What is the impact on the environment?

Air quality is declining, and land desertification is becoming more and more serious. ...

China is a big coal-burning country. The energy supply structure is dominated by coal: the total demand will be about 2.8-3 billion tons in 2020, and the national installed power generation capacity will reach 2/kloc-0.08 billion kilowatts and 65,438.02 billion kilowatts in 2020. In China, coal-fired power plants will account for 70-74% in 20 10 and 57-68% in 2020. Burning coal produces a lot of dust and harmful gases, such as sulfur and nitrate. In 2005, China's total sulfur dioxide emissions reached 25.49 million tons, ranking first in the world, with an increase of 27% over 2000. The emission reduction target of 10% set in the tenth five-year plan has not been achieved, but has increased. The proportion of cities with acid rain frequency greater than 40% increased from 52% in 2000 to 63.9% in 2005. According to the economic loss caused by every ton of sulfur dioxide discharged in China, the economic loss caused by sulfur dioxide in China in 2005 was as high as more than 500 billion yuan.

Therefore, the state clearly pointed out in the 11th Five-Year Plan: "Accelerate the construction of desulfurization, denitrification and dust removal facilities in existing coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants must install desulfurization, denitrification and dust removal devices according to emission standards, and promote the control of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust pollution in industries such as steel, nonferrous chemicals and building materials. If it does not meet the emission standards of thermal power plants, it will renovate or build new environmental protection facilities within a time limit. "

China is a developing country. The economy is still growing at a high speed, but the carrying capacity of resources and environment is close to the limit. Environmental problems also endanger health and public safety, affect the international image and foreign trade, and greatly restrict the economic development of China.

Environmental protection projects, especially desulfurization projects, have a large market and great influence. High investment.

At present, domestic desulfurization and denitrification systems and equipment are mainly designed by foreign companies or imported from abroad, and domestic ones are mainly responsible for civil engineering and installation. The construction of such a large-scale flue gas desulfurization and denitrification project depends entirely on the supply of foreign manufacturers, which is unrealistic in terms of funds and policies. The most fundamental way to reduce the cost of desulfurization and denitrification in thermal power plants is to promote the localization of technology and equipment, especially the localization of desulfurization technology, equipment and key materials.

The threat of ecological security to national security

As a member of nature, although human beings have mastered highly developed science and technology, they still need to obtain all kinds of necessary living materials from the ecosystem like other life, and need the ecosystem to provide necessary shelter, that is, ecosystem services. Because the realization of ecosystem services does not need market exchange, and we do not need to pay for these services, people often ignore the existence of ecosystem services. People always destroy the ecological environment inadvertently, deprive many animals and plants on the earth of their right to live, and make our living environment worse and worse. The ecological security problems caused by this will have a great impact on national security.

(A) the implementation of pollution transfer in developed countries has led to a new round of ecological aggression, threatening the ecological security of China.

Because environmental pollution is not limited by national boundaries, with the development of economic globalization, environmental pollution in one country will also cause environmental pressure and threat to the ecological security of other countries. In the name of international economic and trade cooperation, many developed countries have transferred their traditional industries with declining comparative advantages to China through the operation and direct investment of multinational companies, while China has not fully established an early warning mechanism to avoid environmental impact assessment, and blindly introduced high-pollution and high-consumption industries from abroad, resulting in structural pollution. Even some unscrupulous foreign businessmen use fraudulent means such as peddling "resource" waste and "technology transfer" to sell old equipment and export industrial waste to China through direct trade, which greatly increases foreign harmful waste and leads to national ecological pollution. In addition, China's current environmental policies, regulations and standards are looser than those of developed countries, which cannot effectively prevent some industries, equipment and hazardous wastes with serious pollution from flowing into China in a "legal" way, thus threatening national security. [3] It is reported that pollution-intensive foreign investment projects introduced by China account for 36.8% of the total foreign investment, while only 20% of European countries' investment projects in China are pollution-intensive. During the period of 199 1- 1993, the United States exported12,884 tons of nonferrous metal waste liquid and used automobile batteries to China. 1993, Britain exported 4 186 tons of waste to China. In addition, after 1992, developed countries set up 1200 production enterprises using freon in China in the form of "technology transfer". Environmental problems arising from developed countries are constantly occurring in China, which not only increases the difficulty of governance, but also becomes an important factor restricting China's economic development, even endangering public health, social stability and national environmental security.

(b) Ecological security directly affects the health and survival of national citizens, and ecological damage will be passed down from generation to generation.

The ecological environment is directly related to the survival and reproduction of human beings and the development of human society, and also to the survival of all living things on the earth. If the ecosystem of a country or region is destroyed, people will lose their living conditions and be forced to resettle in different places, becoming "ecological immigrants", but no matter where people move, they will consume natural resources to varying degrees and bring pressure to the natural environment. The destruction of ecological environment not only causes great loss of life and property to contemporary people, but also causes intergenerational transfer of ecological problems, which brings irreversible and profound disasters to future generations and ultimately endangers the security and development of the whole country and nation.

(3) It increases the risk of spreading animal and plant diseases in China to other countries and threatens domestic biological safety.

[4] Although there is no serious epidemic of non-native animal and plant diseases in China, the spread of foot-and-mouth disease and mad cow disease in some western countries in recent years shows that with the popularization of genetic engineering technology, the reduction of tariffs, the abolition of non-technical trade barriers and the diversification of trade channels, the trade volume of genetically modified products and crops will definitely increase in a period of time, thus increasing the risk of the spread of exotic animal and plant diseases in China.

(d) Biotechnology not only gives full play to its efficiency advantages, but also brings about national ecological security problems.

Biotechnology is developing by leaps and bounds in medicine, industry, agricultural production, resource development and utilization, environmental protection and other fields. Biotechnology brings its efficiency advantages into full play, but it also brings national ecological security problems. There are three main risks brought by biotechnology to ecological security, namely, ecological risk, health risk and ethical risk. Ecological risk mainly refers to improper alien species, which may lead to the extinction of biological species through direct predation and hybridization with the basic resources (food, water, nutrition, sunshine, etc.) of local species. ), direct invasion of pathogens and spread of diseases. Health risk refers to the contact safety and food safety that may be caused to human health when biotechnology is used or consumed.

(E) International environmental trade competition may have a great impact on emerging environmental protection industries in China, causing national ecological security problems.

Environmental protection industry is the material basis to prevent pollution and ecological destruction, and it is an important way to adjust the industrial structure to ecological security. China is a country with great potential in environmental trade market, and it will surely become the object of contention by developed countries. However, due to China's backward economy and technology, the environmental protection industry started late, with a low starting point, small scale, single product and low technical content, lacking international competitiveness. Environmental protection industry can not be protected as a naive industry, but directly faces the international market competition. In the case of market access and non-discriminatory treatment, international capital can take advantage of its advantages in capital, technology, management and scale to fully control the market share of China's environmental protection products and services through competition, forcing a large number of small and medium-sized environmental protection enterprises in China to face the threat of merger, production conversion or closure; Under the influence of intellectual property protection measures, the transfer of clean production technology, pollution prevention technology, comprehensive utilization of resources and "three wastes" treatment technology to China was prevented, which hindered the smooth development of emerging environmental protection industries in China and caused substantial damage.

Three, China ecological security and environmental problems and harm.

In 1950s, China started industrialization. Because of its low quality, huge population and coal-based energy structure, the ecological environment in China is under great pressure and seriously polluted. By the 1980s, China had achieved rapid economic development under the conditions of large population base, low per capita resources and relatively backward economy and technology, which made the already scarce resources and fragile environment face greater pressure and challenges. Eco-environmental problems such as water shortage, serious soil erosion, land desertification, reduction of forest resources and grassland degradation pose a serious threat to the ecological security of China.

Ecological destruction and environmental pollution restrict the sustainable development of society and economy to a certain extent. The destruction of ecological resources will lead to the excessive consumption of natural resources and the mass disappearance of species, resulting in resource crisis, the decline of species diversity and the instability of ecosystems. The environmental problems that threaten the ecological security of China mainly include the following aspects.