Information about the Germans in World War II, to sum up, don't want information about the generals.

The Soviet-German War was the Soviet Union's war against Nazi Germany and its European allies during the Second World War, which lasted from June 22nd, 194 1 to May, 1945 when the Soviet Union captured the German capital Berlin. In order to distinguish Russia's "Great Patriotic War" against Napoleon's aggression from1813 (Russian: отечествен).

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19 17, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik) led by Lenin won the October Revolution, established the first and only socialist country in the world, and withdrew from World War I. However, the newly-born Soviet regime was unstable, and several years of civil war soon began. Allies such as Britain and France have also published official posters: Motherland-Mother is calling! At first, there was a large-scale armed intervention in Soviet Russia, but not long after, Russian rebels and foreign intervention forces completely failed. Nevertheless, as semi-defeated countries in World War I, the Soviet Union and Russia lost a large number of territories once occupied by Russia. Coupled with the civil war and the interference of foreign forces, the Soviet Union in the early days of the Soviet regime was extremely weak. 1922, the Soviet union was founded, and western countries such as Britain, France and the United States still took a hostile attitude towards it. 1925 After Lenin's death, Stalin mastered the supreme leadership of the Soviet Union and stabilized his power by brutally suppressing dissidents. But at the same time, the Soviet Union has gradually become a major industrial power in the world. 1By the end of the 1930s, the industrial output value of the Soviet Union had surpassed that of Germany, ranking first in Europe, but the living standard of the people in the Soviet Union was not as good as that of western industrialized countries.

When the German fascist regime rose, Britain, France, the United States and other western countries have been taking measures to safeguard their own interests. In addition to protecting their own interests from the German Empire, which is undergoing fierce military expansion, the appeasement policies of Britain and France have another purpose, which is to lead Germany, which they consider a disaster, to the Soviet Union. When the European War was overcast, Stalin was extremely disappointed with the compromise between Britain and France. He announced that he would stop the military alliance negotiations with Britain and France and turn to the Nazi German Empire to realize his own interests. At the same time, Germany should first seek to stabilize the Soviet Union, because it avoids fighting on the East and West fronts at the same time. At this time, the Soviet Union and Germany began to approach each other. At this time, the German Empire, the Soviet Union and Europe, which were regarded by the western society as the most powerful autocratic countries, abandoned the ideological gap that the western countries considered insurmountable because of political reality and signed the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty (Molotov-ribbentrop Treaty). The treaty includes a "secret subsidiary protocol" (the Soviet Union has always denied the existence of the agreement), which divides the spheres of influence of the two countries in Poland, the Baltic States, Finland and other countries in Eastern Europe. At that time, the world's third largest country (the world's largest country is the British Empire, and the second largest country is France), the world's second largest industrial country made peace with Germany, leaving Britain and France alone to face the powerful fascist Germany, and they could only swallow the bitter fruit planted by their appeasement policy.

In the Far East, Russia and Japan fought a Russo-Japanese war in northeast China for the two countries. Russia was defeated, lost some rights and interests in Northeast China, ceded South Sakhalin Island, and lost Lushun, the only ice-free port in the Pacific Ocean that had been painstakingly managed for a long time. At the beginning of the establishment of the Soviet regime, the Soviet Union's power in the Far East contracted and the Far East Republic was established. Japan participated in the armed intervention of the new regime and occupied a large area of the Soviet Union and Russia in the Far East, but was soon expelled from the country by the Red Army. Since then, the relationship between the Soviet Union and Japan has continued to be tense. In the relations with China, Lenin believed that the territory of China occupied by Russia should be returned to China, and promised to give up all the China territory and Chinese concession seized by Russia. But after Stalin came to power, the Soviet Union withdrew this promise. 192 1 and 1924, Tangnu Lianghai and Outer Mongolia separated from China, and the Soviet Union gradually took actual control of these two areas. From 65438 to 0929, the Middle East Road incident occurred between China and the Soviet Union, which led to the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations. 193 1 year, the Japanese invaded northeast China, and the Soviet Union remained neutral. 1937 After the formal war between China and Japan, China requested international assistance, and the Soviet Union believed that its Far East border was threatened by Japan. After the Sino-Soviet Non-aggression Treaty was signed, the Soviet Union began to provide large-scale assistance to China and sent aviation personnel to participate in China's war against Japan. The Soviet Union became China's main aid country at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War. 1938 and 1939, the Zhanggufeng incident and Nomenkan incident broke out between the Soviet Union and Japan due to the Manchukuo border issue, and the Soviet Union invaded the Japanese army in an all-round way. In order to avoid war between the two sides, in 194 1, the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Neutrality between the Soviet Union and Japan under the condition of very tense relations between the Soviet Union and Germany. This treaty not only stipulated non-aggression, but also recognized each other's actual interests in outer Mongolia and Manchuria, and the Soviet Union suspended most of its aid to China.

In 1930s, the German fascist regime led by Adolf Hitler rose rapidly, and the appeasement policy adopted by western countries such as Britain, France and the United States further encouraged the forces of fascist Germany. At this time, the supreme leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin (иосвисарионовичсы). This should be.

After the outbreak of World War II, the fascist Germans quickly swept through Central Europe, Western Europe, Northern Europe and the Balkans. 194 1 year, Germany controlled human and material resources in Europe 16 countries, including France, western Poland, the Netherlands and Norway. At this time, only Britain was fighting alone against the fascist Axis.

1At the end of the 1930s, after more than ten years of large-scale economic construction, the industrial output value of the Soviet Union jumped to the first place in Europe, but the production quality and people's living standards were far inferior to those of Germany. In addition, the whole country of the Soviet Union has just slowly returned to normal state order from the crazy purges. When the Germans swept across Europe, Stalin saw that such a powerful Germany would inevitably threaten the national security of the Soviet Union, and he began to take a series of measures to prevent Germany: he planned to move the heavy industry and military industry of the Soviet Union to the east of the Ural Mountain (урал); Peace talks with Germany to avoid stimulating Germany; Stabilize eastern Japan and sign a neutral treaty with Japan; Establish the "East Line", increase the strategic depth and so on.

In a series of preparatory measures of the Soviet Union, the establishment of the Eastern Front is the most controversial. In the process of establishing the Eastern Front, the Soviet Union occupied about 600,000 square kilometers of land according to the secret clause in the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty, and quickly pushed Finland, Romania and other countries to their own opposites, which was also universally condemned by all countries in the world. And in fact, the eastern front played a very limited role in the war.

In Germany, the smooth progress of the war on the western front was only due to the desperate resistance of Britain by virtue of its maritime superiority, which made Hitler feel that he had the opportunity to free up his hands against the Soviet Union, a great eastern country. The misjudgment of the Soviet Union by German intelligence agencies also made Hitler think that the Soviet Union was a very easy country to deal with. He began to make plans to invade the Soviet Union, and the code name of the plan was Barbarossa.

Barbarossa's plan is to concentrate a large number of troops and use "blitzkrieg" to carry out rapid and far-reaching assaults from several directions, and occupy the Soviet capital Moscow (москва) and Leningrad, the second and third largest city in the Soviet Union (ленин). в, киев) and so on. Destroy the main force of the Soviet Red Army in the western part of the Soviet Union, then March into the hinterland of the Soviet Union and reach Arkhangelsk (арханел).

Six months after Barbarossa's plan was launched, the Soviet Union was unaware of it. On May 194 1, a military parade was held in Moscow's Red Square to commemorate the International Labor Day. Although spies from Britain and other countries and the Soviet Union repeatedly reported to Stalin that Germany would attack the Soviet Union in the summer of 194 1, Stalin believed that before the Anglo-German war was known, Germany. He even suspected that this was fabricated by British spies in order to pull the Soviet Union into the trap of fighting against Germany.

In addition, according to Russian scholar Boris Dimovic sokolov (борсвадимовичсоко). (200 1) Stalin also had a "thunderstorm plan" to attack Germany (операция "гроза). It can be seen that Stalin was completely unprepared for Germany's attack plan.

However, Stalin's judgment was wrong. The worst war in history officially began on June 22nd, 194 1.

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[Edit this paragraph] Comparison of military strength at the beginning of the war:

Total strength: 7.3 million in Germany and 5.373 million in the Soviet Union.

Initial direct combat forces: Germany 5.5 million (including troops from Romania, Hungary and Finland) and the Soviet Union 2.68 million.

Establishment: Germany 190 Division (including 19 Tank Division and 14 Motorized Division) and Soviet Union 170 Division.

Tanks: German 4300, Soviet Union 1475, a large number of old tanks.

Artillery: 47,200 in Germany (more than 50 mm) and 37,500 in the Soviet Union.

Combat aircraft: German 4980, Soviet Union 1540, a large number of old aircraft.

Combat vessels: Germany 192, USSR 396.

Comparison between medium-term military strength and German army

Hitler still has a very large military force in 1943. The total number of Germans reached 9.48 million. Among them, there are 4.25 million field troops, 2.3 million reserve troops, 0.7 million air force/KLOC-0, 780,000 navy and 450,000 armed SS. According to the statistics of April 1, the Germans have 5625 tanks and assault guns. According to the statistics of 1 in March, the number of aircraft on 1 is 6 107. However, after excluding all kinds of reserve forces, a large number of patients in hospitals, naval and air forces and maintenance forces in occupied areas, there are far fewer field troops that Germany can use for the Eastern Front. By the beginning of July, 1943, the Germans and their allies had nearly 4 million regular troops (200 German divisions and 40 allied divisions), about 4,700 self-propelled artillery tanks, 3,665 aircraft and about 40,000 artillery mortars in the Soviet-German battlefield.

Soviet army

Since the war, the Soviet Union has lost 6.5438+0.467 million troops, of which 8-9 million are irreparable. However, in April 1943 and 1 day, there were still 84 13000 Soviet troops fighting against Germany, the headquarters reserve of the high command and the alert troops in the far east and southern border areas. By July 1943, the total number of armed forces of the whole Soviet Union, including the mainland military region, had increased to about100000. In addition to the huge army guarding Japan and Turkey (up to nearly 2 million in April), the main force of the Red Army Field Army is used to fight against Germany. On July 1943 and 1 day, the Red Army and the Air Force launched 6,065,900 troops (including 56-5.7 million army troops) in the Soviet-German battlefield. Together with the navy and other troops, the total strength of the Red Army against Germany is 6,665,438+2,000. In July 1943, 1, the Red Army's combat equipment against Germany was as follows: artillery mortars 105000 (including anti-aircraft guns, excluding 50 mm mortars and rockets). According to the model analysis of the Red Army artillery at the beginning of 1943, among the 65,438+10,000 guns, there are about15,000 76mm guns, about 9,0001000 mm guns and about 70,000 mortars. There are about 8000-9000 anti-aircraft guns. Tank self-propelled artillery10199 (9831tank, 368 self-propelled artillery). The data recorded in Fifty Years of Soviet Armed Forces are different. There are 9580 self-propelled tanks, including 6232 medium and heavy artillery and 3348 light artillery. The Red Army's medium and heavy tanks account for only 64% of the total, far less than the German army's 92%. Apart from the 3 1 1 tanks in Finland, the Soviet combat troops have 9888 tanks and self-propelled guns, including the base camp reserve, and 12576 tanks. Among them, 60 vehicles can be relocated 10060 on June 30, and the relocation rate is 80%. It is lower than the mobility rate of 89% of the German armored forces in the same period. Combat aircraft 10252 (including navy and long-range aviation), including 8948 new aircraft. There are 683 1 aircraft directly cooperating with the front-line operations. 950 long-range aviation aircraft. In July, the strategic reserve of the base camp increased to11000, 16782 guns and mortars, 2688 tanks and self-propelled guns and 662 aircraft. The highest organizational form of strategic reserve is the Grassland Military Region. As mentioned earlier, the military region is deployed in the direction of Kursk, forming a defense echelon in depth.

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German attack stage1941At 4: 30 am on June 22nd, the German army launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union in the long front of 1800 kilometers from the Baltic Sea in the north and the Black Sea in the south.

The task of the German Central Army Group is to surround the Soviet troops in Belarus (белоруссия) with 50 divisions and 2 brigades, and then attack Moscow, the heart of the Soviet Union. The strength of the Northern Army Group is 29 divisions. The task is to annihilate Soviet troops along the Baltic Sea. на, украина) attacked the territory of Ukraine in the west of Dnieper River (днепре, д). In addition, there are two army groups, Norway and Finland, pointing directly at the north, and carrying out surprise attacks on Murmansk (мурманск) and Leningrad respectively.

At the beginning of the war, 66 airports in the western part of the Soviet Union were bombed indiscriminately, and the Soviet Union lost 1200 aircraft for half a day, of which 800 were destroyed at the airport before taking off. Cities, naval and air bases and communication facilities in the western Soviet Union were severely damaged by German aviation, and the command organization of the border military region was basically paralyzed. The Germans advanced 50 to 60 kilometers on the first day of the war. The Soviet National Defense Commission issued an unrealistic order that night when the war situation was unknown, demanding that the border military region launch a fierce counterattack to destroy the invading enemy. This blind command made the situation on the front worse.

In the first week of the war, the Germans played very well with the advantages of sudden attack, weapons and equipment, troop mobilization and concentration, and operational experience. The Central Army Group has advanced to Minsk, the capital of Belarus (минск), the vanguard of the Southern Army Group has approached Kiev, and the Northern Army Group has crossed the Wiener River in West Germany.

The Soviet Union was caught off guard in the face of the well-prepared German army. Although the Soviet government took urgent measures to change the border military region into an army and set up the Soviet Supreme Command, it failed to make a lot of preparations before the war broke out, so it suffered a serious failure in the early days of the war. Due to outdated Soviet equipment, poor quality of commanders and misjudgment of the enemy's main attack direction, 28 divisions were destroyed at the beginning of the war and more than half of the weapons of 70 divisions were lost. According to statistics released by the west after the war, in the first 18 days of the Soviet-German war, the Soviet Union lost 2,000 columns of arms, 3,000 cannons, 2,000 planes and 1500 tanks, and 300,000 Soviet troops were captured.

After the occupation of Minsk, the Germans captured Smolensk (смоленск), surrounded more than a dozen Soviet divisions and cut off the Minsk-Moscow highway, the most important traffic trunk line in the western Soviet Union. At this time, the Germans were only 380 kilometers away from Moscow.

At this time, the Germans made a mistake that might have a bearing on the overall situation. The Germans split up a part of the central army group that attacked Moscow, attacked Kiev south, and occupied Ukraine, the granary of the Soviet Union. In the battle of Kiev from midsummer to early autumn, the Soviet army suffered a serious defeat in the defense of Kiev, which not only lost the frontier forces, but also exhausted the reserves used in this direction. Six army groups deployed in Kiev were besieged, all the officers of the southwest army were killed, and several army group commanders were captured. According to the German side, the German side announced that this was the largest annihilation war in history. In September, the northern army group has occupied Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and reached the suburbs of Leningrad. Together with the Finnish army, it completely blocked Leningrad and began a 900-day defense of Leningrad. Although the Germans won a great victory in the north and south, they did not succeed completely in Leningrad on the north road, but missed the best opportunity to attack Moscow and defeat the Soviet Union in one fell swoop in the middle road.

At the end of September, the German Central Army Group launched a large-scale attack on Moscow. The code name of this attack is "Unternehmen Taifun". The German troops used in the direction of the typhoon in Moscow reached 1.8 million, 75 divisions, 1.7 million tanks, 1.4 million guns and 1.4 million aircraft. 19415438+017 October Red Square Parade The Soviet army set up a multi-channel defense zone with echelon configuration at a depth of more than 300 kilometers west of Moscow, with 3 front armies and a campaign cluster,1250,000 troops, * * 75 divisions and 990 tanks. The fiercest attack met with the most tenacious resistance. After entering 10, the Soviet Union entered the autumn and winter season, which was very beneficial to the Soviet Union. 165438+1On October 7th, Stalin insisted on holding a military parade in Red Square to commemorate the 24th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution. After the military parade, the Soviet army went directly to the front. After a bloody battle, the Soviet army resisted the German attack with extremely strong resistance and familiar natural conditions, and turned to counterattack on 194 1 12.

1942 In April, the battle of Moscow ended in the victory of the Soviet Union. This war declared that Russian-style "Cannibalism" defeated German-style "Mechanized Tank Force" tactics. The commander of the Southern Army Group headed by German general guderian, known as the "father of the world tank war", and a large number of senior generals were transferred back to Germany by Hitler and left the eastern battlefield, which was responsible for the failure of the "Moscow offensive and defensive war". At this time, the Soviet army initially stabilized the situation in the Soviet-German battlefield and disrupted Germany's "Blitzkrieg" plan. However, the Soviet Union's counterattack soon failed in the face of Germany's technological superiority. [Edit this paragraph] After the defeat of the Moscow Battle at the turning point of the war, the German army focused on the southern line and concentrated on attacking the Caucasus oil field, the largest oil-producing area in the Soviet Union. 1June 1942, the Germans captured the main port of the Black Sea Fleet in Crimea (севастопол11000) of the Soviet Union (Battle of Sevenburg). Then, he commanded his troops in Stalingrad and Transcaucasia in an attempt to detour Moscow from the southeast, seize the Soviet oil-producing area in Transcaucasia, and cut off the connection between the southern Soviet Union and Moscow. The Soviets lost ground and were forced to turn to defense again. On June 28th, the Germans launched a massive summer offensive in the direction of the Don (дон) prairie, crossed the bend of the Don and captured Rostov (ростовнад).

At this time, the Germans made another unforgivable mistake. They divided their forces to attack Stalingrad and the North Caucasus, the Sixth Army attacked Stalingrad (сталинград), and the Fourth Armored Corps attacked the Caucasus oil field. At this time, the bloodiest frontal battle of World War II-the Battle of Stalingrad began.

During the period of 1942, the national economy of the Soviet Union turned to the wartime track, the military production was restored and developed to a certain extent, the new weapons and equipment provided to the army gradually increased, and the guerrilla movement behind the enemy lines was more extensive. At the same time, the Soviet Union also received strategic materials and weapons and equipment from the United States and Britain. However, from the beginning of 1942 to the summer of 1942, the Soviet army never turned the tide in the Soviet-German battlefield, and the situation was favorable to Germany.

1942 In late July, the Battle of Stalingrad started. Germany's elite sixth army advanced in the direction of Stalingrad. At the beginning of the campaign, the Soviet defense force in Stalin's direction was weak. In desperation, the Soviet army put the two tank army groups being formed into battle, but they were completely annihilated by the German army. At the end of July, the Germans transferred the Fourth Armored Army from the edge of the Caucasus oil field to support the attack on Stalingrad. The German army has 250,000 men, 740 tanks and 65,438+0,200 planes. The Stalingrad Army of the Soviet Union was hastily formed on the basis that the Southwest Army was completely defeated by the German army. The whole division has only 18, less than 16, combat troops160,000, nearly 400 tanks and more than 600 aircraft. At the beginning of the campaign, the Germans made good progress. Despite the tenacious resistance of the Soviet army, the Germans broke through the layers of defense of the Soviet army. On September 13, the Germans broke into the city. Stalin made a special phone call at this critical moment, ordering the Stalingrad Municipal Committee and military enterprises not to retreat, but to continue to organize production in the battle. Stalin also had a famous command at that time: "Never take a step back!" Soldiers and officers in Stalin's direction were ordered not to retreat at critical moments, and they would face extremely severe punishment if they retreated. At this time, in Stalingrad, there was the newly formed Southeast Army of the Soviet Union. Since the German army entered the downtown area of Stalingrad, a protracted bloody battle began.

Zhukov (георгиконстантиинр), the supreme unification of the Soviet Union. However, Uranus will not be deployed successfully until mid-June at the earliest 1 1. In other words, Stalingrad will have to stick to the Uranus plan for more than two months. For Stalingrad, which has weak defensive manpower, this is extremely difficult. However, the Soviet resistance was extremely tenacious and the fighting between the two sides was fierce. Even for a block, or even a building, will pay a huge price of casualties. By the end of September, only the narrow strip on the west bank of the Volga River, which was less than 1 km deep, was held by the Soviets, but the Germans could not completely occupy Stalingrad until 165438+ 10. Cui Kefu (василийивановичуйк), commander of the military region who defended Stalingrad. As the commander of the Sixth Army, paulus, launched a fierce attack to occupy Stalingrad before the arrival of winter, the war became fierce.

1October 1 19 at dawn, the Soviets implemented the Uranus plan and began a large-scale counterattack near Stalingrad. On June 23, 1 165438, the Soviet army surrounded all the German Sixth Army. Hitler ordered the Germans to "fight to the end, one soldier, one shot and one bullet", and ordered the armored heavy group of Don River Army led by General Erich von Manstein to carry out rescue, but it was blocked by the Soviet Union. 1943,65438+10,10, the Soviet army launched a general attack. 1on February 2, 943, paulus, commander of the German Sixth Army, who had just been promoted to marshal, surrendered, and the Soviet army was wiped out and attacked the German Sixth Army in Stalingrad, thus fundamentally reversing the situation in the Soviet-German battlefield. The victory of the Soviet Union in the Battle of Stalingrad brought about a historic turning point in the Soviet-German War and a turning point in the Second World War. The Battle of Stalingrad has also become the most cruel battle in history. About 2 million people on both sides were killed in the ruins, including 500,000 Soviet civilians who fought side by side in the Battle of Kursk.

1943 is the turning point of the Soviet-German battlefield. After the Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet troops continued to attack the upper reaches of the Don River, Kursk (курск) and Kharkov, and recovered Kursk and other places. In June 5438+10, the Soviet army broke through the 900-day blockade of Leningrad by the Germans. During the blockade of Leningrad, the citizens of Leningrad supported for 900 days under the threat of cold, hunger and the German army, and about half of the people in the city died, which was called a miracle in the world military history. At the same time, the Soviet army turned to attack the Caucasus and recovered most of the North Caucasus in early April.

The Soviet attack in Kharkov was defeated and several army groups were wiped out. 1In July, 943, the Germans concentrated their superior forces on the Kursk projection in an attempt to surround the Soviet troops of the two armies projected by Kursk and launch the last offensive campaign on the Eastern Front-the Battle of Kursk, which the Germans gave the code name "Unternehmen Zitadelle".

The Soviets obtained accurate information before the battle, but strengthened the defense against the Kursk bulge, and with the help of guerrillas, disrupted the German logistics support system. The Soviet forces used for the defense decisive battle in Kursk include the Central Army and the Japanese army in Voroney 1.33 million, equipped with more than 3,400 tanks and self-propelled artillery, and the grassland army as the general reserve. The Germans used 900,000 troops and 50 divisions in the direction of Kursk, of which 29 divisions formed two assault groups, attacking the 15 division in Kursk from the north and the 14 division in the south. Two assault groups were equipped with 2700 tanks. On the morning of July 5, the decisive battle in Kursk started, but in the face of the extremely tenacious defense of the Soviet Union, the German attack had little effect. 12, the two sides arrived at the little-known prokhorov card (проохрвовн) in the south wing of Kursk. When the rolling iron flow of tanks, infantry, artillery and aviation met in a small village, the biggest tank war broke out in the world military history. At dusk, the Soviet army won a key victory in this decisive battle (the research in the west in recent ten years said that the German army actually defeated the Soviet army tactically with a small exchange ratio, but this campaign did exhaust the offensive energy of the German army). On August 23rd, the Soviets recaptured Kharkov, and the Battle of Kursk ended in a total victory.