Historical records of sixty-four villages in Jiangdong

Sixty-four villages in Jiangdong, a place where China people lived for a long time, used to have about sixty-four villages in China, and the specific number has greatly exceeded sixty-four, so people used to call it sixty-four villages in Jiangdong.

Jiangdong 64 Tun is an inherent territory of China, starting from the mouth of Jingqili River on the other side of Heihe Town, Aihui County, and reaching the other side of Holmujintun in Sunwu County in the south, covering an area of 3,600 square kilometers. In the Love Faint Treaty signed between the Qing Dynasty and Russia, the north bank of Heilongjiang was allocated to Russia. However, because a large number of residents in China lived in 64 villages in Jiangdong in the Qing Dynasty, this place was specially placed under the management of China during the demarcation, which caused the contradictory historical problem of the division of sovereignty and management rights, that is, sovereignty was in the middle and management rights were in the middle, which laid a historical curse.

1858 in may, when Russia was invaded by the British and French allied forces in Tianjin, threatening Beijing, Nikolai Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia of Russia, led several warships to Aihui (now Heihe River in Heilongjiang Province) and presented the draft treaty drawn up by Russia to Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang Province in the Qing Dynasty, claiming that Heilongjiang was the border. If not, Russia would unite with Britain to fight against China. When the two sides negotiated, Russian warships fired and threatened with force. On May 28th, Yishan and Muraviev signed the Aihui Treaty. This treaty is bounded by Heilongjiang, and the sixty-four villages in Jiangdong are jointly managed by China and Russia. However, the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty signed in 1860 assigned the whole of Outer Manchuria to Russia. Article 1 of the Sino-Russian Peace Treaty stipulates: "The Manchu people who have lived in China for generations on the left bank of Heilongjiang are still allowed to live in their respective villages forever, and they are still under the management of Manchu ministers and officials, while the Russians make peace with them and shall not be violated." According to this treaty, the people of China have the right of residence in Si Liu, and the China government has jurisdiction over the people there, but China has no sovereignty over this place. /kloc-The Boxer Rebellion took place in 0/900, and the Qing government had no time to take care of the situation in Northeast China, so Russia sent troops to create the 64th Tun massacre in Jiangdong and the Hailan gun massacre. 1902 After the Sino-Russian peace talks, although the Qing government made many representations and demanded to take back the Sixty-four Village in Jiangdong, the Russian government used various rogue means to refuse the Russians who originally lived in this area to return home for generations.

Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun is located in the left coastal area of Heilongjiang Province, from the mouth of Jingqili River to the south of Khormulejintun, "150 miles from north to south and 80 miles from east to west". The village here was developed from the military camp set up by the Qing government when jaxa cleared the Russian invaders, commonly known as Jiangzuo Qitun. People are used to naming villages by numbers, and names such as "28 villages", "30 villages", "43 villages" and "48 villages" appear in the records. Before the tragedy, there were 64 villages located in the east of Aihui River, so it was called 64 villages in the east of Aihui River.

The residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong are composed of Han nationality, Manchu nationality and Daur nationality. According to the investigation of Russian authorities 188 1 year, "China has14,000 subjects, including 8,600 Han people, 4,500 Manchu people and 900 Daur people ... * * * 1266 households." Daur people live in the east and south of Sixty-four Tunnel, while Manchu people live in the upper and lower areas opposite Aihui. Han people are scattered in 64 tunnels, either as villages alone or mixed with Manchu and Daur, most of whom are immigrants from Shandong and Shanxi. Manchu and Daur people are basically the same as Han people in language, dress and customs, and "speak at the same time and understand each other". All three ethnic groups are engaged in farming, planting crops such as soybeans, wheat and millet; Brewing soju, selling well on both sides of Heilongjiang; The required cloth and farm tools are supplied by Jiangyou. The number of residents, since 188 1 year, has not been counted by the Russian side, and the figure of 1.4 million has been used all the time. The recorded population in China is more than 7,000 or 10000, which is obviously not the highest number of residents. According to the official estimate of Amur newspaper, the number of residents before the tragedy was 35,000, excluding the floating population such as temporary miners10.5 million, and the original residents were about 20,000.

1858 The unequal Sino-Russian Love-Faint Treaty stipulates that China and Russia demarcate from Ergon along Heilongjiang to Haikou, with the right bank belonging to China and the left bank to Russia. "On the left bank of the Black Dragon, from the south of Gyeonggi Province to Khormulejintun, Manchu people and others who used to live there are still allowed to live in their respective villages forever. It is still managed by Manchu ministers and officials, and the Russians are reconciled and must not be violated. " On this basis, a large area of territory north of Heilongjiang in China was transferred to Russia, and only 64 China residents' permanent residency and China government's permanent jurisdiction over these residents were retained.

China has retained some residual rights on the lost land of more than 600,000 square kilometers, which is of course the result of the demonstration by the representative of China. However, the Russian representative agreed to keep it, mainly considering his own interests. Russian negotiator Petrovsky said, "China residents currently living on the left bank are allowed to live for a period of time", "This will not only do us no harm, on the contrary, it will be good", because "our immigrants still need their food", which not only shows the real reason why Russia allows 64 residents to keep their right of residence, but also exposes the extreme hypocrisy of Russian aggressors. They vowed in the treaty to "live permanently", but secretly only allowed to live for "a period of time". It can be said that since the signing of the Aihui Treaty, there has been a serious crisis in the sixty-four villages in Jiangdong.

After the signing of the "Love-faint Treaty", Russia stepped up its immigration to the left bank of Heilongjiang, with 2,350 people moving in only 1858. By 186 1 year, the number of residents in Amur state reached 13629. Immigrants are mainly Cossacks and retired soldiers, and there are few farmers. For example, in 1860, 542 male and female farmers moved in, and 34 1 1 were recruited to "supplement the Cossack Army". Farmers only account for 13.4% of the total number of immigrants. It can be seen that the immigration during this period was mainly to ensure the needs of military occupation. Not only can immigrants not provide supplies for the garrison, but even their own rations need to be transported by Irkutsk contractors. This kind of transportation is far less cheap and timely than local replenishment, and Jiangdong 64 Village "produces all kinds of food every year, and the whole province is rich", which naturally becomes a food supply place for Russian colonists. Jura, a French historian, pointed out: "Among the semi-barbaric Russians in this region, these China people are the only civilized elements, and they are the only farmers, gardeners and craftsmen in this region. Without them, (Russians) are almost impossible to survive. " It is this economic dependence that the Russian authorities allowed the existence and development of the 64 tunnel for a period of time.

Soviet historians ignored the above historical facts, saying that Sixty-four Villages in Jiangdong were equivalent to China's "leased land" and "unequal" to Russia. It seems that the right of abode of China residents and the jurisdiction of the China government are extraterritorial rights imposed on Russia by China, which fundamentally reverses the principled boundary between Russia and China. Sixty-four villages were originally the inherent territory of China. My sixty-four people have opened up their homes on the land of their own country, and naturally they will live and multiply on this land forever. Russian negotiators agreed to retain the permanent residency of China residents for their own benefit, but in fact these residents did bring huge economic benefits to Russian colonists. It has nothing in common with the leased land occupied by imperialist countries abroad. Hohloff's so-called "land lease" is nothing more than trying to prove that Russia's occupation of 64 villages in Jiangdong is just "justice".