Summary of geography knowledge in senior one to senior two.

There are many and miscellaneous geographical knowledge, and many students say they don't know where to start! In fact, we can start with some knowledge with the highest frequency of examination. I have sorted out the relevant information, hoping to help you.

1, the shape and size of the earth

The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1 m.

2. Latitude and latitude

On the globe, the circle around the globe in the east-west direction is called the latitude line. The equator is the longest, gradually shortening to the poles and finally becoming a point. Latitude indicates the east-west direction.

3. Longitude and Longitude

On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude perpendicular is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; The length is equal, indicating the north-south direction.

20? W and 160? The meridian of e is the dividing line between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night.

The earth keeps spinning around its axis from west to east, which is the so-called earth rotation. It takes about 24 hours to turn around, which is one day. Rotation produces the alternation of day and night.

5, the earth revolution and seasonal changes

While the earth rotates, it revolves around the sun from west to east, and the time for a revolution is one year. The rotation of the earth produces seasonal changes.

6. Division of five regions

The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, the temperate zones are between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle. There are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the four seasons change obviously. The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night.

7. Three elements of map

Scales, legends and notes.

8. Altitude and relative height

The vertical distance above sea level somewhere on the ground is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

9. Contour

Connecting points with the same altitude into a line is the contour line.

10, distribution of land and sea in the world

The marine area accounts for 7 1%, and the land area only accounts for 29%.

1 1, land topography

It is divided into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

12, the power of terrain change

The actions produced inside the earth are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano and earthquake, which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

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Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.

14, temperature change

In a day, the highest temperature on land generally appears after noon (about14); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

World temperature distribution.

The world temperature gradually drops from low latitude to polar regions; The sea and land at the same latitude have high land temperature and low ocean temperature in summer. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the height of the terrain. Every altitude 100 meters, the temperature drops by 0. 6℃。

16, world precipitation distribution

General rule: there is much precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; There is more precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.

17, main tropical climate types

① Tropical Rainforest Climate

② Tropical grassland climate

③ Tropical monsoon climate

④ Tropical desert climate

18, the main climate type in temperate zone.

① temperate and subtropical monsoon climate

② Mediterranean climate

③ temperate continental climate

④ temperate maritime climate

19, natural resources

Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Resources that are valuable to human beings are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; First, non-renewable resources.

20. Land use types

Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland, building land and other types.

2 1, distribution of land resources

The temperate humid plain is flat and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the cold and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grasslands, which are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.

22, the distribution of water resources on the earth

There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water.

forest

People call the forest "the master regulating room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, most of which are distributed in the northern hemisphere.

24. Iron ore in the world

Mainly distributed in Russian, Malaysian, China, Australian, Indian, Canadian and American. Coal is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, Eurasia and central North America. The Middle East accounts for more than half of the world's oil reserves.

25. Population of all continents

Africa has the fastest population growth rate in the world, followed by South America, and Europe has the slowest population growth rate.

26. There are three main forms of population migration.

The first is technology migration, the second is labor export, and the third is international refugee migration.

27. World population distribution

Eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America are the most densely populated areas, and the densely populated areas are mainly located in the plains near the middle and low latitudes.

28. Urban population

More than 70% of the population in developed countries is urban, while the urban population in developing countries accounts for just over 30% of the population.

29. Race in the world

White, yellow, black.

30. Countries in the world

There are more than 190 countries in the world, and Russia, with the largest area, has170,000 square kilometers. China ranks third with an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers. The smallest is the Vatican.

3 1, region

Land, territorial sea, territorial sea and airspace within national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

32. Seven continents and four oceans

Seven continents: Asia, Africa, Antarctica, South America, North America, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

33. East Asian countries

East Asia is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Animal husbandry plays an important role in Mongolia. Japan is a country with developed modern industry. East Asia is one of the regions with the most remarkable monsoon climate in the world. The north wind prevails in winter and the south wind prevails in summer.

34. East Asian population

East Asia is the main distribution area of yellow people in the world, and most of the residents are yellow people.

35.japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Its territory consists of four big islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and some small islands. The Japanese archipelago is located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean, and there are many volcanoes. Mount Fuji is one of the famous active volcanoes and the highest mountain in Japan.

36. Japanese economy

Japan's largest trading partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe. Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast.

37. Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world. It is the country with the most volcanic activity in the world. Indo-China Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands belong to tropical monsoon climate.

38. Population and economy in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese, and most of their ancestors are residents of China, Guangdong and Fujian. Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, palm oil, coconut, banana hemp, etc. Most of the residents in various countries live on rice. Tin and oil are the most important minerals in Southeast Asia. Singapore is called "Garden City".

39. South Asia

South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism. The central plain alluvial by the Indus River and Ganges River is the main agricultural area and densely populated area in South Asia. Most of the Indian Peninsula is occupied by Deccan Plateau.

40.india

India has a large area of cultivated land, which is the largest in Asia. The main food crops in India are rice and wheat, and the cash crops are cotton, tea and jute. The main minerals in India are coal, iron and manganese. Mainly distributed in the northeast of Deccan Plateau. The capital, New Delhi. Calcutta is rich in jute. Located on the west coast, Mumbai is India's largest seaport and cotton textile industry center.

4 1, Central Asia

Central Asia is located in the middle of Eurasia and lives in Asia. The terrain is dominated by hills and plains. Uzbekistan is known as the "Platinum Country" because it is rich in cotton. Livestock are mainly fine wool sheep and lamb skin sheep.

42. West Asia and North Africa

West Asia and North Africa are located at the junction of Asia, Europe and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The Dead Sea Lake is -400 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point on the land surface in the world. Most areas have a tropical desert climate.

43. Sahara desert

The Sahara desert is the largest desert in the world. There is high temperature and little rain all the year round, plants are scarce, and there is rich oil under the desert.

44. Arabs and Islam

West Asia and North Africa are multi-ethnic areas, mainly white. West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, Judaism and Judaism. Jerusalem is regarded as the holy city by Islam and Christianity.

45. West Asia and North Africa

West Asia and North Africa are the regions that produce and export the most oil.

46. Animal husbandry and agriculture

Date palm is the representative plant of oasis agriculture.

47.pakistan

Located on the west side of Arabian Peninsula, it is the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. Develop drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology.

48.egypt

Located in the northeast of Africa, more than 90% of the whole territory is desert. The Nile is more than 6600 kilometers long and is the longest river in the world. It originated in the eastern plateau of Africa and flowed into the Mediterranean Sea. In the past, long-staple cotton has always been a famous export commodity in Egypt. In recent years, Egypt's oil, canals, remittances and tourism revenues have surpassed cotton and become the main economic pillar of Egypt.

Africa.

The topography of the African continent is dominated by plateaus, and the Great Rift Valley in East Africa starts from Zambezi River in the south and crosses the Red Sea in the north. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa was formed by the crustal fracture during the movement. Animals are mainly zebras, antelopes, giraffes, lions and leopards. The reserves and output of gold and diamonds rank first in the world.

50. African population and economy

The whole economy is based on primary products.

South Africa, 5 1

South Africa is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, the capital Pretoria. Cape Town near the Cape of Good Hope is the largest port in South Africa. Johannesburg is an industrial center of gold mining and machinery manufacturing.

52.Europe

Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. The coastline is very tortuous. Scandinavia is in the north, and Iberia, Apennines and Margain are in the south. The topography of western Europe is dominated by plains and mountains, Bode Plain and Western Europe Plain. The climate is mainly maritime, the winter is mild and cool, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation throughout the year is relatively uniform. The Rhine River flowing through Ruhr-gebiet is also an important international river.

53. European residents

The residents of western Europe are mainly white. The natural population growth rate is the lowest.

54. Britain, Britain

The full name of Britain is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The territory mainly includes the island of Great Britain and northeastern Northern Ireland. It is the earliest industrialized country. At present, the tonnage of merchant ships still ranks among the top in the world.

55.france

France is the largest country in western Europe. There are favorable conditions for developing agriculture. The terrain dominated by plains and hills, mild and humid climate and fertile soil are all conducive to the development of agriculture. The horticultural industry in the southwest and the Mediterranean coast is developed, and the wine produced is world-famous.

56.Germany

Germany has the largest number of neighboring countries in Western Europe. North german plain is in the north, mountains in the middle and plateaus and grasslands in the south. The development of German industry is mainly based on its rich coal resources, convenient land and water transportation conditions and strong scientific and technological strength. Ruhr is an important industrial area in Germany. Munich in southern Germany is the center of German aerospace, aircraft manufacturing and microelectronics, and Germany is the country with the strongest economic strength in Europe. The Rhine is Germany's "golden waterway".

57. Eastern Europe and eastern North-East Asia

Eastern Europe and North Asia and Eastern Europe refer to the part of Europe between the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in the west, the Urals Mountains in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains in the south. North Asia refers to the part of North Asia that belongs to Russia.

58. North America

It is some American countries whose main language is English. There are mountains in the west, plateaus and mountains in the east and the Central Plains in the middle. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. Most of North America belongs to the north temperate zone, and the temperate continental climate occupies the widest range in North America.

59. USA

There are 48 states in the United States, located in Alaska in the northwest corner of North America and Hawaii near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean. The full name of the United States is "United States of America". The United States covers an area of more than 9.3 million square kilometers, ranking fourth in the world.

Agricultural production in the United States can be divided into cotton belt, corn belt, wheat belt, dairy belt, animal husbandry and irrigated agricultural areas.

California is the most economically developed area in the west, San Francisco is a big port in the west, and the nearby "Silicon Valley" is a new electronic industry center.

60. Latin America

Latin America refers to American countries and regions south of the United States. The northern part includes three geographical regions, the Mexican Plateau, the Isthmus of Central America and the West Indies. The Panama Canal is located at the narrowest part of the isthmus of China and America. The Andes is called "the backbone of South America" and is the longest mountain range in the world. Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world. Brazil Plain is the largest plateau in the world. Amazon River is the largest river with the widest basin in the world. The ocean near Peru is one of the world-famous fishing grounds. Argentina exports the most beef in the world.

Related articles on summary of geography knowledge required for grades one to two:

1.

2. A summary of geography knowledge in the second volume of the seventh grade.

3. The seventh grade encyclopedia of geographical knowledge

4. Important knowledge points of geography in the second grade graduation examination

5. The focus of the geography exam in the second volume of the seventh grade.