Historical investigation of division

Split's history of building a city is often considered to be closely related to the establishment of Diocletian Palace, but in fact the Greeks have established the colony of Aspala Toth (ancient Greek: Aσπ? λαθο? Aspálathos), the Greeks traded with neighboring Illyrian tribes, mainly Delmatai people living in the neighboring city of Salona. After the war of conquering Illyrian tribes launched by the Romans in 229-2 19 BC, in order to permanently control this area, the Romans established Dalmatia province, with Salona as its capital, and the city was named after the Greek Aspálathos. After Diocletian the Great, a reformer in the late Roman Empire, almost died of a serious illness, Diocletian decided to build a palace near his hometown for retirement. Because Diocletian's hometown is in Diocletian (Latin: Duclia, Montenegro), he chose the port near Salona as the place to build his own palace. Since 293 AD, this palace has been built according to the standard of Roman military fortress. The south of the palace faces the sea, and the palace wall is about170-200m long and15-20m high. The water source of the palace is transported from the source of Yadro to the palace through a water pipeline. At that time, the luxurious palace and its surroundings could accommodate 8000 to 10000 people. There are gardens and entertainment places in the palace, and Diocletian also set up an outdoor sports ground in Mount Marijan. When the palace was completed in 305, Diocletian voluntarily retired from the Roman throne and became the first emperor to retire voluntarily in Roman history. A few years later, a group of members of the Roman Senate came to Diocletian Palace to ask the former emperor to return to the throne, which helped the Roman Empire overcome many political crises. Diocletian refused the request of the lawmakers and showed them around the palace, saying that he would not leave this beautiful garden designed and created by himself. This situation shows that he ruled the Roman Empire. With the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the city became a part of the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 7th century AD, the residents of Salona took refuge in Diocletian Palace to avoid the invasion of Avars and Slavs. Later, they built houses, workshops, shops and churches around the palace. They built a harmonious city within the tall Roman walls. Up to now, the colonnade of Diocletian Palace, the mausoleum of Diocletian the Great and the Temple of Jupiter are all intact in the city center. In the Middle Ages, the name of the city was changed to Spalatro (Spalatro in Dalmatia in the Middle Ages), and it was called spala to (Spalato in Italian) when it was occupied by Italy in modern times. In the Eastern Roman era, as a satellite city near Salona, the city developed very slowly. In 639 AD, Avars and Slavs captured Salona, and the residents of the city fled to an island in the Adriatic Sea. Soon, the Eastern Roman Empire regained the ruined city. Roman residents defended Split under the leadership of General Severus and chose to live in Diocletian Palace because of its good and solid defense facilities. Because the palace was uninhabited and desolate at that time, with this advantage, the palace was crowded with refugees from Salona, and the city naturally replaced the razed city of Salona and became the capital of Dalmatia. Today, this palace is located in the center of the old city, still inhabited by residents, surrounded by shops, squares and markets. St Duye's Cathedral, built beside Diocletian's tomb, occupied part of the corridors and floors of the original palace. As a part of the Eastern Roman Empire, the city has incomparable autonomy over other imperial cities. With the gradual decline of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rise of neighboring powers, the southern Slavic tribes who came here from the 7th century began to enter the city, while the city was inland and surrounding. Early Croatian countries were established in coastal cities, such as Benic. Then gradually surrounded the vast inland areas. In the next few centuries, Split developed rapidly under the influence of Croatian culture. At that time, the buildings in the city and its surrounding areas (especially churches) were branded with Croatian culture, and the Roman Latins in the city were constantly integrated with the surrounding ethnic groups. 1069, the city was occupied by croatian king Kresimir iv, 1075, occupied by Kresimir iv. In the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, Venetian * * * and China began to exert their influence on this area since the 10 century. With the growing economic influence of Venice, Venice demands to control the islands and coastal cities in the Adriatic Sea. In the following centuries, with the decline of Croatian and Hungarian power, Venezia and China gradually took control of the city. The decline of the Eastern Roman Empire made the Kingdom of Croatia declare its de facto suzerainty over Split, and Split officially became a city in Croatia. 1 102, Croatia was forced to form an alliance with Hungary. Since then, the city has been in a de facto autonomous position. In 13 12, the city began to issue its own currency and build its own sculptures. The 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigmund and the Wang Guoan Jou family in Naples made the defeated Radislavs of Naples sell his power in Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic at a price of only 65,438+000,000 Duckett. 1420 After Venice occupied Split, it remained an important seaport of Venice for 377 years until 1797 was destroyed by Napoleon's French army. During this period, a considerable number of Italians entered the city, and the urban population was mainly Croats. The names of Romans and Dalmatians were different. According to the records of medieval city archives, the common language of the city is Croatian, while Italian (actually a mixture of Tuscan and Venetian dialects) is also the language used by Italian residents who occupy a small population in the city, while the autonomy of the city has decreased, and the actual supreme sovereignty is in the hands of the governor from Venice. Nevertheless, Split has developed into an important port on the Adriatic Sea, and it is also the only place to trade with the Balkan inland controlled by the Ottoman Turkish Empire through the neighboring city of Chris. The culture of this period is also very prosperous. Split is also the hometown of the great Croatian writer Kyle Marulic. Giuditta, his most famous epic, was completed at1501.5066.00060606065 However, we should see that the beneficiaries of cultural prosperity are mainly educated aristocrats. At that time, the literacy rate of civilians was still quite low, and the rulers of Venice did not pay attention to the development of culture and medical care. 1797, Venice was destroyed by Napoleon, and the city was divided into Illyria province, which belonged to the Italian kingdom under Napoleon's control. After Napoleon's short rule (1806- 18 13), the Austrian Empire occupied Split, and according to the decision of the Vienna Parliament, the city was occupied by the Austrian Empire. During the period of Austrian rule, the city received a lot of investment, built brand-new streets and moved some old fortresses. During the reign of Austria, Split was an administrative region different from other parts of Austria and was under the jurisdiction of Dalmatia Kingdom. 1848 after the European revolution, unrealistic nationalist ideas began to sprout in this region. During the same period, two factions emerged. One is the Croatian Union faction led by the People's Party and another small political party, the Power Party. Both sides advocate the union of Dalmatia and Croatia-Slavonia under the control of Hungary. In the split, this faction is the most powerful and takes it as its political program. The other faction is the Italian autonomy faction led by the National Unity Party. The political goal of this faction is not only to gain autonomy in the Austrian Empire, but also to advocate political alliance with the Kingdom of Italy. As time goes by, the divided political alliance is also changing. At first, the alliance faction and the autonomy faction jointly opposed the centralization of Vienna. Soon, after the ethnic problems became prominent, the two factions split again. However, under the rule of Austria, Split is generally considered to have not made much progress. 1848 During the turbulent period of the European revolution, Split was not affected by the current situation, and there was no riot against Austrian rule. 1860, Antonio Bayamonti, an Italian autonomous in Matthias, Paidar, became the mayor of Split, and he served as the mayor of Split until 1864- 1865, except for a short resignation. Bayamonti was a member of the Dalmatian Parliament during the period of1861-1891,and also in 1867- 1870 and1873-/kloc. 1882, Bayamonti's political party was defeated, and the new mayor of Split was Duyam Rendic-Miocevic, a famous lawyer in the city. After the First World War, with the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dalmatia province became a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia together with Split, but two big cities on the east coast of Adriatic Sea, Yeka and zadar, were divided into Italy. Split became the most important port of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the capital of the coastal province of Banovina. The Lika Railway connecting Split with other parts of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was completed and opened to traffic in 1925. After the Cvetkovic-Macek Agreement came into effect, Split became a part of the new administrative region-the Croatian province of Banovina, which merged the sava river valley with the coastal province of Banovina and some Croatian communities. 194 1 In April, with Nazi Germany invading Yugoslavia, Split was occupied by Italian troops, and was formally incorporated into its territory by Italy one month later. Italians were stubbornly resisted by Croats in Split, and Split also became a center of Yugoslav anti-fascist movement. Only from 194 1 to 10 in September, 1943, with the surrender of Italy, Split was liberated by Yugoslav guerrillas led by Marshal Tito, and thousands of citizens volunteered to join. According to relevant statistics, the number of people who joined the guerrillas in Zhiyuan accounts for about one-third of the city's total population. However, a few weeks later, the guerrillas were forced to withdraw from Split, and the Nazi German Defence Forces and the Nazi puppet Stasa, the army of Croatia's independent state, occupied the city. After Italy surrendered, the local football club refused to participate in the Italian football championship, Split hejduk and RNK Split both suspended the game, and all the club members joined the guerrillas. Soon after, Split hejduk became an officially recognized football club in Yugoslavia. During the occupation by Germany and Stasa, Ukraine, some port facilities as part of the old city were bombed by Germany and Stasa, Ukraine. More tragically, the cities bombed by Germany were bombed by the allied air force, resulting in a large number of citizens being killed. Finally, the Yugoslav guerrillas liberated Split on1October 26th 1944 and made it the temporary capital of Croatia. 1945, 12 In February, the German navy raided Split Harbor and injured the British cruiser "Delhi" moored in the harbor. After World War II, Split became a part of Croatia and Yugoslavia joined Croatia. During this period, the city experienced rapid economic and population growth, many new factories and enterprises were established, and the urban population tripled. Split has also become the economic center of Dalmatia. However, a large number of immigrants from the underdeveloped inland areas of Yugoslavia entered the city through the Croatian border in search of new employment opportunities provided by industrialization. During this period, the Federal Government of Yugoslavia invested heavily in Split and industrialized it on a large scale, during which the shipbuilding industry achieved great success. Yugoslavia is famous for its Croatian docks, which makes Yugoslavia one of the most developed countries in shipbuilding. Many cultural and sports facilities in the city were also established with the assistance of federal funds, especially in the Mediterranean Games held in 1979, and the Polioud Stadium left a deep impression on people. Split is also the largest passenger port and military port in Yugoslavia, where the Yugoslav navy and the headquarters of the military region along the Adriatic Sea are located. 1945- 1990 during the Yugoslav era, great changes took place in Split, and the city expanded a lot, occupying more than half of Split Peninsula. In the same period, the city's gross national product and employment rate reached a high level, becoming the most important city in Yugoslavia. 199 1 When Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, a large number of Yugoslav People's Army troops were stationed in Split (the troops came from different countries and regions in Yugoslavia), and the Yugoslav naval headquarters was also located here. Therefore, the Croatian National Guard and the police force confronted the Yugoslav People's Army in Split for nearly a month, and occasionally exchanged fire because of different incidents. The most tragic event occurred in1991115. The Yugoslav navy light frigate Split fired a small number of shells at the city and its surrounding areas. The loss of the city was not great, but it caused some casualties. In that shelling, three parts of the city were attacked: the old city center, the city airport and the uninhabited hills on the edge of Castela between the airport and the city, while those Yugoslav sailors who refused to attack Croatian citizens left the warship. Most of these sailors are Croats. 1992 65438+ 10, the Yugoslav navy and Yugoslav people's army withdrew all their equipment and warships from Split, which was followed by the economic recession in the 1990s. After 2000, Split finally regained its vitality and developed again. The development of the city mainly depends on tourism. Through the transformation of the urban construction center, Split has now become the most important tourist destination in Croatia. Many new hotels, restaurants and office buildings are being built, many large-scale development projects are being carried out in an orderly manner, and new urban infrastructure is being gradually improved. The latest large-scale urban engineering project started in 2009 is Dioum Spalla.