Why do Hakkas especially like to eat fat pork?

Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

origin

As a clan of Han nationality, there are many opinions about the origin of Hakka people, mainly including the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka ancestors. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area".

It is generally believed that Hakkas migrated to the south from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty and gathered in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and then merged with the local She, Yao and other indigenous people to form a Han nationality, which has unique dialects, cultures and characteristics different from other Han nationalities. It is dominated by the Han nationality, and at the same time includes the She nationality and other ethnic minorities who have been integrated and customized. Hakka people are mainly Han people, and the main characteristics of their culture show that they have inherited the Han culture in the Central Plains, so they should definitely be a branch of Han people. But this clan is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and enjoy the same cultural characteristics. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is a Han appellation, not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.

Hakka immigrants

Five Central Plains Immigrants Theory

As for the migration of Hakkas, researchers represented by Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies in A.D. 1930 believe that since the Jin Dynasty, Hakkas have experienced five large-scale migrations and developed in these five migrations. this

The general process of the five major migrations is:

The first time was during the Jin Dynasty, when a large number of people from the Central Plains moved south to the Yangtze River basin.

The second time began in the Tang Dynasty, a large number of northern Han people moved to relatively peaceful Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong regions to avoid the Anshi rebellion and became

The first group of Hakka ancestors;

The third time in the Song Dynasty, the northern nationalities invaded, and groups of Han people moved to Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and gradually merged with the local ethnic minorities such as She and Yao, eventually forming the Hakka clan.

The fourth time was in the late Qing Dynasty. Due to the ravages and plagues of Manchu rulers, the population of southern Jiangxi decreased sharply, while that of western Fujian and eastern Guangdong expanded. The Qing government ordered coastal residents to squeeze inland, and some Hakkas moved back to Gannan and some moved to Sichuan.

For the fifth time, in modern times, many Hakkas moved to the coast from eastern Guangdong and western Fujian, and some moved overseas.

Theory of Six Movements of Central Plains

Later, Hakkas from overseas (Malaysia, the United States and other places) obtained the following six main migration periods from the genealogy statistics of various ethnic groups (reference: [1]):

The first time was when Qin Shihuang unified the whole country. In order to consolidate the newly acquired southern territory, Qin Shihuang sent a large number of soldiers and civilians to northern Guangdong. Later generations called Beijiang Hakka. This is the first appearance of Hakka appellation.

The second time was the Yongjia period in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Han people from Shanxi, Hebei and Henan crossed the Yellow River, crossed the Yangtze River from Anhui and passed through the northwest of Jiangxi.

The third time, in the second year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, because of the Huang Chao Rebellion, residents in northern Jiangxi moved to western Jiangxi, southern Fujian and northern Guangdong.

The fourth time was in the late Southern Song Dynasty, which was a crucial period for Hakkas to move south to Guangdong. With the southward advance of the Mongolian army, Hakka ancestors from Jiangxi and Fujian entered eastern and northern Guangdong with the defeated Song royal family.

The fifth time, due to the policy of filling Sichuan with Huguang, a large number of Hakkas from Guangdong and Fujian moved to Sichuan and Chongqing.

The sixth time was in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the population of Hakka areas in Guangdong gradually increased, and a large number of Hakka people immigrated to Nanyang and Taiwan Province Province.

The origin of Hakka names

The name Hakka comes from the struggle between locals and tourists in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Later, new immigrants from the north were called Hakkas to distinguish them from the local aborigines.

The original meaning of "Hakka" should refer to foreigners, that is, compared with locals, Han people living in the south are foreigners. But now the word "Hakka" refers to Hakka, which is the abbreviation of Hakka. The "guest" here is the "mountain is the main thing, so I am a guest".

However, some scholars believe that "Hakka" is not a simple outsider compared with "master", and it is different from the Han families such as Guangfu family and Fulao family, which are both moving south of the Central Plains. Historically, all ethnic groups of Han nationality in South China formed earlier than Hakka, basically in the same administrative region (some are only partially extended), while Hakka formed later, not in the same administrative region. Another special phenomenon is that the original aborigines or owners in this connecting area, in addition to a very small number of Guyue people, also include "Shanke", "Muke" and "Xieke". Most of them are also "outsiders". These "Hakkas" and later "Hakkas" have lived together for a long time and merged with each other, giving birth to unique language and cultural characteristics. (It can be considered that the ethnic group was initially formed at this time, but there was no official name. However, these unique people moved abroad, such as Fulao, Guangfu and other residential areas, and were called guests, customers and Hakkas by local hosts. Moreover, this title was called by different ethnic groups along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong, and it should be regarded as a kind of "* * * song" for people with the same cultural characteristics (that is, Hakkas later determined) from the cultural connotation. Whether this is related to the "Hakka dialect" of the aborigines in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, or whether the residents in these places have spoken "Hakka dialect" (although there is no written record), it is still difficult to determine. At present, the origin of Hakka names is to use "He Shuo" as a metaphor for "claiming". "He said" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Claiming that time began in the middle of Qing Dynasty. But this does not mean that the Hakka clan was formed at this time. "He said," It was the Fulao people along the coast of Fujian and the Guangfu people along the coast of Guangdong who first "said" it. "Claiming" is self-identification. Because the history of Hakka before the formation of clan system has always been the migration history of visiting other places. People have no derogatory meaning for titles, and at the same time, they are in line with their own history; I agree.

hakka spirit

Some scholars think that the term Hakka spirit is not accurate, and put forward opinions on using human nature, personality, folk customs, characteristics, fashion, morality, quality and temperament. But the Hakka spirit is created by Hakka history. Hakka history is the history of wandering, struggle and entrepreneurship of Hakka ancestors and Hakkas. In order to survive and develop, long-term migration, vagrancy and drift from place to place have gradually shaken off the shackles of the traditional conservative concepts of "a different place in the Central Plains" and "parents are not far away" and established a new concept of "being at home in the whole world". That is to say, in order to survive and develop in adversity, we must fight against nature and society and work hard. Winners are those who dare to struggle and take risks. They finally reached the other shore and gained new life and development. Hakka ancestors received traditional Confucian education in their hometown of the Central Plains, and their clan and family concepts were deeply rooted. After leaving the Central Plains and living in exile for a long time, I realized the importance of the joint efforts of clans and families, and further consolidated and strengthened the concepts of clans and families. Therefore, the idea of respecting ancestors and Mu Zong is very prominent. It is very prominent to remember my father's bones, get together, and then repair the genealogy and ancestral temple. After a long period of exile, Hakkas have more deeply realized that "it's better to stay at home for a thousand days than to go out for half a day", so as to care more about their hometown, deeply understand the integration of the fate of home, hometown and country, and the relationship between honor and disgrace, so that the idea of patriotism and love for hometown is strongly manifested in all aspects, which is particularly prominent. The manifestations of Hakka spirit are complex, simple, long and short, which can benefit all aspects of consciousness and behavior, but the most prominent and essential one can be summarized as "being at home all over the world, taking risks and enterprising, respecting one's ancestors and family, and loving one's country and hometown".

language

An important factor in the establishment of clan is the same language. The common language of Hakka people is Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect, also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect, belongs to one of the seven major dialects of Chinese.

In terms of distribution, they are mainly distributed in 8 provinces (namely cities and counties bordering Guangdong) such as Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Sichuan and eastern Guangxi, and overseas are Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.

Specifically, it is mainly distributed in China: Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian; Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other counties and cities 16; Ningdu, Ruijin, Xingguo and other counties and cities in southern Jiangxi 14. In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shaoan and Longyan in Fujian; Guangdong Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan, Dongguan, Xinyi, Huazhou, Gaozhou and Zhanjiang. Guangxi Bobai, Lu Chuan, etc. Hakka is also spoken in many areas of Tonggu, Guangchang, Yongfeng and other counties and cities in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialect is distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees.

According to internal differences, Hakka dialects can be roughly divided into three types: Hakka dialects in western Fujian represented by Changting dialect, Hakka dialects in eastern Guangdong represented by Meixian dialect and Hakka dialects in southern Jiangxi represented by Panlong dialect in Ganxian county. Further, it can be divided into the following eight parts: Tingzhou film (also known as Minke film), Yuetai film, Yuezhong film, Huizhou film, Yuebei film, Yuexi film, Guidong film, Ninglong film, Yugui film and Tonggu film.

Hakka distribution

The Distribution of Hakka in China

Hakka areas are divided into pure Hakka counties and non-pure Hakka counties. There is no standard to define pure Hakka counties and non-pure Hakka counties, such as pure Hakka counties, how much Hakka population should account for the total population, and non-pure Hakka counties are considered as non-pure Hakka counties. Therefore, it can only be arranged according to the survey data of scholars in the past and recent years. The following counties and cities are China Hakka distribution counties and cities. Because it is a phased study, it can only be used as a current reference.

Jiangxi:

There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Du Yu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 20 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan.

Fujian:

The pure Hakka counties and cities are: Changting, Ninghua, Liu Qing, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. Jianning, Jiangle, Taining, Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Zhangping, Longyan, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhaoan 12 non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Guangdong:

There are 13 pure Hakka counties and cities: Meijiang, Meixian, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Li Anping, Liuhe and Xinfeng. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include Shenzhen, Ruyuan, Lechang, Fengshun, Boluo, Liannan, Dongchang, Huiyang, Huidong, Jiexi, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng and Lianshan.

Guangxi:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai, Pubei, Luchuan, Lingshan, Ningming, Chongzuo, Fusui, Yongning, Yulin, Hengxian, Beiliu, Rongxian, Wuming, Guigang, Binyang, tengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan, Mashan and Cangwu.

Sichuan (including Chongqing):

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Baxian, Peiling, Chongqing, Hejiang, Hechuan, Huxian, Huzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinjin, Shuangliu, Xindu, Wenjiang and Jintang.

Guizhou:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Zunyi and Rongjiang.

Hunan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Laiyang, Lingxian, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenxian and Yizhang. 18.

Hainan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: 8 counties including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya.

Taiwan Province Province:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei.

Hong Kong and Macau:

Hakkas from Hong Kong and Macao live in different places, accounting for a considerable proportion of local residents.

Shaanxi:

In southern Shaanxi, there are many Hakkas returning from Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and there are many Hakka settlements with a population of 200,000. It is not yet possible to determine non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Henan:

Many Hakkas in southern Henan returned from Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, but they have not been identified as non-pure Hakka counties.