Yangzhou history

This problem is too big, at least you can write a book.

Now I will repost some brief introductions about Yangzhou's history in my new book "An Analysis of the Origin of Jiangsu Regional Culture" (Southeast University Press, 20 10,1) as follows:

The name "Yangzhou" was first seen in the article "Gong Yu" in the ancient history book Shangshu: "There is only Yangzhou in the Huai River and the Sea." According to legend, after Dayu's flood control, the world was divided into Kyushu, and Yangzhou was one of the ancient Kyushu, including Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian.

Yangzhou refers to today's city, starting from the Tang Dynasty.

However, in history, the area under the jurisdiction of the state government is still very large, including Yangzhou, Taizhou and Nantong and the south of Yancheng.

Yangzhou city has a history of nearly 2500 years.

In 486 BC, Fu Cha, King of Wu, built Seoul on Shugang in the northwest of Yangzhou, which was the earliest city in Yangzhou.

The ruins of the ancient city of Han are still well preserved.

After that, Yangzhou City was rebuilt and expanded many times on the basis of Hancheng, and extended to the southeast.

In the same year as the ancient city of Yangzhou and the ancient canal, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, excavated the Han ditch while building Seoul.

Hangou is connected to the Yangtze River in the south and Huaihe River in the north, and its old road remains in Yangzhou. This canal is of great significance to Yangzhou City, and Yangzhou's development and prosperity also started from Hangou.

When I arrived in Yangdi, in order to communicate grain transportation and facilitate military transportation, the Grand Canal, which is famous at home and abroad, was dug, and Yangzhou City ushered in the most glorious period in history.

In 334 BC, when the State of Chu perished, Chu Huaiwang renamed "Han" as "Guangling".

According to legend, there were many hills in Shugang, Yangzhou at that time, and Chu Huaiwang took the meaning of "covering hills widely", so it was named after Guangling.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Xiang Yu changed Guangling to Jiangdu. It is said that Xiang Yu wanted to build his capital here, so he took it as the capital of Linjiang.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, great-grandfather Liu Bang named his nephew Liu Bi as the King of Wu, governing 3 counties and 53 cities, and Guangling City was the capital of Wu.

After 40 years of careful management in Guangling, Liu Ying summoned refugees to build water conservancy, restore agriculture, develop handicrafts and commerce, and made Guangling City prosper rapidly.

Liu Fei was the King of Jiangdu when Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and Liu Xu was the King of Guangling when Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. They all regard Wu Wang as the capital of Jiangdu and Guangling.

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern immigrants came one after another, and Guangling became an important hometown of overseas Chinese who accepted immigrants, where the cultures of the North and the South blended extensively.

In 578 AD, ten years after the establishment of Xuan Di, Wang Gui, the general of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, acquired the land in Huainan and changed Guangling to Wuzhou.

Yangzhou and Wu have deep roots in history.

When Liu Bi, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, established his capital here, most of his territory was south of the Yangtze River.

Since then, in 6 19, Li Zitong, a peasant uprising army, has also made Yangzhou its capital, with the title of Wu.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Wu also took Yangzhou as the capital, which was called "Yang Wu" in history. Yang Xingmi (852-905), the founder, was made King of Wu by Tang Zhaozong in 902. When Yang Pu was in power, Prime Minister Xu Wen and others made Yang Pu the son of heaven, with the title of Wu.

After the opening of the North-South Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty, Yangzhou gradually developed into the southeast economic and cultural center and an important port for foreign trade, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Yangzhou in Tang Dynasty.

In the eighth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (625), Yangzhou moved from Danyang to Jiangbei, and the name of Yangzhou began to refer to this city.

There were two cities in Yangzhou in the Tang Dynasty: Zicheng, also known as Yacheng, above Shugang, was the residence of the governor and officials at all levels in Yangzhou; Under Shugang is called Los Angeles, also called Dacheng, which is an industrial and commercial area and a residential area.

After the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, the economic center moved south, and most of the funds and materials needed by the court were shipped in Yangzhou, which formed an unprecedented prosperity in Yangzhou.

Yangzhou has become the largest economic metropolis in China.

The war in the late Tang Dynasty left Yangzhou devastated.

In the fifth year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty (958), a new city was built in the southeast corner of the old city, which was called "Zhou Xiaocheng".

Although Yangzhou in Song Dynasty was not as prosperous as that in Tang Dynasty, its economic development level was greatly improved compared with that in Five Dynasties.

Many people come to Yangzhou to engage in business and religious activities.

Among many people who have deep roots in Yangzhou, Puhading is the most famous and influential one.

Puhading Tomb Garden, located beside the ancient canal in Yangzhou, witnessed the development history of Yangzhou's foreign exchange in the Song Dynasty.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Yangzhou became the front line against the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Happy through the ages? "Looking Back at the Ancient Pavilion in Gubei, Jingkou" wrote about the chaos in Yangzhou at that time: "In forty-three years, I still remember in my hope that I set a fire on Yangzhou Road. "In October of the first year of Jianyan (1 127), Emperor Zhao Gou led the remnants of the Song Dynasty to move south to Yangzhou and lived in Yangzhou for 1 year and three months.

Build a treasure to protect the city and defend the Yuan soldiers.

After the demise of the Song Dynasty, Baoyou City was razed to the ground, leaving only the broken Song Dacheng.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were old towns and new towns in the southwest and southeast of the Song Dynasty.

During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it attacked new and old cities in the Ming Dynasty.

As Yangzhou is the salt supply base in the central provinces of the Yangtze River basin, Yangzhou's economy flourished again in the early Qing Dynasty.

The ancient salt production bases of Huainan and Huaibei were located in Yancheng, Taizhou and Nantong respectively, and gradually moved eastward along the coast. However, the circulation center of salt industry has always been in Yangzhou. In the heyday of the early Qing Dynasty, all the eight merchants who monopolized the salt industry in Huaibei and Huaihe gathered in Yangzhou.

Yangzhou salt merchants promoted the refined development of Yangzhou city life.

Various skills related to life service have been well utilized, such as garden architecture, calligraphy and painting, opera, folk crafts and the famous Yangzhou Three Knives.

The demand of society, the support of funds and the exchange of craftsmen's skills make Yangzhou a citizen culture with leisure consumption as its purpose and exquisite life as its feature.

Yangzhou is a plain city, located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Grand Canal. Whenever there is a war, it is particularly easy to cause devastating disasters, which are described emotionally in some literary works and recorded shocking in some historical documents.

The wars in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties made this originally rich city suffer unprecedented disasters. In the winter of 450 AD (the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia), Emperor Wudi of the Northern Wei Dynasty invaded Guabu in the south, and Guangling, the satrap of Liu, burned the city and fled.

In 459 A.D. (the third year of Xiaoming), King Liu of Jingling arose from Guangling, and Shen Qingzhi led the troops in a crusade. After the city is broken, burn it and kill it.

In the past ten years, Guangling City suffered two military disasters, and the city was destroyed and ruined, leaving chaos and desolation.

When Bao Zhao, a writer of the Southern Dynasties, arrived, the famous city was so desolate that it was unbearable to witness.

He wrote a lyric short poem "Wu Chengfu", which deeply felt the rise and fall of Guangling, and condemned the slaughter of the rulers. Since then, Guangling has been nicknamed "Wucheng".

In the third year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), in the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1) and in the second year of Longxing (1 164), Yangzhou City was seriously damaged.

Jiang kui, Yangzhou is slow? Comparing Yangzhou's former prosperity with its present decline, Huai Zuo Du Ming wrote that the war brought eternal disaster to Yangzhou City: "After Huma and peeping into the river, I abandoned the trees by the pool and still hated talking about soldiers.

At dusk, the horn is bright and the cold is blowing, all in the empty city. "

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing army slaughtered the city for ten days, and the ancient city was destroyed again.

1April 645, Duoduo was besieged by hundreds of soldiers and horses of the Qing army, and Shi Kefa, Minister of War of the Ming Dynasty and University of Dongge, led the soldiers and civilians to guard the city. After many broken cities, they brazenly ordered a bloodbath in Yangzhou.

According to statistics recorded by monks at that time, the number of people killed in the Yangzhou Massacre reached 800,000.

Wang Xiuchu, a survivor at that time, wrote "Ten Days in Yangzhou", which recorded that the massacre lasted for ten days, hence the name "Ten Days in Yangzhou".

This is the first organized massacre in the conquered area after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.

Ten Days in Yangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty was usually published together with the revolutionary army in Zou Rong to prepare public opinion for the Revolution of 1911.

Yangzhou suffered heavy losses in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War.

At that time, the Taiping Army took three grams of Yangzhou, which was in Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty for three years (1853). In February, he and Li led the Taiping Army from Nanjing along the Yangtze River, captured Yangzhou for the first time on the 23rd, and evacuated on November 26th. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), on March 1st, Taiping generals Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng captured Yangzhou for the second time and left on March 13th. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), on September 3rd, under the command of Li Xiucheng, the Taiping Army captured Yangzhou for the third time and left on September 15th.

After these three wars, the population of Yangzhou dropped sharply.

Cao pointed out: "Take Ganquan County as an example. In the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809), the number of dingkou in this county was 666,000, and in the 7th year of Guangxu (188 1), it was reduced to 240,000.

)。

Setting the time in the first year of Xianfeng (185 1) and the fourth year of tongzhi (1865), the population loss rate in Ganquan county is as high as 72.5%. "

The repeated destruction of the city has caused great damage to the historical and intangible cultural heritage of the ancient city of Yangzhou, especially the ground buildings recorded in historical documents.

Take Yangzhou Garden as an example. There is a saying in Three Poems of Yangzhou Spring written by Yao He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, that "gardens are mostly houses". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was also a saying that "Hangzhou is better than lakes and mountains, Suzhou is better than cities, and Yangzhou is better than famous gardens".

However, most of Yangzhou's famous historical gardens recorded in historical books were abandoned when the People's Republic of China was founded, and the only ones that can be basically preserved are the Geyuan and Heyuan built in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.