A brief introduction to Pedro II's life, a historical evaluation of Pedro II, and how did Pedro II die?

A brief introduction to Pedro II's life, a historical evaluation of Pedro II, and how did Pedro II die?

DOM DOM Pedroⅱdeal cantara II (reigned at 1825- 189 1, 1840- 1889), the second and last emperor of the Brazilian empire. During his nearly half century in power, Brazil has made great progress in politics, economy and culture.

Pedro II 1825 12 was born in Rio de Janeiro, the son of Pedro I. When he was born, the newly independent Brazilian empire was in turmoil. Freemen and slaves held a series of uprisings, forcing Pedro I to abdicate in 183 1, and his youngest son Pedro II succeeded to the throne. Pedro II was five years old and underage. Big noble, the big landlord, organized a three-person regent committee to rule, and later appointed a regent, while Pedro II devoted himself to his studies. One of his teachers is a politician who played an important role in Brazil's independence, as well as Jose Boni's law, which advocated the abolition of slavery. The teacher's political inclination has a great influence on Pedro II's thought.

During the ten years of regency, slaves, urban and rural poor, soldiers, petty bourgeoisie and Indians revolted one after another all over Brazil. 1836, the farabos uprising of the pacifists in Rio Grande do Sul lasted for 10 years. During this period, the ruling class in Brazil split, resulting in the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. The Conservative Party represents the interests of traditional aristocratic landlords and holds the view of protecting Wang Si. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, represents the interests of the nouveau riche and advocates limiting imperial power and even establishing a political system. The two factions are intrigued, fighting for power and profit, and the competition is fierce. Directors are as fickle as merry-go-round. This country is in danger of disintegration.

184 1 18 In July, Pedro II was crowned and officially ascended the throne. 1843 In May, he married Princess Ferreira Kerry Stefana Maria, the daughter of two Italian Sicilian kings, and gave birth to several children, but only Princess Isabel survived.

Shortly after Pedro II ascended the throne, he gradually got rid of the influence of the court elders who were educated at the University of Coimbra in Portugal and had close ties with the former sovereign state, and began to use a group of officials trained in his own country. Portugal's privileged position in Brazil has declined, and the landlords and nobles in Brazil, especially the sugar cane planters in the northeast and the emerging coffee planters in S? o Paulo, have mastered all levels of power. 184 1 At the end of the year, Pedro II resumed the dissolved State Council to supervise the work of the legislative and administrative departments and strengthen centralization. 1844 In August, Pedro II decided to raise the import tax rate and refused to renew the Agreement on Commerce and Navigation with Britain, because this treaty stipulated that only 25% ad valorem tax was paid on British goods imports, which was extremely harmful to the Brazilian economy.

During this period, due to the shortage of labor in Brazil, the smuggling activities of slave traders were still very active. Because Brazil didn't benefit much from the slave trade, the voice of banning the import of slaves at home and abroad was growing. Pedro II approved the Queiroz Law prohibiting the import of slaves to Brazil in 1850. A large amount of money originally used to buy slaves began to stay at home, thus accelerating the domestic capital accumulation.

From the second half of the19th century, Pedro II began to pay attention to the development of Brazil's economic and cultural undertakings. Brazil has entered a new era. Under the rule of Pedro II, successive cabinets have taken some important measures to develop the economy. Starting from 1846, machinery is allowed to be imported duty-free. 1860 established the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works. 1858 set up the central institute to train engineers and technicians, 1874 set up Minas Gerais Mining Institute, 1877 set up the Bahia Agricultural College. In the financial sector, control and management have been strengthened and investment in development has been increased. 1850, Pedro ii demanded to stabilize the currency to facilitate economic development; 1866 * * * controlled the right to issue money, ending the chaos caused by the indiscriminate issuance of money by banks. Pedro II also attached great importance to the development of transportation and communication. The first steam engine ship sailed on the Amazon River in 1843; 185 1 year, for the first time, Brazil has a regular mail ship with Europe; 1852 Brazil built the first telegraph line; The first railway from Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis was completed in 1854. Railways built in coastal areas facilitate the export of agricultural products such as coffee. Developing coastal and inland shipping is of great benefit to expanding the domestic market and strengthening the connection between coastal and inland areas. Strengthening transportation and communication links with other countries will enable Brazil to play a more active role in international political and economic affairs and make it easier for Brazil to accept the influence of the new trend of European capitalism.

These measures have played a very good role in economic development. In the 1950s, nearly 100 new industrial and mining enterprises were established. With the sharp increase in coffee exports. Brazil's foreign trade surplus first appeared in 1860. Rubber resources in the Amazon basin have also begun to be developed. During the reign of Pedro II, Brazil's industrial and agricultural output value increased by 10 times, and its fiscal revenue increased by 14 times. The number of factory enterprises increased from 50 in 1850 to 626 in 1889. 1889 The total length of the railway reached 900 kilometers.

Economic prosperity has promoted the development of cultural undertakings. Following the publication of Brazil's first novel in 1843 and teixeira's The Fisherman's Son, great writers and poets such as Macedo, Almeida, Diaz, alencar and Cunha, as well as a series of masterpieces such as Guaraní, Hinterland and Girl Brown appeared in Brazilian literary circles. Pedro II himself has a strong interest in history. He is familiar with many foreign languages, such as Arabic, Sanskrit and Hebrew. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and History, which is famous in the United States, was established under his sponsorship. He donated his books and collections to the institute. Famous foreign scholars visiting Brazil are always welcomed by Pedro II. Abreu, a famous Brazilian historian, called the 1950s the "glorious" era of Pedro II.

Pedro II had little interest in political affairs, and often exercised the right of moderation, playing the role of mediation and arbitration between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, and letting the political parties that met his ideas form a cabinet to take power. His rule is more free, and newspapers enjoy the right to freedom of speech. In foreign relations, Pedro II made a comeback against colonialism in Latin America. 1864, protesting against Spain's invasion of Peru and supporting Chile's assistance to Peru against the Spanish war. However, on the Uruguay issue, Pedro II showed a certain chauvinistic attitude of a big country. He is obsessed with Pedro I's defeat in the Uruguayan War. After a series of border disputes between the two countries, he ordered the Brazilian army to enter Uruguay on September 1864, which was strongly resisted by the Uruguayan people. The following year, under the mediation of Britain and Italy, Brazilian troops withdrew from Uruguay and recognized Uruguay's independence. Brazil pursues a basic good-neighborly policy and enjoys a high international reputation. It has been elected as an arbitrator of international disputes for three times.

1865, Pedro II's Brazil fought a big war with Paraguay. During the war between Brazil and Uruguay, Paraguayan dictator Lopez intercepted the Brazilian warship Marquis olinda on the Paraguay River on the grounds that Brazil invaded Uruguay and threatened Paraguay's security, and sent troops to invade the Brazilian territory of Mato Grosso province, which provoked this war. Pedro II, Uruguay and Argentina formed triple alliance, with Argentine President General Mitre as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces, and launched a counterattack against Paraguay. Later, most Argentine and Uruguayan troops withdrew to their own countries to quell civil strife, and Pedro II appointed Duke cassius as commander-in-chief to continue fighting. 1869, under the command of Pedro II's son-in-law Duke Devo, Brazilian troops captured Asunció n, the capital of Paraguay. Lopez led the remnants to the north to continue to resist and was killed in 1870. The war will end. The war cost Brazil more than 50,000 people and 63 million pounds.

Pedro II ordered the liberation of a group of royal slaves and sent them to the front in order to make up for the shortage of soldiers in Paraguay War. This measure played an unexpected role in promoting the abolition of slavery. At the same time, inspired by Lincoln's declaration on the abolition of slavery in the American Civil War, the abolitionist movement in Brazil rose again at the end of Paraguay War and after the war. Abolitionist associations distributed all over Brazil set up funds to help slaves buy freedom. Brazil * * * promulgated the Law on Freedom of Newborns on September 28th, 187 1, which effectively cut off the source of slaves.

In 1970s, due to the abolitionist sentiment of the people, Pedro II's rule entered a relatively stable period, which enabled him to travel abroad twice. 187 1 From March of 2000 to March of the following year, Pedro II visited European countries and made extensive friends with British novelists Walter, Scott and other scholars. He also visited historical sites in Egypt and Palestine. During the American Civil War, relations with Brazil became tense. With the United States becoming the main market for Brazilian agricultural products such as coffee, the relationship between Pakistan and the United States has once again become harmonious. Seeing the rapid development of American economy, the Brazilian ruling class wants to learn from American experience to govern Brazil. In this context, Pedro II accepted the invitation of the United States and went to the United States in March 1876 to attend the100th anniversary celebration of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), and inspected the economic development measures, industry, agriculture, culture, education and political situation, and immigration policy of the United States. I met Longfellow, a progressive poet, and Bell, a scientist and inventor, and accepted some new bourgeois ideas.

However, there is a crisis lurking under the smooth surface phenomenon. At the same time as the trend of thought of abolishing slavery after the war, there is also the trend of thought of * * * and representing the interests of the emerging bourgeoisie in the south. Some slave owners and nobles who suffered losses due to the abolition of slavery were disappointed with the monarchy and turned to * * * and views. These two trends of thought cross each other, gaining momentum. The empire headed by Pedro II was under constant attack. 1873, the relationship between church and state deteriorated due to the arrest of two bishops who violated the laws of the country. * * * lost the support of the church.

After the 1980s, the abolitionist movement and the peace movement grew stronger and stronger. Under strong pressure, Pedro II approved the bill to liberate the elderly slaves who reached the age of 65, and began to emigrate from Europe in large numbers to replace slave labor. At the same time, influenced by the idea of abolishing slavery and the idea of * * *, the Brazilian army became increasingly dissatisfied with the empire and began to refuse to support * * *, further deepening the crisis of * * *. Faced with this dilemma, Pedro II was at a loss and his health went from bad to worse. He often fell asleep because of fatigue in cabinet meetings, so he had to hand over government affairs to his daughter Princess Isabel for the third time, and set off for Europe for rest and treatment on June 30th. 1887.

At the beginning of 1888, the domestic situation in Brazil was extremely tense and the abolitionist movement was in full swing. On May 8th, Congress was forced to pass a bill to free all slaves unconditionally. 13 On June 3rd, Princess Isabel signed and approved this decree called the "Golden Rule", and finally 700,000 slaves were liberated. People in Rio de Janeiro and all over the country celebrated the victory. The shackles of slavery that bound the development of Brazil's productive forces were finally smashed.

Abolition of slavery in Brazil is the death penalty of the monarchy, because slave owners and nobles are the power base of the empire. The nobles of the big slave owners turned against Pedro II's dynasty. Unable to control the turbulent situation in China, the Regent hurriedly telegraphed Pedro II to return home. Pedro II hurried back to Brazil in August. After his efforts, the situation eased a little. The following year, it was reported in court that Pedro II would give way to his daughter. Marshal Fonseca, who has the thought of * * *, has a contradiction with Duke Devo, the son-in-law of Pedro II. After hearing the news, Marshal Fonseca stepped up his plot. 1889165438+10 14 On the evening, Pedro II hosted a banquet for foreign guests and held a grand dance. The next morning, Pedro II returned to the Summer Palace in Petropolis. The * * * pacifists seized this opportunity, marched the uprising troops into Rio de Janeiro, surrounded the cabinet meeting room, announced the abolition of the monarchy, and established the * * * and regime. In the morning, Pedro II got up and finished mass. I got the news when I walked out of the church. He immediately rushed back to Rio de Janeiro. Marshal Fonseca announced to him that * * * and temporary * * * had been established and asked his family to leave Brazil. Pedro II agreed to avoid civil war. /kloc-In the early morning of 0/7, Pedro II and the Queen, escorted by soldiers, boarded a warship with their daughter and son-in-law, and transferred to the ship "Aragos" at Grand Island in Banaguala Bay for Lisbon.

189165438+On February 5th, Pedro II died of diabetes in exile in a small hotel in Paris at the age of 66. His body was transported back to Lisbon for burial. 1920, when Brazil was preparing for the celebration of Brazil's independence100th anniversary, Pedro II's body was transported back to Brazil, and a grand funeral was held in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral.

Pedro II basically complied with the requirements of national economic development and safeguarded national interests all his life. However, foreign capitals such as Britain, the United States, Germany and the Netherlands gradually penetrated into the Brazilian economy during his administration, which made the development of Brazil's emerging national industries slow. Only a few factories and enterprises mainly produce consumer goods, and agriculture has long maintained the characteristics of colonial agriculture with export crops as the mainstay. Pedro II was a feudal monarch, and his position determined that he could not take revolutionary measures to abolish slavery, let alone advocate abolishing the monarchy, establishing a political system and automatically withdrawing from the historical stage. However, most of the policies he adopted are objectively in line with the historical process. He can be said to be a more successful ruler in Brazilian history.

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