Where do Beijingers drink water now?

I found it online. This is a long learning.

Where do Beijingers drink water before using tap water? The answer is well water.

There used to be 1258 wells in Beijing, and many hutongs were named after wells: dry wells, wet wells and bitter wells-before liberation, there were more than 80 hutongs named after wells in old Beijing alone.

Hutong means well in Mongolian. During the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers still kept the habit of nomadic people in the Yuan Dynasty choosing water to live in, and dug wells where there was no water. At that time, the groundwater level in Beijing was relatively high, and you could see water by digging a few meters. When Mongols moved from vagrancy to settlement, hutongs formed between quadrangles. The terrain of Beijing is high in the west and low in the east. In order to prevent floods, there are more east-west hutongs than north-south hutongs. Some hutongs are inclined: Yangmeizhu Xie Jie, Li Tieguai Xie Jie, Cherry Xie Jie, Palm Xie Jie and Xie Jie, Dai Yan, all of which are old rivers in history.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, people first built a ground water supply station in Sunhe to pump water from the city for the fire control of the Forbidden City. Later, Dongcheng gradually established a small amount of water supply network. 1942 during the drought in Beijing, the Sunhe surface water plant was closed.

Subsequently, Beijing gradually transitioned from drinking well water to using tap water. Tap water, of course, is not like its name-as long as the tap is turned on, the water will continue.

After liberation, Beijing gradually changed from a consumption-oriented city to a production-oriented city, focusing on the development of heavy industries with high energy consumption and high water consumption, such as metallurgy, chemicals, electricity, coking, cement and machinery. In 1980s, Beijing once became a heavy industry city in the north of China, surpassing Shenyang, Taiyuan and Tianjin. In the mid-1980s, with the decrease of underground water sources, Beijing had to use Miyun Reservoir as the drinking water source, supplying the city with1170,000 tons of water every day.

In the case of a serious shortage of surface water, Beijing's urban water use has to be maintained by over-exploitation of groundwater-the annual exploitable groundwater in Beijing is 2.5 billion cubic meters, but since the 1980s and 1990s, it has been mined from 2.8 billion to 2.9 billion cubic meters every year. Beijing has over-exploited 5 billion cubic meters of groundwater, forming a groundwater drop funnel centered on the eastern part of the planned urban area, covering an area of more than 2,000 square kilometers. Over-exploitation of groundwater causes lakes to shrink, wetlands to decrease, water quality to deteriorate, some large springs gradually disappear, trees wither and die, the ground sinks, and municipal facilities are destroyed.

To make matters worse, the blind development of industry has caused serious water pollution in Beijing, and it needs to invest a lot of money to control it. There is a vicious circle between water consumption and water pollution.

With the decrease of incoming water from the five major river systems and the decrease of water flow speed, some water flows stay longer in the urban area of Beijing, and the probability of being polluted by urban garbage also increases. Coupled with the climate and urban heat island effect, the water temperature rises, animal carcasses and litter falling into the river are more prone to corruption, and heavily polluted water bodies are black and smelly. The organic matter in the water exceeds the self-purification ability of the river, and the water body is easy to be eutrophic, resulting in serious algae growth. At present, the surface of many water bodies in Beijing is dark green with algae. In the spring and summer of 2007, Wang Jian and others witnessed the pollution caused by many enterprises in the "Happy Water in the City" activity-Yanshan Petrochemical discharged sewage into Niuyukou Reservoir, and Shijingshan Power Plant and Gaojing Power Plant brought fly ash pollution to Yongding River.

"In fact, the urban water system not only provides domestic and production water, but also participates in microcirculation and regulates the urban climate. In the past, rivers, lakes, pits and ponds in Beijing occupied a large area, while streets and buildings occupied a small area, which made the urban climate virtuous circle. In the past, in the hot summer, it was refreshing for us to sit under the green trees and beside the water, because the water evaporated and took away the heat. The developed water system is like a big air conditioner, which automatically adjusts the temperature and humidity of the city. " Wang Jian said.

"Beijing's buildings and roads have expanded dozens of times, and rivers and lakes have been buried and covered. Asphalt pavement and cement buildings have blocked many original micropores on the ground, making shallow surface water unable to participate in microcirculation. The reheated sun heats the solidified surface, and water can't evaporate to take away the heat. At noon in the dog days, the surface temperature of Tiananmen Square exceeds 60 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to the temperature of the Taklimakan desert. "

"Beijing rarely considers the issue of ecological water use. Lack of necessary ecological water can easily lead to urban heat island effect, dry land, dry river bed, drop of groundwater level, tree withering and sandstorm. " Wang Jian said that relevant pictures show that a large area of pits and ponds in Beijing have dried up; Guanting Reservoir dried up, and the surrounding land was seriously desertified; A golf course has even been built in Yongding River in Hulufa Village, Fangshan District. In March 2007, people flew kites in the dry Kunming Lake.

The original intention of building the reservoir is difficult to realize.

Wang Jian believes that the measures taken by Beijing to solve the water problem in different years can be described as racking their brains.

"In the 1950s, Guanting, Ming Tombs and Miyun Reservoir were built; Excavation of Jingmi diversion canal in 1960s; In 1970s, 40,000 engine wells were drilled; In 1980s, the irrigated area of farmland was reduced by 2 million mu; In the 1990s, the industrial structure was adjusted, and water sources for war preparedness were developed. Today, there is no longer enough clean water near Beijing, only a lot of energy is spent on the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. This cannot but alert us. "

In 1950s, there was a wave of reservoir construction in China, and by 1990s, more than 80,000 reservoirs had been built. Since 1954, four reservoirs, Guanting, Miyun, Huairou and Haizi, with a total storage capacity of 9.3 billion cubic meters, have been built around Beijing. In 1980s and 1990s, Tancun Water Plant, Huairou Water Source No.9 Plant and Miyun Water Source No.10 Plant were successively built to make up for the shortage of urban water supply. However, in the late 1980s, the precipitation was seriously attenuated, and the upstream layers were intercepted, resulting in insufficient surface water supply.

Reservoirs are generally built in the upper or middle reaches of rivers. The original intention of the construction is to stop floods in flood season and replenish rivers in dry season. Wang, a water conservancy expert, pointed out that this is just wishful thinking. Once the reservoir is completed, it will have its own interests and requirements, and its own operating rules will be alienated into the opposite of downstream public interests. Reservoirs do not represent the interests of river basins, but only the interests of reservoir owners. In the dry season, the reservoir will not release water to help the thirsty river downstream, but store water to generate electricity and intercept the already scarce river water, resulting in the downstream cut-off and dryness. "Throughout the history of the North China Plain, rivers and lakes are scattered all over the place. Now there are dry rivers and shadowless lakes. From the domestic outflow area to the inflow area like Xinjiang. The reason is that we have built countless reservoirs on Yanshan Mountain and Taihang Mountain in the upper reaches of the river flowing to the North China Plain. The role of these reservoirs is nothing more than moving the excellent water environment in the lower reaches of the North China Plain and the benefits that should be generated in the North China Plain to the upper reaches. "

"Not long ago, a large-scale exhibition of the spirit of Hongqi Canal in Linxian County, Henan Province was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, and the audience was like a tide. The spirit of building the Hongqi Canal is undoubtedly great, but the benefit of irrigating hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland by the Hongqi Canal is at the expense of the water cut-off of Zhanghe River, the lack of water in the downstream ancient city of Cangzhou, and the fluorosis caused by people eating deep-mined groundwater. Who gains and who loses? Maybe one day, we need to demolish some reservoirs to restore the water environment in the North China Plain, so that people who live near more than 60 rivers, such as Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River, Weihe River, Maying River, Zhanghe River and South Canal, but have never seen a river, can see how the rivers where their ancestors have been together for generations ripple and rush to the ocean happily. " Wang, a member of the Beijing Cultural Relics Protection Association and publisher of Beijing Water Town, said.

Miyun Reservoir: All three development models threaten Beijing's water security.

Miyun Reservoir 1960 completed. At that time, the main functions were flood control, power generation, agricultural irrigation, aquaculture and urban water supply. The drainage area is 15788 square kilometers, the maximum storage capacity of the reservoir is 4.37 billion cubic meters, and the average annual runoff is11900,000 cubic meters.

It is hard to imagine that Miyun Reservoir, as a water source reservoir, was once a large-scale tourist base. Due to the high population density and limited land resources in Miyun reservoir area, the development potential of mountain agricultural and forestry resources is not great, and the industrial development is restricted to some extent. Therefore, people want to develop tourism. In June, 198 1, an authoritative newspaper published a proposal to build Miyun Reservoir into a tourist base of "one thousand people live and ten thousand people travel". The reservoir management office and several units built resorts, and soon, the number of tourists in Miyun Reservoir on Sunday quickly exceeded 1 10,000.

This has changed the water quality of Miyun Reservoir: for a long time, due to the influence of non-point source pollution, total phosphorus and total nitrogen have increased year by year, and the water quality has evolved from poor nutrition to medium nutrition for many years, posing a potential threat to the sustainable utilization of reservoir water resources. At present, the water environment of Miyun Reservoir is in a state of quasi-sustainable development. This is the monitoring and analysis result of Miyun Reservoir 199 1 year to 200 1 year by Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center.

"Large-scale tourism will not only cause serious pollution to the reservoir, but also yacht washing wastewater, bathing sewage from hotel training centers, tourists' garbage and leftovers from picnics will enter Miyun Reservoir with storm runoff and pollute the water body; Water activities can bring pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, X-bodies and spirochetes into the water body, which poses a serious threat to Miyun Reservoir as a drinking water source in the future. "

What is gratifying is that "according to our research results, the Beijing Municipal Government has set up a water source protection agency, divided the first, second and third level water source protection areas around the reservoir, formulated the Regulations on Water Source Protection of Miyun Reservoir, and made a decision to prohibit large-scale tourism activities in Miyun Reservoir Area, dismantle resorts, ban commercial catering outlets, prohibit unauthorized motor boats from launching, and implement the system of road closure and dam closure in flood season."

A wave of unrest, another wave. After stopping the development of tourism, people put their minds on the development of iron ore.

There are a lot of iron ore resources around Miyun Reservoir, and exploration shows that there are large iron ore reserves of 654.38 billion cubic meters below the reservoir. For a time, the mines in the county, the mines in the village and the farmers' own mines. Every village explodes mountains and rocks, and every household mines and concentrates minerals, destroying the bushes on the rocks, stripping the soil and causing soil erosion everywhere. "Miyun is a rocky mountain area with a thin soil layer. 1960 Some trees were planted when the reservoir was built. Many steep rock masses grow into natural shrubs, covered with bare limestone, and the reservoir presents a beautiful scenery. Sadly, digging holes and blasting mountains and rocks can be unrecognizable in an instant. According to the research of the Institute of Mountain Disasters of Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the pure natural state, after the limestone vegetation is destroyed, it takes 1 cm for rocks to become soil and 1000 for shrubs to grow from these soils. "

Miyun Iron Mine has a low grade (7%) and a large amount of waste rock is produced during mining. A large number of waste rocks are piled into the valley, and under the action of rainstorm and flood, the crisis of debris flow is always lurking. In particular, the tailings pond after beneficiation failed to pile sand according to the engineering specifications, forming an artificial sand lake, which poses a great threat to the ecological security of Miyun Reservoir.

With the rapid development of iron ore mining and dressing industry in 1980s, a large amount of untreated wastewater and sewage are continuously discharged into the river, which makes the water quality in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir show an obvious downward trend: the iron ion concentration in Dai Ying section of Chaohe River exceeds the Grade V standard all the year round. Causing river siltation and water quality deterioration. "We, Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center, concluded in the Study on Environmental Impact Assessment of Miyun Iron Mine Development that mining in Miyun not only destroys ecology, but also causes river blockage and reservoir siltation. Harmful elements in the mining area are brought into the surface, which has adverse effects on the reservoir, and the secondary ecological damage caused by them is long-term and difficult to control. Strictly limit the scale of iron ore mining, prohibit self-mining and group mining of iron ore, strictly implement the regulations on iron ore development and reclamation, and the environmental protection department should formulate strict measures and strict supervision and management to prevent ecological disasters such as soil erosion, soil desertification, river blockage, reservoir siltation and mudslides caused by iron ore development. " Wang Jian said.

After the government ordered to stop iron ore mining, people began to raise fish in cages in Miyun Reservoir. "At the beginning, there were only 0.03 hectares of cages in the reservoir area around Zoumazhuang. In a few years, the scale reached 4.5 hectares, and the cage fish culture in Miyun Reservoir developed rapidly. "

It seems that cage fish farming is more environmentally friendly than tourism and mining. Actually, it is not. "The result was greatly unexpected. According to our research on the environmental impact assessment of cage fish culture in Miyun Reservoir, a large number of baits and feces discharged into the water body will cause extremely serious organic pollution to the water body, and the pollution level is equivalent to a medium-sized city with a population of 500,000. " At this time, Wang Jian participated in the environmental impact assessment of cage fish culture in Miyun Reservoir.

"We have calculated an economic account: the cost of raising fish is higher than the income of raising fish, and the total annual income is only 4 million yuan. Individual fish farmers bear the cost of fish farming as high as 6.908 million yuan per year, while the environmental cost borne by the state is 4,265,438+600,000 yuan per year, and the cost of natural resource depletion is 3 million yuan per year, which is a huge environmental cost. The development around Miyun Reservoir can create economic benefits of10.50 billion yuan every year. As a water body with water quality meeting drinking standards, 1 cubic meter of water value 1 yuan, 3 billion cubic meters of water is 3 billion. " Wang Jian pointed out that the economic account of the development and protection of Miyun Reservoir is very clear, and it is wise to show "red cards" to tourism, mining and cage fish farming.

Guanting Reservoir: This basin of water "rises and falls"

The process of Guanting Reservoir as a drinking water source in Beijing can be described as twists and turns. At the beginning of its construction, its functional orientation was flood control and profit promotion. Only hundreds of thousands of people in Mentougou have been drinking water from Guanting. However, with the over-exploitation of groundwater in Beijing's urban area, Guanting Reservoir became the ground drinking water source in Beijing in the 1980s, and it was called "two basins of water" in Beijing together with Miyun Reservoir.

Among them, the pollution incident of pesticide plant in Shacheng, the upper reaches of Guanting Reservoir, opened the cause of environmental protection in China.

Shacheng pesticide plant is located in Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. Before the Cultural Revolution, DDT was purchased from abroad, but at that time, developed countries had limited production. Therefore, the Ministry of Chemical Industry of China purchased complete sets of equipment from abroad and built this factory in Guanting Reservoir from 65438 to 0968. There are not only chemical industries in the upper reaches of Guanting River Basin, but also a large number of industrial enterprises such as fertilizer, paper making, pharmacy, textile, fur, rubber, machinery, metallurgy, coking, non-ferrous metals and mining have been established since 1970s.

1972 In the spring, people in Huailai, Datong and other places experienced nausea and vomiting due to the fishy smell of Guanting Reservoir. "At that time, the background was very special. Some people even think that class enemies are doing damage and the problem is very serious. " In the face of ten years of turmoil and the interference of left-leaning thoughts, Premier Zhou personally asked questions, and finally the State Council gave instructions. A leading group for water source protection of Guanting Reservoir, headed by Wan Li, was quickly established, and conducted a comprehensive investigation and experimental study on pollution sources, inflow water system, sewage irrigation, water quality in the reservoir area, pollution status of sediments and aquatic organisms, and the corresponding relationship between pollutants and human health. Wang Jian was a staff member of this leading group office at that time.

The former State Planning Commission and the former State Construction Committee made a report on the pollution situation and solutions of Guanting Reservoir in the State Council. The report said, "After laboratory tests, it is proved that the water quality has been polluted and there is a sharp increase trend. The maximum DDT content in the small white fish and chubby fish rich in the reservoir is 2mg/kg (Japanese regulations shall not exceed 0. 1 1 mg). 40,000 kilograms of fish purchased from the reservoir this spring are afraid to sell. " "The deterioration of water quality in Guanting Reservoir is due to the serious industrial wastewater pollution in Shacheng and Xuanhua upstream of the reservoir. There are 242 enterprises with serious pollution in Guanting River basin, of which 77 have the most serious emissions; The annual wastewater discharge is 65.438+0.2 billion cubic meters, accounting for 8.3% of the reservoir's water volume for many years; Among them, 64 million cubic meters of toxic wastewater is discharged every year, accounting for half of the total wastewater; Xuanhua is the most polluted, followed by Datong, Zhangjiakou and Xiahuayuan. "

Starting from 1973, according to the scale and nature of polluting enterprises in the upper reaches of Guanting Reservoir, the state has determined the corresponding treatment scheme. To this end, the state and relevant ministries and commissions allocated nearly 30 million yuan for the governance of Guanting, and carried out key research activities on all pollution sources such as Shacheng and pesticide plant.

Wang Jian said: "From 197 1 to 1983, the economy of Guanting River Basin has grown rapidly, but the water environment quality has not deteriorated correspondingly, which belongs to mild pollution. After 1984, due to the management system, the leading group for water source protection of Guanting River System existed in name only: the environmental management was weakening day by day, even the daily office expenses of 70,000 yuan per year became a problem, the work vehicles were also misappropriated, and most managers began to be transferred one after another. Each province, city and autonomous region in the basin has its own way, and the enterprises that are seriously polluted in Guanting basin are one after another-paper mills, tanneries, breweries, cement plants, fertilizer plants, iron smelting and small gold mines, and the pollution is getting more and more serious. A series of pollution belts go straight to Yanghe River, Sanggan River and Guishui River, and the organic pollution becomes more and more serious, even leading to eutrophication of Guanting Reservoir. I really can't bear much sadness, and a dirty water flows eastward. "

"Guanting Reservoir has seen a sharp drop in water volume and deteriorated water quality. 200 1 year, the annual runoff is 780 million cubic meters, the inflow drops sharply, the outflow is 654.38+200 million cubic meters, and the corresponding storage capacity is 266.5438+200 million cubic meters. Most of the water quality is Grade V, and the water environment in the whole basin is dominated by organic pollution, and the main pollutants are permanganate and ammonia nitrogen. The water quality of the main inflow rivers is IV ~ V. "

During the period of 1997, Guanting was forced to withdraw from the drinking water source of the capital because some citizens in Beijing found that the water in Guanting Reservoir had an odor. Since then, the reservoir has only been used for industrial and agricultural irrigation and urban rivers and lakes replenishment.

In recent years, the drinking water in the capital is once again in an emergency, and the comprehensive management of Guanting Reservoir and its surrounding areas is once again put on the agenda. It is imperative to reuse Guanting Reservoir as the second largest drinking water source in Beijing.