipulating that 15,000 US-led multinational troops will be stationed in Haiti starting from September 19 to implement Under the "Uphold Democracy" action, three Haitian military leaders including Cedras will step down before October 15, and the Haitian Parliament will issue an amnesty to the above three leaders.

On the 19th, when the first batch of US soldiers landed in Port-au-Prince, small-scale conflicts broke out between Haitian troops and demonstrators. On the 20th, conflict broke out again, resulting in one death. On the 24th, US patrol soldiers exchanged fire with armed personnel of the local police station, resulting in 10 Haitian police casualties and 1 US soldier being injured. On the 30th, supporters of Aristide and supporters of the military government clashed in Port-au-Prince, resulting in 3 deaths and 11 injuries. The number of U.S. troops stationed in Haiti once reached 20,000.

In March 1995, the U.S. military handed over its tasks to the United Nations peacekeeping forces, and in April 1996, all U.S. troops withdrew.