The story of Sima Qian

Sima Qian is from Xiayang. Xia yang is very close to Longmen, so Sima Qian calls himself "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishigong). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. It is said that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water, and the Yellow River was south of Longmen Mountain. Sima Qian's home is in Longmen on the bank of the Yellow River, where there are many places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories. Every day, he sees the rolling Yellow River roaring away from Longmen Mountain.

Teenagers' occupation

In Sima Qian's youth, he "cultivated the grandchildren of rivers and mountains". Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, Sima Qian went to the capital Chang 'an with his father and had to learn from the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, it was the time when the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, the culture was prosperous, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu. It was also the time when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in the capital.

Travel in the prime of life

Bust of Sima Qian

[3] Sima Qian began to travel around the age of 20-"Traveling south to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Shanghai Huiji, exploring Yu Cave, seeing nine doubts, floating in Yuan and Hunan, reaching Brunei and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Urbana, Xue, Peng Cheng and Guo Liangchu in the countryside. After returning to Chang 'an, he became the emperor's personal assistant, whose main duties were guarding the palace gate, managing horseback riding and traveling with the emperor. He went to Pingliang and Kongtong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and was also sent to Bashu. The southernmost place he has been is Kunming. According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a teenager, he used to "plow mountains and rivers and graze the sun of rivers and mountains", which means that he did some farm work in his hometown when he was a child. Later, his father Sima Tan made an imperial edict in Chang 'an, and Sima Qian also went to Chang 'an with his father. Under the guidance of his father, he studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation. He worshipped many famous teachers as his teachers. Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, has been historians for generations. As a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of emperors and sages, collect and sort out the heritage of the world, and provide reference for the rulers at that time through narrators. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in sorting out the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years and tried to write an unprecedented historical work. Is to write a history book, from

His father had such an ideal from the beginning. After his father officially ordered, he began to collect and read historical materials to prepare for the revision of history. However, Sima Tan felt that he was too old to write a historical work independently in time, energy and knowledge. Therefore, Sima Tan has high hopes for his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in it as soon as possible and finally realize such a great ambition. Sima Qian's Portrait Collection (12) So, on the basis of reading thousands of books, Sima Qian started a trip to Wan Li Road, and Sima Tan let his son roam the country for more than two years. Sima Qian began to travel around the world at the age of 20, which was a field trip to prepare for writing Historical Records. He personally interviewed and obtained many first-hand materials, which ensured the authenticity and scientificity of historical records. His roaming is also the concrete embodiment of the spirit of Historical Records. For example, he wandered to the bank of the Miluo River. In the place where Qu Yuan threw himself into the river, he recited Qu Yuan's poems loudly, and he cried bitterly, so he wrote Biography of Qu Yuan with such feelings and went to visit it himself. He wrote Qu Yuan on the basis of studying Qu Yuan. For example, in Huaiyin, Han Xin's hometown, he also collected many stories about Han Xin, and personally asked others that Han Xin was humiliated by his legs. He understood why Han Xin could be humiliated by his legs without getting angry, and he didn't want to do anything illegal. Han Xin is so tall that he climbs between the legs of a rogue. If he follows his character, he will be killed with one knife. But if you kill him, you won't be able to achieve anything in the future. Han Xin later helped Liu Bang overthrow the Qin Dynasty, established the Western Han Dynasty, became king and marquis, and returned to his hometown. Han Xin himself said: If I had killed you, I wouldn't have made great achievements later, so I couldn't bear it, and I would have made great achievements. For another example, in Qufu, he visited the tomb of Confucius, joined some Confucian scholars in Confucius' hometown, held clothes and sleeves, bowed step by step, learned to ride horses, learn archery and learn ancient etiquette to express his commemoration of Confucius. For another example, in Xuecheng, Meng Changjun's hometown, he traveled all over the countryside and inspected the folk customs. Moreover, he investigated the relationship between the folk customs of this place and the hospitality of Meng Changjun in those days, so he walked all the way and investigated all the way. It can be said that Sima Qian never let go of anyone who knows history, nor did he let go of any story that remained in people's mouth-to-mouth, and obtained many historical materials that he could not get from ancient books. At the same time, he went deep into the people and widely contacted people's lives, which gradually deepened his observation and understanding of society and life. In addition, he traveled to famous mountains and rivers to appreciate the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers and cultivate his temperament, thus improving the expressive force of literature. Therefore, Sima Qian's roaming is a very solid step for Sima Qian to succeed, and it is a very typical so-called reading thousands of books and traveling on Wan Li Road. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+00 BC (the first year of Yuanfeng), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held a large-scale tour of Zen, riding 180,000 troops and raising thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall.

Compile historical records

In BC 108 (the third year of Yuanfeng), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he issued a formal official order and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. When China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was completed in BC 104 (the first year of the early days), he began to write historical records. In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, general of the Second Division, to attack Xiongnu with 30,000 troops. Defeated, almost completely annihilated, Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. Although Li Ling's archery was good and the soldiers were brave, five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Writing history books on Sima Qian's indignation.

[4] When Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier in Liling dared to defect and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered. Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion. Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. " Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family and punished Sima Qian for corruption. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestors and making friends. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Inadvertently making friends, he was shackled by wooden ropes, and he was badly hurt. He was famous on the list and lived in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the ground first, and I was anxious when I saw my apprentice "(Sima Qian's" Report to Ren An "). Almost killed him. He wanted to die, but he thought of collecting information for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." Writing history books is my long-cherished wish, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and hope to have the opportunity. In 96 BC (the first year of Taishi), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "respecting his position", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. It was not until 9 1 year BC (the second year of Zheng He) that the book Historical Records was completed, 130, with more than 520,000 words. [5]

Edit the sequence of events in this paragraph.

Sima Qian was born in Longmen in 145 BC. BC 140 (the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) was 6 years old and studied in his hometown. Father Sima Tan served as Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Talking about Taishi Gong is between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan and does not treat the people. " 136 BC (the fifth year of Jianyuan), 10 years old, in my hometown. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Recite ancient prose at the age of ten." Press: Sima Qian is about 10 years old, that is, he lived a life of farming and studying in his hometown. BC 135 (the sixth year of Jianyuan) 1 1 year. After Dou Taihou's death, the conflict in Han area came to an abrupt end, a hundred schools of thought contended, and Confucianism came back to life. Sima Qian was born in this year. BC 134 years (the first year of Han Yuanguang) 12 years old. It is Dong Zhongshu's "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an. BC 127 (the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he moved from xia yang to Chang 'an. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suggested moving people from their father Yan to Maoling. Sima Qian moved to Beijing with his family. Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant. BC 126 (the third year of Yuanshuo), at the age of 20, traveled all over the world. Sima Qian roamed Jianghuai, went up to Huiji, crossed Yuanjiang River and Xiangjiang River, crossed Wenshui and Surabaya in the north, watched the ceremony in Shandong, crossed Xue (now southeast of tengxian, Shandong Province) and Pengcheng in the south, and returned to Chang 'an several years later to prepare for his father's historical records. BC 124 (the fifth year of yuanshuo) was 22 years old. Palace is the prime minister. Please appoint 50 disciples for the doctor. Sima Qian was a doctoral student. BC 123 (the sixth year of yuanshuo), 23 years old, doctor. Get a doctorate with excellent exam results, that is, the emperor's bodyguard officer. BC 122 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), 24 years old, doctor. Sima Qian's attendant, Emperor Wu, visited Yong and offered sacrifices to Wu. Go find Bai Lin. Sima Tan began to write Taishi Gongshu. Historical Records was originally planned to be closed this year. history

[6] "Preface to Taishi Gong": "Since Taotang, as for Lin Zhi." The lower limit of Sima Qian's revision was said in his early and later years. In 65438 BC +0 19 years (five years of yuanshou), he was a doctor at the age of 28. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty traveled from Dinghu to Ganquan (now Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province), and Sima Qian served as a doctor. 1 13 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Ding Yuan), he was 33 years old and was a doctor. With the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he offered sacrifices to the five emperors in Yong (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) and Hedong (now Northeast Xia County, Shanxi Province). You Si and Taishi Gong Sima Tan and Guan Shu discuss the post-sacrifice kindness. Houtu Temple was built in Fenyin (now Wanrong County, Shanxi Province). In October of winter, "Emperor Wu was lucky to be separated from Xia Yangdong", and Sima Shi went back to his hometown in xia yang with Emperor Wu. BC 1 12 (the fifth year of Ding Yuan), he was 34 years old and a doctor. In October, Sima Qian served the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty as a servant and toured Fufeng, Pingliang and Kongtong in the northwest. Some people, such as Taishi Gongtan, Resignation and Kuanshu, suggested setting up an altar to Emperor Wu. Tai Shi Gong talks about the ceremony of discussing Thailand. In 65438 BC (the sixth year of Ding Yuan), he was 35 years old and was a doctor. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty discussed Mount Tai Zen with ministers and students. Sima Qian was appointed as a doctor. As the emperor's special envoy, he went west to the south of Bashu, arrived in Qiong (now Xichang, Sichuan), Yan (now Hanyuan, Sichuan) and Kunming (now Qujing, Yunnan) to appease the southwest ethnic minorities and set up five counties. BC 1 10 (the first year of Emperor Yuan Feng), 36 years old, doctor. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty entered Mount Tai to meditate, accompanied by Taishi Gong Sima Tan, he arrived in Nan Zhou (now Luoyang, Henan Province) and was critically ill. Sima Qian returned to Nan Zhou from the southwest to see his father. On Sima Qian's dying entrustment of Confucius' follow-up Spring and Autumn Annals. As a doctor, Sima Qian accompanied Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai and then to the seaside, from Jieshi to western Liaoning. Pass through North and Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou City) and return to Ganquan in May. BC 109 (the second year of Yuanfeng), 37 years old, doctor. In spring, Sima Qian went to Gou Jian's home (now Yanshi, Henan Province) with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and then to Donglai. In April, when the Yellow River burst, Sima Qian went from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Puyang. He and his ministers were paid by officials to block the Yellow River burst. BC 108 (three years of Yuanfeng), 38 years old, Taishiling. Stepfather is Tai Shiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Taishi Gong died at the age of three, moved to Taishi Ling, and was the book of the nobles." Write back with friends, encourage them to abandon seclusion and aspire to a career, so as to establish morality, make a statement and make contributions. BC 107 (four years of Yuanfeng) was thirty-nine years old and served as Taishiling. In October, Sima Qian went to Yong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to offer sacrifices to the five emperors. After returning to the Middle Road, Xiao Guan was granted (now southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia), returned from Dai Di (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) via Zhuolu, and returned to Chang 'an via Hedong. BC 106 (Yuanfeng five years), 40 years old, Taishiling. In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty (Lujiang) in the southern county, hoping to sacrifice to Yu Shun in Jiuyi Mountain, cross the Yangtze River (now southwest of Huangmei County, Hubei Province), climb Lushan Mountain, reach Langya in the north (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province), seal Mount Tai and travel along the coast. BC 105 (six years of Yuanfeng), 4 1 year old, is the Taishiling. In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Zhong Hui (now northwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province). The third menstrual period is from Xiayang to Hedong, and it is sacrificed at Houtu Temple. BC 104 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), aged 42. Sima Qian and doctor Hu Ai formulated the taichu calendar, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty announced the abolition of the Zhuan Xu calendar and replaced it with this calendar. Taichu calendar had a great influence on later generations. In October, Sima Qian and Emperor Wu offered sacrifices to Mount Tai. Sima Qian began to write historical records. BC 103 (in the second year of Tai Chu), aged 43, Taishiling. Sima Qian concentrated on writing. "Never know the guests, forget the things at home, think about it day and night, and work hard." BC 100 (the first year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty), 46 years old, Taishiling. Su Wu's mission to Xiongnu was detained, and Emperor Wu sent his troops to crusade against Xiongnu. Li Ling is a general, please "be a team". In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), he was 47 years old and was an official of Taishi. In March, Sima Qian and Emperor Wudi went to Hedong to offer sacrifices to Hou Di. In November, Liling was defeated by the Huns. Sima Qian was arrested and sentenced to death for speaking for Liling. He was 48 years old in 98 BC (the third year of Tianhan). Liling was extinct. Sima Qian put up with humiliation for the historical records of his works and invited himself to jail. "Sad men are unlucky" is about this year. In 97 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he was 49 years old and served as a secretariat. He was pardoned from prison and appointed secretary. Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty: "After moving away, I was ordered to be a secretary in the Chinese Library." Angry at historical records. In 93 BC (four years of Taishigong), he was 53 years old and was ordered by the secretariat. In April and May this year, Shao Qing wrote a letter to Sima Qian. In 9 1 year BC (the second year of Emperor Han Zhengdi), he was 55 years old and was a secretariat. Report to Ren was written in this year. Complete the history. "Bao Ren" said: "Servants rely on incompetent words, collect old news in the world, test their deeds, and check the reasons for their success or failure. There are 130 articles. " "I wrote this book, a famous mountain in Tibet, and passed it on to my people." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was ill, and treacherous court official Jiang Chong lied that someone had buried a puppet in the palace to curse him. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Jiang Chong to investigate. Jiang Chong had a conflict with the Prince, forcing the Queen to commit suicide and threatening the Prince. The prince killed Jiang Chong, and Liang Wudi sent troops to crusade against the prince. The prince rebelled and fled to commit suicide. This is the famous witchcraft case in history. In 90 BC (the third year of Zheng He), he was 56 years old. Sima Qian died about this year. Cause of death is unknown. One said that Sima Qian died in 87 BC (two years after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty), and the other said that he died in 86 BC (the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty). Notes on the Old Instruments of Hanshu: "Sima Qian's Biography of Jingdi is extremely short, and the Emperor Wu said it, and the Emperor Wu angrily cut it. Later, Li Ling was taken, and the mausoleum fell to the Xiongnu, so he moved to the silkworm room and complained that he died in prison." Guo Moruo's "About the Death of Sima Qian": "The death in prison is bound to spread to the world, so Wei Hong and Ge Hong both wrote about it, and dare not make it out of nothing to distort historical facts." [7]