What reforms did Japan implement in ancient times in order to "associate with the strong"? What is the impact of this reform?

In 562 AD, Ren Na, the stronghold of Dazhengquan on the Korean Peninsula, was destroyed by Silla. The defeat on the Korean peninsula dealt a blow to the prestige of the imperial court's important minister, Da Companion, while the Ministry of Material, who was in charge of military affairs, and Su Wo, who was in charge of finance, gained more power. At the end of the 6th century, after the death of Emperor Tomorrow (585-587), Su Ma Zi wiped out his political enemy, Wu Bu's family, took control of state affairs and manipulated the affairs of succession to the throne. In 592, Su's girlfriend made a niece to the throne, that is, Queen Tugu (592-628). The following year, the Queen's nephew Shoto Kutaishi (574-622) was appointed as the regent. During the thirty years of Shoto Kutaishi's regency, the Tuigu Dynasty officially adopted the word "Emperor" instead of the previous title of "King", tried to establish centralization of authority with the emperor as the center, and implemented a series of political reforms, which had a far-reaching impact on Japanese society. In order to maintain the authority and rule of the Emperor, Shoto Kutaishi first formulated a crown system that could not be inherited, that is, the "twelve-order crown". The crown is just an honorary title, with no authority and no limit on the number of people. The imperial court awarded titles according to individual talents and merits, regardless of family background. This move broadens the world's talents and weakens the snobbery of hereditary nobles. In 64, Shoto Kutaishi promulgated the Seventeen-Article Constitution written in Chinese. This is the earliest written law in Japan, mostly from China's Confucianism. It is mainly based on admonition and preaching to persuade the good and abandon the evil. Its purpose is to strengthen the imperial power, suppress the snobbery of the nobles and eliminate the people's resistance. Among the seventeen articles, there are three most famous ones, namely: the first one is "harmony is the most important"; Article 2 "Three Treasures of Buddha, Dharma and Monk" is regarded as "the ultimate result of four lives, the ultimate religion of all nations"; Article 17 "Important matters cannot be decided by one person alone". Shoto Kutaishi was enthusiastic about the study of Buddhism, and personally explained the Buddhist scriptures in the palace, wrote "Three Classics and Yi Shu", ordered the promotion of "Buddhism", and promoted the construction of many temples in various parts of Japan, and many nobles also built "Shi Temple". At this time, China had ended the opposition between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and established a unified feudal centralized state-Sui Dynasty. In order to absorb more advanced ideas and culture from China, Shoto Kutaishi began to strengthen its ties with China. In 67, Shoto Kutaishi sent Sister Ono to the Sui Dynasty, resuming the diplomatic relations between China and Japan which had been interrupted for more than 1 years. At the same time, we also sent overseas students and monks to study in China. Thanks to the vigorous promotion of Shoto Kutaishi, Buddhist culture from China has continuously flowed into Japan, forming a bird culture represented by Buddhist culture. When Shoto Kutaishi was regent, his capital was located in Bird City in the south of Nara Basin, so he was called "Bird Culture". With the construction of Buddhist temples in Feiniao City and its surrounding areas, sculpture, painting and sculpture of Buddha statues have also developed. Temples have become a showcase of foreign culture and popular art, and the artistic styles of China in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are everywhere. Japanese art historian Kunojian described that Japanese sculpture in the 7th and 8th centuries was the epitome of China sculpture history from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. During this period, the most representative buildings were the earliest Buddhist temple in Japan-Bird Temple, and Horyuji, one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world.

Japan is a country composed of several big islands and several small islands. In ancient times, one of the characteristics of this island country was that internal contradictions had to be solved by itself, and it was difficult for external forces to interfere. At that time, the sea was still the biggest obstacle for people to communicate with the outside world, so its own reform was extremely necessary. After the 3rd century A.D., a large political power-Yamato State appeared in Honshu, Japan. Yamato was originally confined to the Yamato area in the middle of Honshu Island. In the continuous expansion, Yamato gradually occupied neighboring areas, and its territory became larger and larger. In the 5th century, this country had unified most parts of Japan, and today's Japan was developed on this basis. The supreme ruler of Yamato is the Emperor. In the process of expansion, the Yamato country continuously occupied the surrounding land and people on it, and distributed it to the royal family and big noble. Yamato countries divide the land into two parts: the warehouse and the grange. The former belongs to the royal family and the latter belongs to the nobility. At the same time, the working people are also divided into two parts, a small part is slaves, mainly used for domestic labor, and the other part is people, mainly used for productive labor. Ministry of people is a special phenomenon in the process of Japanese national formation. In the process of Yamato's foreign conquest, some submissive tribes and conquered tribes were collectively settled down, retaining the original tribal organizations and continuing to live on the original land, and many of them still retained the original blood relationship; In addition, there are some departments that specialize in professional production, and their workers are also called Ministry people. According to the classification, those engaged in agricultural production are called Tanabe and Rice Department, and those engaged in handicraft industry or other industries are collectively called Works Department. In the Quality Department, they are divided into Sewing Department and Kanuchibe according to different industries. People engaged in special labor in big noble Grange are named after their owners. The people have their own families and production tools, and they can have a small amount of family property. The master is not allowed to kill or buy or sell people at will, but he can give them to others as gifts like slaves. So there is little difference between the Ministry and the slaves. At that time, people and slaves accounted for more than half of Japan's population. There are a large number of civilians between the nobility and the people, and their status is changing because of the change of property, and they are in danger of becoming people at any time. After the Yamato country basically unified the whole country, it lost its geographical environment of continuing to expand outward and began to compete internally. Some of the larger aristocrats tried their best to control the central government alone and gain greater benefits from it. Before the 6th century, the powerful Ministry controlled the state affairs. Later, the emerging Su family became stronger, defeated the Ministry family, won the control of the central government, and supported the emperor who was beneficial to him. Su's family is arrogant, and the small and medium-sized nobles below are also frantically annexing land and brutally exploiting the people. Many civilians have also been deprived of their land, land and wealth are constantly concentrated, and social contradictions are unprecedented. In this case, slaves, ministers and civilians rose to revolt and fled against taxes. In the 6th century, the whole society was in a state of chaos. The ruling class has to consider how to find a better ruling method to replace the outdated ministerial system. So there was a reform in Japan that absorbed other countries. The reform started from the top. Su wo rice (? -57) is a representative figure of reform. He was a minister of the two emperors and was in charge of finance in the imperial court. He himself has a lot of contacts with people from other countries who come to Japan, and immigrants from the mainland have good relations. As early as the 5th century AD, Japan had close contacts with Liu Song in China's Southern Dynasties and Baekje in Korea, and the culture, science and technology on the Asian continent were continuously sucked into Japan. In 555, Suwo Rice set up a warehouse in five counties of Jibei, but many people fled. Later, he tried the method of compiling household registration, which achieved good results, and the people rarely ran away. This practice was rewarded by the emperor. Using the method of establishing household registration, the people who were enslaved by the Ministry in the past have become small producers by the household. These small producers pay annual tribute directly to the state, and actually become free national farmers. However, the idea of reform was opposed by die-hard forces in the imperial court. Wu Bu's Wu Bu Wei Yu was big noble, who was in charge of the military, and he tried his best to maintain the old ruling style. The incident that caused the direct conflict between the two sides was the issue of Buddhist belief. In 522, King Baekje presented Japanese Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures. At the court, Emperor Qin Ming asked his ministers if they could worship Buddhism. Inamu advocates worshipping Buddhism and unifying the nation's thoughts with Buddhism, but Weiyu firmly opposes it. He thinks that Buddhism will bring disaster to Japan, so it is better to still worship the gods of the original clans. Half a century later, the two opposing forces met again. In 587, with the emperor's death tomorrow, due to the issue of succession to the throne, Su Wo Ma Zi, the son of Inami, and Wu Yu, the son of Weiyu, fought a decisive battle. In the Battle of Clothes Folding, Takeshi was defeated. Sue, my girl controls the court. First, he established Emperor Bo Sese, and then in 592, he established his niece as Emperor Tugu. In 593, Emperor Tuigu appointed the stable household, the son of Emperor Tomorrow, as the Prince, who was the regent of the dynasty, namely Shoto Kutaishi. Shoto Kutaishi is very familiar with China culture, such as China's unified national system. Advocating strengthening imperial power and actively preparing for reform. In 63-64, the "push-to-the-ancient reform" was carried out, and the 12 th order of the crown and Article 17 of the Constitution were formulated successively. The twelfth rank of the crown was awarded to individuals according to their abilities and merits, which was a non-hereditary official position, crowding out those hereditary nobles, increasing the power of the emperor and making the government bureaucracy of the country take shape. It is clearly stipulated that "the country is not two monarchs, the people have no two masters, the rate is good for the people, and the king is the main one". The constitution also advocates that peace is the most important thing and that class antagonism should be reduced. In 594, an imperial edict was issued by the Emperor to promote Buddhism. While strengthening contacts with other countries, such as China, Shoto Kutaishi did not take the title of minister or me, but adopted the title of reciprocity. He also sent a large number of exchange students to China. However, Shoto Kutaishi's reform is only a preparation, and it has not been vigorously promoted. The die-hard forces are still quite strong. In 622, after the death of Shoto Kutaishi, Su's family was afraid that further reform would damage Su's monopoly on state affairs, so he killed Shoto Kutaishi's son, Prince Shanbei, and the reform that had just begun died. In June 645, the eldest brother, Prince Nakatomino Kamatari, and others killed Su I in the DPRK when the Emperor received the envoys of Koguryo, Baekje and Silla, and his father, Xia Yi, committed suicide the next day. This event is known as the change of B. After the coup, the emperor abdicated, and the reformists established Emperor Kotoku, with Brother Zhong as the Crown Prince, Nakatomino Kamatari as the minister, and Monk Min and Gao Xiang Hyunri as the doctors (consultants), which made it difficult to move the capital to Osaka. The new government established a centralized feudal state system by referring to the political and economic system originated in Japan and absorbing other countries' laws and regulations, and taking into account Japanese old habits. In January, 646, the main contents of the reform were announced in the form of imperial edict: abolishing private land and people, practicing the system of commons citizenship, and nationalizing the royal family, local nobles, people in Tuncang and Grange, but retaining the handicraft industry of the imperial court, and the state gave food seals to senior officials above doctor (according to the level). Determine the administrative divisions and organizations of the central and local governments. The central government is divided into the capital and the capital (the area around Kyoto), and the local government is divided into countries, counties and provinces. Prepare the military and transportation systems. Officials are appointed and removed by the state, and hereditary system is abolished. Prepare household registration and accounting (the registration of taxes and levies is stipulated), adopt the method of collecting and granting farmland, and determine the amount of land that the class gives to the people and the amount of rent and levies that should be borne. The old tribute system, the new tax law of rent and mediocrity, and the system of offering servants (servants) and collecting women (maids) to the royal family. Laws and regulations grant the rank and corresponding privileges to nobles and officials below the royal family. At the same time, establish an identity system that strictly divides the good and the bad. In 667, he moved the capital near Jiangdajin (now Shiga County). The following year, Brother Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Tianzhi, and compiled the first written law of Japan, The Order of Near River. Since 653, the new government has sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty six times in 16 years (one of them was killed on the way), which absorbed the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the feudal mode of production. After the death of Emperor Tianzhi, there was the Renshen Rebellion (672). The younger brother of Tianzhi, Prince Hairen, killed Prince Tomoko, and became Emperor Tianwu on his own. In the same year, he moved his capital to Yingniao Imperial Palace (in present-day Nara Prefecture). Emperor Tianwu developed the feudal centralized system, swept away the old forces and YEATION officials, formulated the eight-color surname (the hereditary honorific title of the eighth clan leader), and fixed the aristocratic status. In 689, the "Flying Birds' Pure Imperial Decree" was compiled to prevent the restoration of the old nobles. More than 2 years later, Fujiwara Bubi and other Japanese feudal countries compiled the most complete code "Dabao Law" in the first year of Yu Dabao (71), and finally completed the ideal of transforming itself into a new imperial country with a prosperous new century. It strengthened centralization and promoted national unity, which was the starting point for Japan to enter feudal society.

Economy

In terms of economy, the Ministry-owned system was abolished, and the Bantian system was established. "In the past, the people who set up their children in the emperor and other places were everywhere, and the people of other ministers, companies, partners, countries, and village heads were everywhere in the grange." The royal warehouse was abolished, and the aristocratic granges and people were nationalized and became "commons and citizens". On this basis, the Bantian collection and grant method and the rent-and-hire adjustment system were implemented. Classes are held every six years, that is, every six years, the government gives two classes to men over six years old, including two-thirds of men's women, one-third of citizens' private handmaiden and the same number of citizens. After the death of Tian Ren, Kubunden returned to the public. Bantian farmers shoulder the responsibility of renting mediocre tunes. Rent, that is, in-kind land rent, 2 bundles and 2 handfuls of rice are paid for each section of the field. Yong is a kind of forced labor and its substitute. Where 5 households are charged with one person, 5 households bear the food of one person, and one household pays 1 foot and 2 feet of cloth and 5 buckets of rice. Transfer, the collection of local specialties, divided into field transfer, household transfer, pay transfer. Land transfer is levied according to the land area. Tian-machi collected 1 Zhang of silk, 2 Zhang of silk and 4 Zhang of cloth. Household transfer is levied by households, the number of which is "1 household, 1 foot and 2 feet". Pay with the local specialty collection.

Politics

In terms of politics, a centralized feudal country with emperor system was established. Shortly after the establishment of the new regime, in order to establish the guiding ideology of centralization, the emperor summoned his ministers under the big tree to swear that "the heaven and the earth are overwhelming, and the emperor is the only way." In 649, the imperial edict was issued, and the doctor of the state was asked to "appoint officials from eight provinces" to Hyunri and the monks, and set up a central organization. The local government has a state, a county and a county, which are governed by the state department, the county department and the county governor respectively. The system of "eight provinces and hundreds of officials" and the system of state and county are influenced by the system of three provinces and six departments and the system of state and county. Although they are different in form, they are both centralized administrative systems. In 647, the crown of seven colors and thirteen orders was established. Two years later, the 19th-order crown was established. For the nobles above the doctor, they are given food seals, and the following are given cloth and silk as a salary.

characteristics

Japan abolished the Ministry-owned system in economy and established the feudal state-owned system of land. Politically, the hereditary privilege of nobles was abolished and a centralized country centered on imperial power was established. Militarily, the conscription system was implemented, and a five-guard mansion was set up in the capital, and a corps was set up in the local area. All troops were under the unified command of the central government.

Influence

The modernization has liberated some productive forces, perfected Japan's ruling system and laid the foundation for Japan's national development. The reform of Dahua established a set of advanced management system for Japan at that time, which made Japan's social environment stable and social economy developed, laid the foundation for future prosperity, and was a symbol of Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society.

Evaluation

Historians have different opinions about the social nature after the reform of Dahua. Most Japanese scholars believe that the reformed law society is the continuation of the slave society. Because class relations have not changed since the reform of Dahua, the heavy corvee burden of citizens is no different from that of the people. Some China scholars agree with Japanese scholars, while others think that the reform of modernization is the reform of establishing the feudal system. Japan's Bantian Collection and Grant System and Rent-and-Rent System originated in Japan, but they absorbed the Sui and Tang Dynasties' Land Equalization System and Rent-and-Rent System. They are all land distribution systems and tax systems under land ownership in feudal countries. After the reform, the relationship between the state and farmers is the exploitation of farmers by landowners. The state occupies the means of production-land, and collects national taxes and taxes from citizens in the form of rent-and-rent, and citizens are bound to Kubunden and attached to the state by vassal relationship. This dependence of producers on landowners is an important feature of feudal production relations, which is the key point different from slavery. In addition to Kubunden, who has the right to use for life, Bantian farmers also have the right to use forests and ponds. In addition to paying fixed taxes and corvees every year, the remaining products after paying the rent can be taken for themselves.