The oldest living nation in the world?

Qiang people

As a descendant of Yan and Huang, do you know the origin of our nation? The origins of the descendants of Yan and Huang actually come from two important ethnic groups in ancient China, one is the ancient Huaxia ethnic group, and the other is the ancient Qiang ethnic group. After thousands of years of absorption and integration, the Huaxia ethnic group has gradually transformed into the Han ethnic group, the main ethnic group of the Chinese nation. After thousands of years of differentiation and integration, some of the ancient Qiang people integrated into the Han nation and became important members of the Han nation; more of them gradually differentiated and became an important source of more than a dozen independent ethnic groups today. The origins of these ethnic groups The origin and history of the clan have maintained close ties with the ancient Qiang people. As the famous sociologist Mr. Fei Xiaotong said: The Qiang people are a nation that exports blood, and many ethnic groups have Qiang blood. There are also some people who basically follow the ancient way of life, tenaciously maintain their own cultural traditions, and still survive as an independent ethnic group to this day. This is the contemporary Qiang people living in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River valley. The Qiang people have come step by step from ancient times with every footprint of Chinese civilization. They are far earlier than the Han and Tibetans. They are the oldest ethnic group in China and the oldest ethnic group in the world. A nation that has been ignored by history and people. The rich oriental clan.

So far, the oldest and relatively mature writing found in our country is the oracle bone inscriptions, which were the representative writings of the Yin and Shang era more than 3,000 years ago. There is one and only word about the title of a nation (or clan, tribe) in the oracle bone inscriptions, namely "Qiang", which is the earliest record of the name of a human race in China. "Shuowen·Yangbu": "Qiang, they are also shepherds of Xirong. They follow people and sheep, and sheep also sound." Qiang, as he called it, was the tribe of the Central Plains that was responsible for the western part of the country (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan) is a general term for nomadic people. Therefore, it can be said with certainty that the Di and Qiang ethnic groups are by no means a single ethnic group. They have different languages, costumes, customs, etc. The only commonality may be the nomadic lifestyle of "living for water and grass".

Historical records record that the ancient Qiang people were descendants of Sanmiao. The "Poetry and Geography Research" says: "The Qiang original surname Jiang, descended from Sanmiao, lived in Sanwei. Today, the counties of Die, Dang, and Song are all Qiang lands. "Historical Records of the Five Emperors" says: "The Sanmiao were moved to Sanwei to transform the Xirong." The "Book of the Later Han·Biography of the Xiqiang" said: "The origin of the Xiqiang comes from the Sanmiao, and the Qiang surnames are different from each other." Nanyue. As well as the four dangers of the Shun River and the three dangers of migration, this is also the case with the Qiang land in the west of Heguan."

At the end of the Yangshao Culture (around 3000 BC), the Yan and Huang tribes appeared in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Big tribe. The surname of Emperor Yan, Jiang, and the difference between Jiang and Qiang are different expressions of matrilineal society and patrilineal society, and are often used interchangeably in oracle bone inscriptions. Jiang and Qiang both look like people wearing sheep horn headdresses, representing the primitive nomadic tribes that originated in northwest my country and used sheep as their totem. "Jinyu·Guoyu": "In the past, Shaodian married Chong Qiao, and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. Huangdi was born from Ji water, and Yandi was born from ginger water. The virtues vary, so Huangdi is Ji and Yandi is Jiang." Emperor Yan belongs to the ancient Qiang tribe. , there are many tribes. In the subsequent wars, most of the Yandi tribe merged with the Huangdi tribe and became the Huaxia tribe (the ancestors of today's Han nationality). The other part went west or south, integrated with the local indigenous people, and became the ancestors of other ethnic groups other than the Han and Qiang people of the Sino-Tibetan language family, such as the Tibetans, Yi people, Naxi people, etc.

About 2100 BC, Dayu, a descendant of the ancient Qiang and a descendant of the Chinese tribe who was good at water control, succeeded as the general leader of the tribal alliance. Historical records record: Yu was the great-great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the grandson of Emperor Zhuanxu. For the sake of the safety of the people of the world, Yu bid farewell to the mountains in his hometown and began the long road of flood control. He concentrated on controlling floods and dredged nine rivers, and his achievements were outstanding. There is also a popular legend among the people that King Yu "passed through the house three times without entering"! King Yu later abolished the "concession system" and passed the throne to his son Qi, known as "Xia Qi" in history. After Qi ascended the throne, he united various tribes to establish the first formal state in the history of our country in Yangcheng (now the town of Dengfeng County, Henan Province), which has been passed down for more than 500 years.

In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang defeated the six kingdoms and unified the world, established the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history, and began a feudal society that lasted for more than 2,000 years. Qin Shihuang was born in the capital of Zhao State. Historical records record: King Zhuang Xiang was the protégé of Qin in Zhao. When he saw Concubine Lu Buwei, he took her and gave birth to the first emperor. King Zhao of Qin was born in Handan in the first month of the forty-eighth year... Experts proposed the approximate location of Qin Shihuang's birthplace in Handan by studying historical documents and repeated field visits. Handan City decided to build the Qin Shihuang Birthplace Memorial Hall in the middle street of the city near his birthplace. (In Songpinggou, Mao County, where the Qiang people live today, there is a saying that their ancestors began with the First Emperor of Qin). Some people believe that the statement "Qin is a military force, and he has no doubts about it" is wrong in argumentation, lacks reliable evidence, and is contrary to the basic historical facts of ancient times and the conclusions of modern people's research. The people of Qin are composed of the following parts. First of all, there is the Huaxia tribe with the surname Ying who migrated westward. They claim to be descendants of the Zhuanxu tribe of the Yellow Emperor. Suoyin in the Historical Records records that they are closer to Shaohao of Dongyi. The Tan Kingdom in Shandong Province and the Zhao Kingdom in Hebei are both of their same clan. In any case, it is certain that they are the Chinese people. There is a large number of ancient historical materials and archaeological discoveries as evidence, and it is also recognized by Chinese and foreign academic circles. Some of the Qin people were the remnants of the Zhou state who stayed in Shaanxi after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty. The Duke of Qin was ordered by the King of Zhou to conquer the west and accepted them as his people. The Duke of Qin destroyed the twelve Rong kingdoms, so there were a large number of Rong people in the country. Furthermore, after Qin State implemented Shang Yang's Reform, it attracted countless people from Guandong to join Qin as its people. Therefore, it is wrong to say that Qin people are Rong people.

The people of Qin were once military in their customs, but they still regarded themselves as "Chinese". During the Warring States Period, they integrated with the Chinese people in the Central Plains. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin Shihuang moved east to Xianyang, Shaanxi. According to historical records such as historical records, Qin Shihuang was superstitious in his later years and believed what the alchemists called "Hu Ye, the one who destroyed Qin". He ordered General Meng Tian to send 300,000 troops to attack the Hu north and capture the territory in Henan... He also ordered Meng Tian to cross the river to capture Gaoque, Yangshan and Beijiazhong, and build pavilions and barriers to drive away the Rong people. Relegated to Shizhichu County. During the Han Dynasty, the Qiang people of Sichuan established the Yak and Qingyi Qiang kingdoms, which governed the present-day Xichang, Garze, Ya'an, and Leshan areas. Their capital was Lingguan Town, Baoxing County. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Qiang population in the five counties of Hanyang (Tianshui), Jincheng (Lanzhou), Anbei, and Longxi in the northwest region reached 259,990 households and 1,001,802 people. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Di and Qiang people in the northwest established states such as Cheng (Cheng Han), Former Qin, Xia, Hou Liang, and Later Zhao, but they were all short-lived, with little vitality and little influence.

In 881 AD (the end of the Tang Dynasty), Tuoba Sigong, a Dangxiang Qiang person, established the Xiazhou regime in Xiazhou (today's Baichengzi at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi), with jurisdiction over Xia, Sui, Yin, and You. Four states. The Xia Kingdom is a country formed by the Dangxiang Qiang people from the Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai areas as the main body, and including other ethnic groups in the northwest. Dangxiang Qiang has eight clans: Xifeng clan, Feiting clan, Quangli clan, Pochao clan, Yeli clan, Miqin clan and Tuoba clan. Tuoba clan is the strongest and plays the leading role of the group. Later, due to constant infringement and harassment by Tubo, he applied to the Tang government to move inland to Shaanxi and Ningxia.

In 1031 AD, the eleventh Taizu Li Deming passed away, and his son Li Yuanhao succeeded to the throne, named Xia Jingzong. In 1032 AD, Yuan Hao changed his surname to Wei Ming and called himself "Wuzi" (Qingtianzi). He established the country as "Daxia" (because it was in the west of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was called "Xixia"), and the year was the first year of Xia Jingzong's reign. . The territory of Xixia included most of present-day Gansu, all of Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, and parts of Qinghai and Inner Mongolia. The general government governed 32 states, and the capital was Xingqing Prefecture (today's Yinchuan City). In 1226 AD, the Mongolian Temujin led his troops to attack Xia. The following year, the Mongolian army broke through all the cities of Daxia, causing heavy casualties among the people. In order to avoid greater casualties and losses for the people, Xia Jian, the twenty-first emperor, surrendered. The Mongolian generals respected Temujin's orders and killed Xia Jian, and destroyed the tomb of the King of Daxia. At this point, the Daxia Kingdom was founded for 346 years and perished in 1227 AD. Its descendants are still distributed in Taoping Township, Li County, Aba Prefecture, Danba, Garze Prefecture and other places.

Sichuan was the Bashu Kingdom in ancient times and belonged to Liangzhou in the Xia Dynasty. Bashu originated from the Diqiang, and Cancong (formerly located in Canling, in present-day Diexi Town, Maoxian County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The ruins were destroyed by the Diexi Earthquake that occurred at 15:00 on August 25, 1933) became king. Li Bai chanted in "The Road to Shu Is Difficult": "There are silkworms and yufu, so how confused was the founding of the country." In the same area, the ancient Qiang people also established the country of Rangu (pronounced almost the same as "Rrmea"), which is today 30 The former residence of the Wanqiang people, the area under its jurisdiction includes Mao County, Wenchuan, Li County, Heishui, Songpan, Jiuzhaigou, Markang, Jinchuan, Xiaojin, Rangtang, Aba, Hongyuan, Ruoergai and other counties in Aba, Sichuan today. During the Three Kingdoms period (AD 221), the territory included present-day Dujiangyan (anciently known as Duan County, Qiji County, and Guanxian County), Peng County (anciently known as Baima County, Xingle County), and Beichuan (Qiang Autonomous) County (anciently known as Shiquan County). , Qingchuan County (known as Guangwu County in ancient times), Pingwu County (known as Gangdi County in ancient times), and Wen County of Gansu Province (known as Yinping County in ancient times). The Qiang capital in the Han Dynasty was located in Fengyi Town, Mao County today.

In addition, the ancient Qiang species include Jiangshi Rong, Xianling Qiang, Shaodang Qiang, Zhong Qiang (Zhong Cun Qiang), Lejie Qiang, Beinan Qiang, Dangjian Qiang, Han Qiang, Qie Dong Qiang, Qianren Qiang, Laojie Qiang, Fengyang Qiang, Xiangjie Qiang, Shao He Qiang, Gongtang Qiang, Quanwu Zhong Qiang, Heishui Qiang, Beihe Qiang, Great Wall Qiang, Baosai Qiang, Hequ Qiang , Fa Qiang, Nuo Qiang, Xiye, Puli Zhu Qiang, Agou Qiang, Yak Qiang, Shenlang Qiang, Qingyi Qiang, Baima Qiang, Bailan Qiang, Kelan Qiang, Dengchang Qiang, Dengzhi Qiang, Wenshan Qiang , Dangxiang Qiang, Baigou Qiang, Gelin Qiang, Xidong Qiang, Duba Qiang, Baoba Qiang, Baicao Qiang, Black Tiger Qiang, Luodagu Qiang, Yang Qiang, Caopo Qiang, Qingpian Qiang, Silin Qiang, There are more than one hundred species of Qiang such as Lintu Qiang, Sheti Qiang, Zuofeng Qiang, Zizu Qiang, Lintai Qiang, Xiangren Qiang, Geyan Qiang, Wei (Wei) Zhou Qiang, Canling Qiang (Xiwei Qiang), etc. No need to go into details.