China Territory Period in Vietnamese History

Main items: Nanyue State and Erzheng Uprising

Qin Shihuang of China unified the Central Plains in 22 1 BC, and then attacked Baiyue (also known as Baiyue) in southern China and North Vietnam. 2 14 years ago, the Qin Dynasty established Guilin County (in today's China Guangxi Province), Nanhai County (in today's China Guangdong Province) and Xiang Jun County. The Qin Dynasty carried out the policy of emigrating to three counties, and moved the people of the Central Plains here in order to "mix Guangdong".

At the end of Qin Dynasty, civil strife occurred in China, and Zhao Tuo, the prefect of Nanhai County, became a local separatist force. China's history books record his rapid expansion of power. "The Qin Dynasty was shattered, Guilin and Xiang Jun were immediately attacked, and he became the king of South Vietnam" and established the country of South Vietnam. South Vietnam paid tribute to the Western Han Dynasty in the Central Plains, and implemented the national policy of "harmony and gathering hundreds of yue" at home. In northern Vietnam, "two ambassadors were appointed to the address and the people of Jiuzhen County" and a government office was set up to rule. Through military pressure and treasure gifts, Nanyue State has strengthened its influence on neighboring tribes such as China, Europe and Romania.

South Vietnam is also called "Zhao Dynasty" in Vietnamese history. In feudal times, historians such as Li Wenxiu and Wu Shilian regarded Nanyue as the orthodox dynasty in Vietnamese history, but it was denied in modern times. Historian Weiying Tao pointed out that it "can only be a foreign aggressor" and "attempts to expand its territory and occupy China as a county". The Vietnamese Social Science Committee called it "just a separatist force within the feudal group in China".

In BC 1 1 1 year, South Vietnam was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, and Vietnam became the territory of the Han Dynasty. The China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and northern and central Vietnam were directly under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. Three counties located in northern, southern and central Vietnam, namely Jiaodi (also called Jiaodi, in today's Hanoi), Jiuzhen (in today's Tsinghua and Vaan provinces) and Rinan (in today's Quang Binh and Quang Nam provinces) all belong to its jurisdiction. Each county also governs several counties. There are three main points in the Western Han Dynasty's ruling policy towards Vietnam, namely "living in harmony with the people's livelihood", "governing according to customs because of its past, not paying taxes" and "taking the people as the former". At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Jiaozhi County ordered Xiguang to teach local people manners. In the early years of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ren Yan, the satrap of Jiuzhen, taught the people to cultivate crops and formulated a marriage system. The policies of Xiguang and Renyan have achieved certain results, and Vietnam began to be infected by the Chinese style.

During the Jianwu period, a female general named Luo (leader of Luo Yue) under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhi County was punished by Su Ding, the satrap, and refused to accept the levy. In 40 A.D., she rose up against her sister's levy, which was called "Erzheng Uprising" in history, and once captured 65 cities including Jiaotoe, Jiuzhen and Ni Nan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan, a general sent by the imperial court, led an army to suppress it, and finally wiped out the Zheng sisters in 43 years. The incident ended peacefully. Main item: Pre-Lee era

In A.D. 43, after Ma Yuan, the general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, pacified Jiao Jiao, Jiuzhen and Rinan counties again, he implemented new measures in the local area, including repairing battlements, rectifying water conservancy, reporting the contradiction between Yuefa and Hanfa to the court, and then "announcing the old system" with the Vietnamese. From then on, Luoyue people began to follow Ma Yuan's measures. According to legend, Ma Yuan stood on tiptoe and "erected a copper pillar", which became the "polar boundary of the Han Dynasty" at that time.

During the Han Dynasty, the northern, southern and central parts of Vietnam were the external transportation hubs of the Han Dynasty. Starting from Rinan County, you can reach all parts of the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, people from the South China Sea and other western countries, such as Yediao (in today's Java), Shan (in today's northern Myanmar), Tianzhu (in today's India) and Daqin (that is, the Roman Empire), all took Hinan County as the only way to China.

In the 2nd century AD, there were frequent uprisings against the Han government in Rinan County. Modern scholars believe that these barbarian uprisings symbolize the establishment of Linyi State (that is, Zhanpo State).

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a state-county separatist regime in China, and Taizhou Shixie in Jiaozhou also controlled the whole territory of Jiaozhou for a long time from 187 to 226, while the chieftains in Jiuzhen, Hepu and Nanhai were all controlled by the Shishi brothers. According to historical records, Shi Xie's generosity and courtesy attracted celebrities from the Central Plains to take refuge in succession. Therefore, from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early years of the Three Kingdoms, Jiaozhou became a relatively stable and prosperous region. Later Vietnamese historians spoke highly of Shi Xie's rule: "Our country is a country of literature, which began with scholars and kings. Its merits were particularly applicable at that time, but it was far away in later generations. Isn't it prosperous! " Mouzi, a Buddhist thinker, took refuge in Godbrother during the period of Sakyamuni, and this book was written as an important Buddhist work, Mouzi's Theory of Confusion. After the rise of Wu Dong power in South China, the Stone Association joined 2 1 1, nominally belonging to Sun Shi, but still has autonomy in essence. In 226 AD, after Shi Xie's death, Sun Quan, the Lord of Wu, tried to weaken the influence of the Shi family in Jiaozhou, but Shi Hui, the son of Shi Xie, and others resisted. So Lv Dai, the king of Wu, framed and killed the Shi Hui brothers and seized the control of Jiaozhou.

In 248, the people of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen rebelled against Wu. According to Vietnamese history books, Zhao Gui, the leader of this uprising, was able to ride an elephant and fight Wu Jun in the mountains. Wu Ting sent a crusade against Lu Yin, the secretariat of Jiaozhou, and finally calmed the incident. As far as domestic situation is concerned, Wu Dong was one of the separatist regimes in the Three Kingdoms period, and it fought against Cao Wei in the north (later usurped by Sima Shi), which affected the political situation in Jiaozhou. In 263, Cao Wei sent troops to occupy Jiaozhi, Old Town and Rinan counties. In 265, Sima replaced Wei, established the Western Jin Dynasty, and continued to rule the three counties of Jiaozhou. In 268, Wu Zhu Sun Fang sent Tao Huang and others to fight back. By 27 1, the Jin army was defeated, JIAOZHOU was recovered, and Tao Huang was appointed as the state shepherd. Wu Dong was finally destroyed by the Western Jin Dynasty in 280, and Huangtao, a state shepherd, also surrendered, and Yue was ruled by the Western Jin Dynasty. The court of the Western Jin Dynasty listened to Tao Huang's suggestion to protect Jiaozhou from the threat of the South Linyi State (Zhanpo) and maintain its local power.

In 3 16, the northern part of China was occupied by all ethnic groups, and the southern Jinshi crossed into the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, JIAOZHOU's military generals often fought or rebelled according to local conditions, and Lin Yi invaded, so the situation was unstable for a long time. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Xun's rebellion in Sun En also spread to Jiaozhou, where Du Hui, the secretariat of Jiaozhou, defeated Lu Xun, ending the unrest. In 420, Emperor Wu of Song replaced Jin, established (together with Nanqi, Nanliang and Nanchao), and continued to appoint Du Huidu as the secretariat of Jiaozhou. During Du Huidu's tenure, he rectified customs, improved people's lives and built schools, which brought stability to Jiaozhou. From the last years of Liu and Song Dynasties to the early years of Southern Qi Dynasty (468-485), Li Changren, a native of Jiaozhou, and his younger brother Li successively dominated one side and defied the court in the name of "governing the country". Finally, Li surrendered power because Nanqi of the court wanted to conquer.

During the Nanliang period, Li Ben, a local, was dissatisfied with the harsh politics of Jiaozhou's dutiful son. It is reported that Jiaozhou proclaimed himself emperor in 544 and changed its name to Tiande. Vietnamese later generations called Li Ben "Li Nandi" and its regime was "pre-Li Dynasty". In 545, Nanliang sent Chen Baxian to lead an army to suppress and defeat Li Ben, and he was finally killed by his men in 549. The official history of China also mentioned that after Li Ben's defeat, his younger brother Li Tianbao fled to Jiuzhen to continue his struggle and was finally annihilated by Chen Baxian. According to Vietnamese historians, after Li Ben's death, the former dynasty continued to be led by his subordinate Zhao, his younger brother Li Tianbao and his clansman Li Fozi. It was not until Li Fozi surrendered to the Sui Dynasty in 602 that the former Li Dynasty ended. In 602 AD, the second year of Emperor Wendi Renshou of China, Li Fozi of Jiaozhou claimed that the army was divided, and the Sui Dynasty sent Liu Fang to make a conquest. Li Fozi surrendered in fear and Viet Nam was ruled by China. After the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty rose again and wiped out the forces of filial piety in the south, so Vietnam entered the Tang Dynasty. The number of administrative agencies in Vietnam was changed by the Tang government, such as the official offices of "Annan as the capital of the government" and "Quiet Navy as our special envoy".

In the Tang Dynasty, the Vietnamese region was developed by Chinese mainland culture, and some famous poets, such as Du and Shen Quanqi, all served as local officials, which made their writing style prevail. Aizhou (In today's Vietnam, Jiang Gongfu is a representative figure of Vietnamese literati in the Tang Dynasty. He was a senior official in Tang Ting, and his works have been handed down from generation to generation. However, under Tang Shi's rule, chaos often occurred in Vietnam. The local people had launched several large-scale rebellions, such as the uprising in 722, the uprising of King Feng of Buge in 79 1 year, and so on, which were finally suppressed by the Tang Dynasty. In terms of foreign relations, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Huan State (that is, Zhanpo State) and Nanzhao State invaded Vietnam successively. At the beginning of the 9th century (during the fifth dynasty of Champa), Huan invaded Zhangzhou and Aizhou, and Tang Jun immediately repelled them. Nanzhao was a neighboring country in the southwest of the Tang Dynasty, and the two sides were at war from time to time. Nanzhao attacked Annan several times in the middle of the 9th century and occupied Luocheng and Annan (now Hanoi) in 863. It was only in 866 that Gao Pian was recaptured by the Tang Dynasty. From then on, Tang Ting adopted the system of buffer region to rule Annan, and established the "Still Water Division Our Time", with Gao Pian as our time. When Gao Pian was in power, he devoted himself to building, rebuilding Daluocheng and regulating rivers to facilitate navigation. The people of the Tang Dynasty made great achievements in the canal project in Peyo. According to the "Tianwei Trail Newly Chiseled Monument to the Sea", the local river is inherently dangerous and difficult to travel. "The boatman has experienced it and his hair is cold." After rectification, it is "safe and smooth, no longer dangerous".

During the decline of the Tang Dynasty, Qu Shi, a local tyrant in Jiaozhou, was in charge of Jingshui Master's Post Station, competing with the Southern Han regime in Lingnan, China. In 930 AD, the Southern Han Dynasty destroyed Qu, but General Jiaozhou still fought for autonomy. In 938, Wu Quan, the old general of Tingyi, took control of the local area, and the Southern Han Dynasty sent troops to crusade. Wu Quan planted a big pile in Baiteng River, and when the tide rose, he brought a boat from the South Han army. At this time, the tide receded and the Nanhan army ship ran aground because of the pile. Wu Quan took the opportunity to send boatmen and defeated the South Han Army. After the war, Wu Quan became king and established the Wu Dynasty. Wu Quan's victory and political establishment are of great significance in the process of Vietnam's independence. Later, Vietnamese historians commented: "The more orthodox I am, the more I almost continue."

China's nearly thousand years of rule had a far-reaching impact on Vietnamese history. Historian Chen (that is, Jin) concluded: "My Jiaozhou area was still the land of China from the Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, so the rebellion in China also affected our country"; "When Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism flourished in China, the land in our state also belonged to China, so our people also converted to these religions. Later, after China became independent, these religions became more prosperous. For example, Buddhism flourished in the Ding Dynasty, the former Dynasty and the Li Dynasty, and Confucianism flourished in the Chen Dynasty. Generally, all customs and politics have evolved from academics and religions. And our people have respected China's academics and religion, then everything we do is completely imitated by China. "